--- _id: '8568' abstract: - lang: eng text: Aqueous iodine based electrochemical energy storage is considered a potential candidate to improve sustainability and performance of current battery and supercapacitor technology. It harnesses the redox activity of iodide, iodine, and polyiodide species in the confined geometry of nanoporous carbon electrodes. However, current descriptions of the electrochemical reaction mechanism to interconvert these species are elusive. Here we show that electrochemical oxidation of iodide in nanoporous carbons forms persistent solid iodine deposits. Confinement slows down dissolution into triiodide and pentaiodide, responsible for otherwise significant self-discharge via shuttling. The main tools for these insights are in situ Raman spectroscopy and in situ small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (in situ SAXS/WAXS). In situ Raman confirms the reversible formation of triiodide and pentaiodide. In situ SAXS/WAXS indicates remarkable amounts of solid iodine deposited in the carbon nanopores. Combined with stochastic modeling, in situ SAXS allows quantifying the solid iodine volume fraction and visualizing the iodine structure on 3D lattice models at the sub-nanometer scale. Based on the derived mechanism, we demonstrate strategies for improved iodine pore filling capacity and prevention of self-discharge, applicable to hybrid supercapacitors and batteries. article_number: '4838' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Christian full_name: Prehal, Christian last_name: Prehal - first_name: Harald full_name: Fitzek, Harald last_name: Fitzek - first_name: Gerald full_name: Kothleitner, Gerald last_name: Kothleitner - first_name: Volker full_name: Presser, Volker last_name: Presser - first_name: Bernhard full_name: Gollas, Bernhard last_name: Gollas - first_name: Stefan Alexander full_name: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander id: A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425 last_name: Freunberger orcid: 0000-0003-2902-5319 - first_name: Qamar full_name: Abbas, Qamar last_name: Abbas citation: ama: Prehal C, Fitzek H, Kothleitner G, et al. Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons. Nature Communications. 2020;11. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6 apa: Prehal, C., Fitzek, H., Kothleitner, G., Presser, V., Gollas, B., Freunberger, S. A., & Abbas, Q. (2020). Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons. Nature Communications. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6 chicago: Prehal, Christian, Harald Fitzek, Gerald Kothleitner, Volker Presser, Bernhard Gollas, Stefan Alexander Freunberger, and Qamar Abbas. “Persistent and Reversible Solid Iodine Electrodeposition in Nanoporous Carbons.” Nature Communications. Springer Nature, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6. ieee: C. Prehal et al., “Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons,” Nature Communications, vol. 11. Springer Nature, 2020. ista: Prehal C, Fitzek H, Kothleitner G, Presser V, Gollas B, Freunberger SA, Abbas Q. 2020. Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons. Nature Communications. 11, 4838. mla: Prehal, Christian, et al. “Persistent and Reversible Solid Iodine Electrodeposition in Nanoporous Carbons.” Nature Communications, vol. 11, 4838, Springer Nature, 2020, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6. short: C. Prehal, H. Fitzek, G. Kothleitner, V. Presser, B. Gollas, S.A. Freunberger, Q. Abbas, Nature Communications 11 (2020). date_created: 2020-09-25T07:23:13Z date_published: 2020-09-24T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-08-22T09:37:24Z day: '24' ddc: - '530' department: - _id: StFr doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6 external_id: isi: - '000573756600004' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: eada7bc8dd16a49390137cff882ef328 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2020-09-28T13:16:15Z date_updated: 2020-09-28T13:16:15Z file_id: '8585' file_name: 2020_NatureComm_Prehal.pdf file_size: 1822469 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2020-09-28T13:16:15Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 11' isi: 1 keyword: - General Biochemistry - Genetics and Molecular Biology - General Physics and Astronomy - General Chemistry language: - iso: eng month: '09' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: Nature Communications publication_identifier: issn: - 2041-1723 publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature quality_controlled: '1' related_material: link: - relation: erratum url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19720-x status: public title: Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8 volume: 11 year: '2020' ...