--- _id: '2846' abstract: - lang: eng text: The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that coevolving parasites select for outcrossing in the host. Outcrossing relies on males, which often show lower immune investment due to, for example, sexual selection. Here, we demonstrate that such sex differences in immunity interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing. Two independent coevolution experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis produced decreased yet stable frequencies of outcrossing male hosts. A subsequent systematic analysis verified that male C. elegans suffered from a direct selective disadvantage under parasite pressure (i.e. lower resistance, decreased sexual activity, increased escape behaviour), which can reduce outcrossing and thus male frequencies. At the same time, males offered an indirect selective benefit, because male-mediated outcrossing increased offspring resistance, thus favouring male persistence in the evolving populations. As sex differences in immunity are widespread, such interference of opposing selective constraints is likely of central importance during host adaptation to a coevolving parasite. article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Leila full_name: El Masri, Leila id: 349A6E66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: El Masri - first_name: Rebecca full_name: Schulte, Rebecca last_name: Schulte - first_name: Nadine full_name: Timmermeyer, Nadine last_name: Timmermeyer - first_name: Stefanie full_name: Thanisch, Stefanie last_name: Thanisch - first_name: Lena full_name: Crummenerl, Lena last_name: Crummenerl - first_name: Gunther full_name: Jansen, Gunther last_name: Jansen - first_name: Nico full_name: Michiels, Nico last_name: Michiels - first_name: Hinrich full_name: Schulenburg, Hinrich last_name: Schulenburg citation: ama: El Masri L, Schulte R, Timmermeyer N, et al. Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters. 2013;16(4):461-468. doi:10.1111/ele.12068 apa: El Masri, L., Schulte, R., Timmermeyer, N., Thanisch, S., Crummenerl, L., Jansen, G., … Schulenburg, H. (2013). Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068 chicago: El Masri, Leila, Rebecca Schulte, Nadine Timmermeyer, Stefanie Thanisch, Lena Crummenerl, Gunther Jansen, Nico Michiels, and Hinrich Schulenburg. “Sex Differences in Host Defence Interfere with Parasite-Mediated Selection for Outcrossing during Host-Parasite Coevolution.” Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068. ieee: L. El Masri et al., “Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution,” Ecology Letters, vol. 16, no. 4. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 461–468, 2013. ista: El Masri L, Schulte R, Timmermeyer N, Thanisch S, Crummenerl L, Jansen G, Michiels N, Schulenburg H. 2013. Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters. 16(4), 461–468. mla: El Masri, Leila, et al. “Sex Differences in Host Defence Interfere with Parasite-Mediated Selection for Outcrossing during Host-Parasite Coevolution.” Ecology Letters, vol. 16, no. 4, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 461–68, doi:10.1111/ele.12068. short: L. El Masri, R. Schulte, N. Timmermeyer, S. Thanisch, L. Crummenerl, G. Jansen, N. Michiels, H. Schulenburg, Ecology Letters 16 (2013) 461–468. date_created: 2018-12-11T11:59:54Z date_published: 2013-04-04T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-08-25T14:51:57Z day: '04' ddc: - '570' doi: 10.1111/ele.12068 extern: '1' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: aa7db788f7da7d7f102539a249ebce50 content_type: application/pdf creator: system date_created: 2018-12-12T10:15:52Z date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:50Z file_id: '5176' file_name: IST-2016-404-v1+1_ele12068.pdf file_size: 763731 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:50Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 16' issue: '4' language: - iso: eng month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 461 - 468 publication: Ecology Letters publication_status: published publisher: Wiley-Blackwell publist_id: '3948' pubrep_id: '404' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 16 year: '2013' ...