{"_id":"10922","status":"public","oa_version":"Submitted Version","has_accepted_license":"1","volume":41,"publication":"Computer Graphics Forum","abstract":[{"text":"We study structural rigidity for assemblies with mechanical joints. Existing methods identify whether an assembly is structurally rigid by assuming parts are perfectly rigid. Yet, an assembly identified as rigid may not be that “rigid” in practice, and existing methods cannot quantify how rigid an assembly is. We address this limitation by developing a new measure, worst-case rigidity, to quantify the rigidity of an assembly as the largest possible deformation that the assembly undergoes for arbitrary external loads of fixed magnitude. Computing worst-case rigidity is non-trivial due to non-rigid parts and different joint types. We thus formulate a new computational approach by encoding parts and their connections into a stiffness matrix, in which parts are modeled as deformable objects and joints as soft constraints. Based on this, we formulate worst-case rigidity analysis as an optimization that seeks the worst-case deformation of an assembly for arbitrary external loads, and solve the optimization problem via an eigenanalysis. Furthermore, we present methods to optimize the geometry and topology of various assemblies to enhance their rigidity, as guided by our rigidity measure. In the end, we validate our method on a variety of assembly structures with physical experiments and demonstrate its effectiveness by designing and fabricating several structurally rigid assemblies.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1467-8659"],"issn":["0167-7055"]},"month":"05","doi":"10.1111/cgf.14490","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China [Project No.: CUHK 14201921] and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 715767 – MATERIALIZABLE). We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful feedback; Christian Hafner for proofreading and discussions; Ziqi Wang,\r\nHaisen Zhao, and Martin Hafskjold Thoresen for the helpful discussions; and the Miba Machine Shop at IST Austria for 3D printing the BUNNY and BOOMERANG models.","isi":1,"ddc":["000"],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"title":"Worst-case rigidity analysis and optimization for assemblies with mechanical joints","day":"01","date_created":"2022-03-27T17:34:17Z","author":[{"id":"70f0d7cf-ae65-11ec-a14f-89dfc5505b19","full_name":"Liu, Zhenyuan","last_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0001-9200-5690","first_name":"Zhenyuan"},{"first_name":"Jingyu","last_name":"Hu","full_name":"Hu, Jingyu"},{"first_name":"Hao","last_name":"Xu","full_name":"Xu, Hao"},{"last_name":"Song","full_name":"Song, Peng","first_name":"Peng"},{"first_name":"Ran","full_name":"Zhang, Ran","last_name":"Zhang"},{"first_name":"Bernd","full_name":"Bickel, Bernd","id":"49876194-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6511-9385","last_name":"Bickel"},{"first_name":"Chi-Wing","full_name":"Fu, Chi-Wing","last_name":"Fu"}],"intvolume":"        41","scopus_import":"1","file":[{"file_id":"10923","checksum":"b62188b07f5c000f1638c782ec92da41","creator":"bbickel","date_updated":"2022-03-27T17:34:11Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"paper.pdf","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","file_size":19601689,"date_created":"2022-03-27T17:34:11Z"}],"citation":{"mla":"Liu, Zhenyuan, et al. “Worst-Case Rigidity Analysis and Optimization for Assemblies with Mechanical Joints.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 41, no. 2, Wiley, 2022, pp. 507–19, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14490\">10.1111/cgf.14490</a>.","ieee":"Z. Liu <i>et al.</i>, “Worst-case rigidity analysis and optimization for assemblies with mechanical joints,” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 41, no. 2. Wiley, pp. 507–519, 2022.","apa":"Liu, Z., Hu, J., Xu, H., Song, P., Zhang, R., Bickel, B., &#38; Fu, C.-W. (2022). Worst-case rigidity analysis and optimization for assemblies with mechanical joints. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14490\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14490</a>","ama":"Liu Z, Hu J, Xu H, et al. Worst-case rigidity analysis and optimization for assemblies with mechanical joints. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. 2022;41(2):507-519. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14490\">10.1111/cgf.14490</a>","chicago":"Liu, Zhenyuan, Jingyu Hu, Hao Xu, Peng Song, Ran Zhang, Bernd Bickel, and Chi-Wing Fu. “Worst-Case Rigidity Analysis and Optimization for Assemblies with Mechanical Joints.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14490\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14490</a>.","short":"Z. Liu, J. Hu, H. Xu, P. Song, R. Zhang, B. Bickel, C.-W. Fu, Computer Graphics Forum 41 (2022) 507–519.","ista":"Liu Z, Hu J, Xu H, Song P, Zhang R, Bickel B, Fu C-W. 2022. Worst-case rigidity analysis and optimization for assemblies with mechanical joints. Computer Graphics Forum. 41(2), 507–519."},"issue":"2","year":"2022","type":"journal_article","page":"507-519","ec_funded":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"BeBi"}],"date_updated":"2023-08-03T06:17:13Z","publisher":"Wiley","oa":1,"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"24F9549A-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"MATERIALIZABLE: Intelligent fabrication-oriented Computational Design and Modeling","grant_number":"715767"}],"quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","article_type":"original","file_date_updated":"2022-03-27T17:34:11Z","date_published":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","external_id":{"isi":["000802723900039"]}}