{"status":"public","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Government of the Republic of Panama, the Interdisciplinary Centre for Human and Avian Influenza Research (www.ichair-flu.org) funded by the Scottish Funding Council, and the Institute for Science and Technology Austria.\r\nCC BY 2.0\r\n","volume":13,"ddc":["576"],"scopus_import":1,"month":"10","publication":"BMC Evolutionary Biology","citation":{"mla":"Ward, Melissa, et al. “Evolutionary Interactions between Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase in Avian Influenza.” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 13, no. 1, 222, BioMed Central, 2013, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222\">10.1186/1471-2148-13-222</a>.","ista":"Ward M, Lycett S, Avila D, Bollback JP, Leigh Brown A. 2013. Evolutionary interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13(1), 222.","short":"M. Ward, S. Lycett, D. Avila, J.P. Bollback, A. Leigh Brown, BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (2013).","ieee":"M. Ward, S. Lycett, D. Avila, J. P. Bollback, and A. Leigh Brown, “Evolutionary interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza,” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 13, no. 1. BioMed Central, 2013.","apa":"Ward, M., Lycett, S., Avila, D., Bollback, J. P., &#38; Leigh Brown, A. (2013). Evolutionary interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. BioMed Central. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222\">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222</a>","chicago":"Ward, Melissa, Samantha Lycett, Dorita Avila, Jonathan P Bollback, and Andrew Leigh Brown. “Evolutionary Interactions between Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase in Avian Influenza.” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. BioMed Central, 2013. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222\">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222</a>.","ama":"Ward M, Lycett S, Avila D, Bollback JP, Leigh Brown A. Evolutionary interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. 2013;13(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222\">10.1186/1471-2148-13-222</a>"},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1186/1471-2148-13-222","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2013","_id":"500","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"last_name":"Ward","first_name":"Melissa","full_name":"Ward, Melissa"},{"full_name":"Lycett, Samantha","last_name":"Lycett","first_name":"Samantha"},{"full_name":"Avila, Dorita","last_name":"Avila","first_name":"Dorita"},{"full_name":"Bollback, Jonathan P","last_name":"Bollback","orcid":"0000-0002-4624-4612","id":"2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Jonathan P"},{"full_name":"Leigh Brown, Andrew","first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Leigh Brown"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","date_updated":"2021-01-12T08:01:08Z","oa":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Background: Reassortment between the RNA segments encoding haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), the major antigenic influenza proteins, produces viruses with novel HA and NA subtype combinations and has preceded the emergence of pandemic strains. It has been suggested that productive viral infection requires a balance in the level of functional activity of HA and NA, arising from their closely interacting roles in the viral life cycle, and that this functional balance could be mediated by genetic changes in the HA and NA. Here, we investigate how the selective pressure varies for H7 avian influenza HA on different NA subtype backgrounds. Results: By extending Bayesian stochastic mutational mapping methods to calculate the ratio of the rate of non-synonymous change to the rate of synonymous change (d N/d S), we found the average d N/d S across the avian influenza H7 HA1 region to be significantly greater on an N2 NA subtype background than on an N1, N3 or N7 background. Observed differences in evolutionary rates of H7 HA on different NA subtype backgrounds could not be attributed to underlying differences between avian host species or virus pathogenicity. Examination of d N/d S values for each subtype on a site-by-site basis indicated that the elevated d N/d S on the N2 NA background was a result of increased selection, rather than a relaxation of selective constraint. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that reassortment exposes influenza HA to significant changes in selective pressure through genetic interactions with NA. Such epistatic effects might be explicitly accounted for in future models of influenza evolution."}],"date_published":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","department":[{"_id":"JoBo"}],"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_id":"4722","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"IST-2018-941-v1+1_2013_Bollback_Evolutionary_interactionspdf.pdf","relation":"main_file","checksum":"52cf48a7c1794676ae8b0029573a84a9","creator":"system","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:08:59Z","file_size":1150052,"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:36Z"}],"article_number":"222","publisher":"BioMed Central","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"type":"journal_article","publist_id":"7320","intvolume":"        13","issue":"1","day":"09","title":"Evolutionary interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:36Z","pubrep_id":"941","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:46:49Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]}