[{"department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_updated":"2023-09-11T14:06:04Z","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"617","volume":31,"issue":"1","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1420-9101"],"issn":["1010-061X"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13211"}],"scopus_import":"1","intvolume":" 31","month":"01","abstract":[{"text":"Insects are exposed to a variety of potential pathogens in their environment, many of which can severely impact fitness and health. Consequently, hosts have evolved resistance and tolerance strategies to suppress or cope with infections. Hosts utilizing resistance improve fitness by clearing or reducing pathogen loads, and hosts utilizing tolerance reduce harmful fitness effects per pathogen load. To understand variation in, and selective pressures on, resistance and tolerance, we asked to what degree they are shaped by host genetic background, whether plasticity in these responses depends upon dietary environment, and whether there are interactions between these two factors. Females from ten wild-type Drosophila melanogaster genotypes were kept on high- or low-protein (yeast) diets and infected with one of two opportunistic bacterial pathogens, Lactococcus lactis or Pseudomonas entomophila. We measured host resistance as the inverse of bacterial load in the early infection phase. The relationship (slope) between fly fecundity and individual-level bacteria load provided our fecundity tolerance measure. Genotype and dietary yeast determined host fecundity and strongly affected survival after infection with pathogenic P. entomophila. There was considerable genetic variation in host resistance, a commonly found phenomenon resulting from for example varying resistance costs or frequency-dependent selection. Despite this variation and the reproductive cost of higher P. entomophila loads, fecundity tolerance did not vary across genotypes. The absence of genetic variation in tolerance may suggest that at this early infection stage, fecundity tolerance is fixed or that any evolved tolerance mechanisms are not expressed under these infection conditions.","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","pmid":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000419307000014"],"pmid":["29150962"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Kutzer","full_name":"Kutzer, Megan","orcid":"0000-0002-8696-6978","first_name":"Megan","id":"29D0B332-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Joachim","last_name":"Kurtz","full_name":"Kurtz, Joachim"},{"first_name":"Sophie","last_name":"Armitage","full_name":"Armitage, Sophie"}],"publist_id":"7187","title":"Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance","citation":{"chicago":"Kutzer, Megan, Joachim Kurtz, and Sophie Armitage. “Genotype and Diet Affect Resistance, Survival, and Fecundity but Not Fecundity Tolerance.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13211.","ista":"Kutzer M, Kurtz J, Armitage S. 2018. Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 31(1), 159–171.","mla":"Kutzer, Megan, et al. “Genotype and Diet Affect Resistance, Survival, and Fecundity but Not Fecundity Tolerance.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 31, no. 1, Wiley, 2018, pp. 159–71, doi:10.1111/jeb.13211.","ieee":"M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, and S. Armitage, “Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance,” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 31, no. 1. Wiley, pp. 159–171, 2018.","short":"M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, S. Armitage, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31 (2018) 159–171.","apa":"Kutzer, M., Kurtz, J., & Armitage, S. (2018). Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13211","ama":"Kutzer M, Kurtz J, Armitage S. Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2018;31(1):159-171. doi:10.1111/jeb.13211"},"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","page":"159 - 171","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:47:31Z","doi":"10.1111/jeb.13211","date_published":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","year":"2018","isi":1,"publication":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","day":"01","oa":1,"publisher":"Wiley","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Susann Wicke for performing the genome-wide SNP/indel analyses, as well as Veronica Alves, Kevin Ferro, Momir Futo, Barbara Hasert, Dafne Maximo, Nora Schulz, Marlene Sroka, and Barth Wieczorek for technical help. We thank Brian Lazzaro for the L. lactis strain and Bruno Lemaitre for the Pseudomonas entomophila strain. We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. We are grateful to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) priority programme 1399 ‘Host parasite coevolution’ for funding this project (AR 872/1-1). "},{"department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_updated":"2023-09-12T07:43:26Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","_id":"426","volume":107,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","month":"05","intvolume":" 107","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"None","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Sperm cells are the most morphologically diverse cells across animal taxa. Within species, sperm and ejaculate traits have been suggested to vary with the male's competitive environment, e.g., level of sperm competition, female mating status and quality, and also with male age, body mass, physiological condition, and resource availability. Most previous studies have based their conclusions on the analysis of only one or a few ejaculates per male without investigating differences among the ejaculates of the same individual. This masks potential ejaculate-specific traits. Here, we provide data on the length, quantity, and viability of sperm ejaculated by wingless males of the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. Males of this ant species are relatively long-lived and can mate with large numbers of female sexuals throughout their lives. We analyzed all ejaculates across the individuals' lifespan and manipulated the availability of mating partners. Our study shows that both the number and size of sperm cells transferred during copulations differ among individuals and also among ejaculates of the same male. Sperm quality does not decrease with male age, but the variation in sperm number between ejaculates indicates that males need considerable time to replenish their sperm supplies. Producing many ejaculates in a short time appears to be traded-off against male longevity rather than sperm quality."}],"title":"Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males","publist_id":"7397","author":[{"last_name":"Metzler","full_name":"Metzler, Sina","orcid":"0000-0002-9547-2494","first_name":"Sina","id":"48204546-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Alexandra","last_name":"Schrempf","full_name":"Schrempf, Alexandra"},{"first_name":"Jürgen","full_name":"Heinze, Jürgen","last_name":"Heinze"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","external_id":{"isi":["000434751100034"]},"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","citation":{"mla":"Metzler, Sina, et al. “Individual- and Ejaculate-Specific Sperm Traits in Ant Males.” Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 107, Elsevier, 2018, pp. 284–90, doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003.","ama":"Metzler S, Schrempf A, Heinze J. Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males. Journal of Insect Physiology. 2018;107:284-290. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003","apa":"Metzler, S., Schrempf, A., & Heinze, J. (2018). Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males. Journal of Insect Physiology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003","ieee":"S. Metzler, A. Schrempf, and J. Heinze, “Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males,” Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 107. Elsevier, pp. 284–290, 2018.","short":"S. Metzler, A. Schrempf, J. Heinze, Journal of Insect Physiology 107 (2018) 284–290.","chicago":"Metzler, Sina, Alexandra Schrempf, and Jürgen Heinze. “Individual- and Ejaculate-Specific Sperm Traits in Ant Males.” Journal of Insect Physiology. Elsevier, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003.","ista":"Metzler S, Schrempf A, Heinze J. 2018. Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males. Journal of Insect Physiology. 107, 284–290."},"date_published":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:46:25Z","page":"284-290","day":"01","publication":"Journal of Insect Physiology","isi":1,"year":"2018","publisher":"Elsevier","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"Research with C. obscurior from Brazil was permitted by Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA (permit no. 20324-1). We thank the German Science Foundation ( DFG ) for funding ( Schr1135/2-1 ), T. Suckert for help with sperm length measurements and A.K. Huylmans for advice concerning graphs. One referee made helpful comments on the manuscript.\r\n"},{"publication":"The FASEB Journal","day":"29","year":"2018","isi":1,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:45:08Z","doi":"10.1096/fj.201800443","date_published":"2018-11-29T00:00:00Z","page":"6808-6821","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"FASEB","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","citation":{"ista":"Liutkeviciute Z, Gil Mansilla E, Eder T, Casillas Perez BE, Giulia Di Giglio M, Muratspahić E, Grebien F, Rattei T, Muttenthaler M, Cremer S, Gruber C. 2018. Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity. The FASEB Journal. 32(12), 6808–6821.","chicago":"Liutkeviciute, Zita, Esther Gil Mansilla, Thomas Eder, Barbara E Casillas Perez, Maria Giulia Di Giglio, Edin Muratspahić, Florian Grebien, et al. “Oxytocin-like Signaling in Ants Influences Metabolic Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity.” The FASEB Journal. FASEB, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201800443.","ieee":"Z. Liutkeviciute et al., “Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 32, no. 12. FASEB, pp. 6808–6821, 2018.","short":"Z. Liutkeviciute, E. Gil Mansilla, T. Eder, B.E. Casillas Perez, M. Giulia Di Giglio, E. Muratspahić, F. Grebien, T. Rattei, M. Muttenthaler, S. Cremer, C. Gruber, The FASEB Journal 32 (2018) 6808–6821.","ama":"Liutkeviciute Z, Gil Mansilla E, Eder T, et al. Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity. The FASEB Journal. 2018;32(12):6808-6821. doi:10.1096/fj.201800443","apa":"Liutkeviciute, Z., Gil Mansilla, E., Eder, T., Casillas Perez, B. E., Giulia Di Giglio, M., Muratspahić, E., … Gruber, C. (2018). Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity. The FASEB Journal. FASEB. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201800443","mla":"Liutkeviciute, Zita, et al. “Oxytocin-like Signaling in Ants Influences Metabolic Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity.” The FASEB Journal, vol. 32, no. 12, FASEB, 2018, pp. 6808–21, doi:10.1096/fj.201800443."},"title":"Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity","article_processing_charge":"No","external_id":{"isi":["000449359700035"],"pmid":["29939785"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Zita","last_name":"Liutkeviciute","full_name":"Liutkeviciute, Zita"},{"first_name":"Esther","last_name":"Gil Mansilla","full_name":"Gil Mansilla, Esther"},{"first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Eder, Thomas","last_name":"Eder"},{"first_name":"Barbara E","id":"351ED2AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Casillas Perez, Barbara E","last_name":"Casillas Perez"},{"last_name":"Giulia Di Giglio","full_name":"Giulia Di Giglio, Maria","first_name":"Maria"},{"last_name":"Muratspahić","full_name":"Muratspahić, Edin","first_name":"Edin"},{"full_name":"Grebien, Florian","last_name":"Grebien","first_name":"Florian"},{"last_name":"Rattei","full_name":"Rattei, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas"},{"first_name":"Markus","full_name":"Muttenthaler, Markus","last_name":"Muttenthaler"},{"last_name":"Cremer","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Sylvia"},{"full_name":"Gruber, Christian","last_name":"Gruber","first_name":"Christian"}],"publist_id":"7721","project":[{"name":"Individual function and social role of oxytocin-like neuropeptides in ants","_id":"25E3D34E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["08926638"]},"volume":32,"issue":"12","pmid":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"Ants are emerging model systems to study cellular signaling because distinct castes possess different physiologic phenotypes within the same colony. Here we studied the functionality of inotocin signaling, an insect ortholog of mammalian oxytocin (OT), which was recently discovered in ants. In Lasius ants, we determined that specialization within the colony, seasonal factors, and physiologic conditions down-regulated the expression of the OT-like signaling system. Given this natural variation, we interrogated its function using RNAi knockdowns. Next-generation RNA sequencing of OT-like precursor knock-down ants highlighted its role in the regulation of genes involved in metabolism. Knock-down ants exhibited higher walking activity and increased self-grooming in the brood chamber. We propose that OT-like signaling in ants is important for regulating metabolic processes and locomotion.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":" 32","month":"11","main_file_link":[{"url":" https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201800443","open_access":"1"}],"scopus_import":"1","date_updated":"2023-09-13T09:37:32Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"_id":"194","status":"public","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article"},{"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","citation":{"ista":"Pull C, Metzler S, Naderlinger E, Cremer S. 2018. Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants. Current Biology. 28(19), R1139–R1140.","chicago":"Pull, Christopher, Sina Metzler, Elisabeth Naderlinger, and Sylvia Cremer. “Protection against the Lethal Side Effects of Social Immunity in Ants.” Current Biology. Cell Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063.","apa":"Pull, C., Metzler, S., Naderlinger, E., & Cremer, S. (2018). Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants. Current Biology. Cell Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063","ama":"Pull C, Metzler S, Naderlinger E, Cremer S. Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants. Current Biology. 2018;28(19):R1139-R1140. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063","ieee":"C. Pull, S. Metzler, E. Naderlinger, and S. Cremer, “Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants,” Current Biology, vol. 28, no. 19. Cell Press, pp. R1139–R1140, 2018.","short":"C. Pull, S. Metzler, E. Naderlinger, S. Cremer, Current Biology 28 (2018) R1139–R1140.","mla":"Pull, Christopher, et al. “Protection against the Lethal Side Effects of Social Immunity in Ants.” Current Biology, vol. 28, no. 19, Cell Press, 2018, pp. R1139–40, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063."},"title":"Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants","article_processing_charge":"No","external_id":{"isi":["000446693400008"]},"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-1122-3982","full_name":"Pull, Christopher","last_name":"Pull","first_name":"Christopher","id":"3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"48204546-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Sina","last_name":"Metzler","full_name":"Metzler, Sina","orcid":"0000-0002-9547-2494"},{"id":"31757262-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Elisabeth","full_name":"Naderlinger, Elisabeth","last_name":"Naderlinger"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"publist_id":"7999","publication":"Current Biology","day":"08","year":"2018","isi":1,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:44:23Z","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063","date_published":"2018-10-08T00:00:00Z","page":"R1139 - R1140","oa":1,"publisher":"Cell Press","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2023-09-15T12:06:46Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"_id":"55","status":"public","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","issue":"19","volume":28,"oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Many animals use antimicrobials to prevent or cure disease [1,2]. For example, some animals will ingest plants with medicinal properties, both prophylactically to prevent infection and therapeutically to self-medicate when sick. Antimicrobial substances are also used as topical disinfectants, to prevent infection, protect offspring and to sanitise their surroundings [1,2]. Social insects (ants, bees, wasps and termites) build nests in environments with a high abundance and diversity of pathogenic microorganisms — such as soil and rotting wood — and colonies are often densely crowded, creating conditions that favour disease outbreaks. Consequently, social insects have evolved collective disease defences to protect their colonies from epidemics. These traits can be seen as functionally analogous to the immune system of individual organisms [3,4]. This ‘social immunity’ utilises antimicrobials to prevent and eradicate infections, and to keep the brood and nest clean. However, these antimicrobial compounds can be harmful to the insects themselves, and it is unknown how colonies prevent collateral damage when using them. Here, we demonstrate that antimicrobial acids, produced by workers to disinfect the colony, are harmful to the delicate pupal brood stage, but that the pupae are protected from the acids by the presence of a silk cocoon. Garden ants spray their nests with an antimicrobial poison to sanitize contaminated nestmates and brood. Here, Pull et al show that they also prophylactically sanitise their colonies, and that the silk cocoon serves as a barrier to protect developing pupae, thus preventing collateral damage during nest sanitation."}],"intvolume":" 28","month":"10","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063","open_access":"1"}],"scopus_import":"1"},{"title":"Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens","publist_id":"8026","author":[{"first_name":"Lumi","full_name":"Viljakainen, Lumi","last_name":"Viljakainen"},{"full_name":"Jurvansuu, Jaana","last_name":"Jurvansuu","first_name":"Jaana"},{"full_name":"Holmberg, Ida","last_name":"Holmberg","first_name":"Ida"},{"last_name":"Pamminger","full_name":"Pamminger, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"last_name":"Erler","full_name":"Erler, Silvio","first_name":"Silvio"},{"first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer"}],"external_id":{"isi":["000451611000032"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","citation":{"short":"L. Viljakainen, J. Jurvansuu, I. Holmberg, T. Pamminger, S. Erler, S. Cremer, Ecology and Evolution 8 (2018) 11031–11070.","ieee":"L. Viljakainen, J. Jurvansuu, I. Holmberg, T. Pamminger, S. Erler, and S. Cremer, “Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens,” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 8, no. 22. Wiley, pp. 11031–11070, 2018.","apa":"Viljakainen, L., Jurvansuu, J., Holmberg, I., Pamminger, T., Erler, S., & Cremer, S. (2018). Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens. Ecology and Evolution. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4573","ama":"Viljakainen L, Jurvansuu J, Holmberg I, Pamminger T, Erler S, Cremer S. Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens. Ecology and Evolution. 2018;8(22):11031-11070. doi:10.1002/ece3.4573","mla":"Viljakainen, Lumi, et al. “Social Environment Affects the Transcriptomic Response to Bacteria in Ant Queens.” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 8, no. 22, Wiley, 2018, pp. 11031–70, doi:10.1002/ece3.4573.","ista":"Viljakainen L, Jurvansuu J, Holmberg I, Pamminger T, Erler S, Cremer S. 2018. Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens. Ecology and Evolution. 8(22), 11031–11070.","chicago":"Viljakainen, Lumi, Jaana Jurvansuu, Ida Holmberg, Tobias Pamminger, Silvio Erler, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Environment Affects the Transcriptomic Response to Bacteria in Ant Queens.” Ecology and Evolution. Wiley, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4573."},"doi":"10.1002/ece3.4573","date_published":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:44:15Z","page":"11031-11070","day":"01","publication":"Ecology and Evolution","isi":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","year":"2018","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Wiley","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:52Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"ddc":["576","591"],"date_updated":"2023-09-19T09:29:12Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"_id":"29","volume":8,"issue":"22","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","file":[{"file_name":"Viljakainen_et_al-2018-Ecology_and_Evolution.pdf","date_created":"2018-12-17T08:27:04Z","file_size":1272096,"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:52Z","creator":"dernst","checksum":"0d1355c78627ca7210aadd9a17a01915","file_id":"5682","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["20457758"]},"publication_status":"published","month":"11","intvolume":" 8","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"Social insects have evolved enormous capacities to collectively build nests and defend their colonies against both predators and pathogens. The latter is achieved by a combination of individual immune responses and sophisticated collective behavioral and organizational disease defenses, that is, social immunity. We investigated how the presence or absence of these social defense lines affects individual-level immunity in ant queens after bacterial infection. To this end, we injected queens of the ant Linepithema humile with a mix of gram+ and gram− bacteria or a control solution, reared them either with workers or alone and analyzed their gene expression patterns at 2, 4, 8, and 12 hr post-injection, using RNA-seq. This allowed us to test for the effect of bacterial infection, social context, as well as the interaction between the two over the course of infection and raising of an immune response. We found that social isolation per se affected queen gene expression for metabolism genes, but not for immune genes. When infected, queens reared with and without workers up-regulated similar numbers of innate immune genes revealing activation of Toll and Imd signaling pathways and melanization. Interestingly, however, they mostly regulated different genes along the pathways and showed a different pattern of overall gene up-regulation or down-regulation. Hence, we can conclude that the absence of workers does not compromise the onset of an individual immune response by the queens, but that the social environment impacts the route of the individual innate immune responses.","lang":"eng"}]}]