--- _id: '6137' abstract: - lang: eng text: Variation in food quality and abundance requires animals to decide whether to stay on a poor food patch or leave in search of better food. An important question in behavioral ecology asks when is it optimal for an animal to leave a food patch it is depleting. Although optimal foraging is central to evolutionary success, the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying it are poorly understood. Here we investigate the neuronal basis for adaptive food-leaving behavior in response to resource depletion in Caenorhabditis elegans, and identify several of the signaling pathways involved. The ASE neurons, previously implicated in salt chemoattraction, promote food-leaving behavior via a cGMP pathway as food becomes limited. High ambient O2 promotes food-leaving via the O2-sensing neurons AQR, PQR, and URX. Ectopic activation of these neurons using channelrhodopsin is sufficient to induce high food-leaving behavior. In contrast, the neuropeptide receptor NPR-1, which regulates social behavior on food, acts in the ASE neurons, the nociceptive ASH neurons, and in the RMG interneuron to repress food-leaving. Finally, we show that neuroendocrine signaling by TGF-β/DAF-7 and neuronal insulin signaling are necessary for adaptive food-leaving behavior. We suggest that animals integrate information about their nutritional state with ambient oxygen and gustatory stimuli to formulate optimal foraging strategies. author: - first_name: K. full_name: Milward, K. last_name: Milward - first_name: K. E. full_name: Busch, K. E. last_name: Busch - first_name: R. J. full_name: Murphy, R. J. last_name: Murphy - first_name: Mario full_name: de Bono, Mario id: 4E3FF80E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: de Bono orcid: 0000-0001-8347-0443 - first_name: B. full_name: Olofsson, B. last_name: Olofsson citation: ama: Milward K, Busch KE, Murphy RJ, de Bono M, Olofsson B. Neuronal and molecular substrates for optimal foraging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(51):20672-20677. doi:10.1073/pnas.1106134109 apa: Milward, K., Busch, K. E., Murphy, R. J., de Bono, M., & Olofsson, B. (2011). Neuronal and molecular substrates for optimal foraging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106134109 chicago: Milward, K., K. E. Busch, R. J. Murphy, Mario de Bono, and B. Olofsson. “Neuronal and Molecular Substrates for Optimal Foraging in Caenorhabditis Elegans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106134109. ieee: K. Milward, K. E. Busch, R. J. Murphy, M. de Bono, and B. Olofsson, “Neuronal and molecular substrates for optimal foraging in Caenorhabditis elegans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 51. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 20672–20677, 2011. ista: Milward K, Busch KE, Murphy RJ, de Bono M, Olofsson B. 2011. Neuronal and molecular substrates for optimal foraging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108(51), 20672–20677. mla: Milward, K., et al. “Neuronal and Molecular Substrates for Optimal Foraging in Caenorhabditis Elegans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 51, National Academy of Sciences, 2011, pp. 20672–77, doi:10.1073/pnas.1106134109. short: K. Milward, K.E. Busch, R.J. Murphy, M. de Bono, B. Olofsson, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011) 20672–20677. date_created: 2019-03-20T14:30:06Z date_published: 2011-12-20T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:06:18Z day: '20' doi: 10.1073/pnas.1106134109 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '22135454' intvolume: ' 108' issue: '51' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251049/ month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Submitted Version page: 20672-20677 pmid: 1 publication: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences publication_identifier: issn: - 0027-8424 - 1091-6490 publication_status: published publisher: National Academy of Sciences quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Neuronal and molecular substrates for optimal foraging in Caenorhabditis elegans type: journal_article user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 108 year: '2011' ...