[{"oa":1,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"We are grateful to Remy Chait for his help and assistance with establishing our experimental setups and to Tobias Bergmiller for valuable insights into some specific experimental details. We thank Luciano Marraffini for donating us the pCas9 plasmid used in this study. We also want to express our gratitude to Seth Barribeau, Andrea Betancourt, Călin Guet, Mato Lagator, Tiago Paixão and Maroš Pleška for valuable discussions on the manuscript. Finally, we would like to thank the \r\neditors and reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:46:23Z","doi":"10.7554/eLife.32035","date_published":"2018-03-09T00:00:00Z","year":"2018","isi":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"eLife","day":"09","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2578D616-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Selective Barriers to Horizontal Gene Transfer","grant_number":"648440"}],"article_number":"e32035","external_id":{"isi":["000431035800001"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Pavel","id":"35F78294-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2711-9453","full_name":"Payne, Pavel","last_name":"Payne"},{"first_name":"Lukas","last_name":"Geyrhofer","full_name":"Geyrhofer, Lukas"},{"first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"},{"first_name":"Jonathan P","id":"2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Bollback","orcid":"0000-0002-4624-4612","full_name":"Bollback, Jonathan P"}],"publist_id":"7400","title":"CRISPR-based herd immunity can limit phage epidemics in bacterial populations","citation":{"chicago":"Payne, Pavel, Lukas Geyrhofer, Nicholas H Barton, and Jonathan P Bollback. “CRISPR-Based Herd Immunity Can Limit Phage Epidemics in Bacterial Populations.” ELife. eLife Sciences Publications, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32035.","ista":"Payne P, Geyrhofer L, Barton NH, Bollback JP. 2018. CRISPR-based herd immunity can limit phage epidemics in bacterial populations. eLife. 7, e32035.","mla":"Payne, Pavel, et al. “CRISPR-Based Herd Immunity Can Limit Phage Epidemics in Bacterial Populations.” ELife, vol. 7, e32035, eLife Sciences Publications, 2018, doi:10.7554/eLife.32035.","ieee":"P. Payne, L. Geyrhofer, N. H. Barton, and J. P. Bollback, “CRISPR-based herd immunity can limit phage epidemics in bacterial populations,” eLife, vol. 7. eLife Sciences Publications, 2018.","short":"P. Payne, L. Geyrhofer, N.H. Barton, J.P. Bollback, ELife 7 (2018).","ama":"Payne P, Geyrhofer L, Barton NH, Bollback JP. CRISPR-based herd immunity can limit phage epidemics in bacterial populations. eLife. 2018;7. doi:10.7554/eLife.32035","apa":"Payne, P., Geyrhofer, L., Barton, N. H., & Bollback, J. P. (2018). CRISPR-based herd immunity can limit phage epidemics in bacterial populations. ELife. eLife Sciences Publications. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32035"},"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":" 7","month":"03","abstract":[{"text":"Herd immunity, a process in which resistant individuals limit the spread of a pathogen among susceptible hosts has been extensively studied in eukaryotes. Even though bacteria have evolved multiple immune systems against their phage pathogens, herd immunity in bacteria remains unexplored. Here we experimentally demonstrate that herd immunity arises during phage epidemics in structured and unstructured Escherichia coli populations consisting of differing frequencies of susceptible and resistant cells harboring CRISPR immunity. In addition, we develop a mathematical model that quantifies how herd immunity is affected by spatial population structure, bacterial growth rate, and phage replication rate. Using our model we infer a general epidemiological rule describing the relative speed of an epidemic in partially resistant spatially structured populations. Our experimental and theoretical findings indicate that herd immunity may be important in bacterial communities, allowing for stable coexistence of bacteria and their phages and the maintenance of polymorphism in bacterial immunity.","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","ec_funded":1,"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"9840","status":"public","relation":"research_data"}]},"volume":7,"publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"5689","checksum":"447cf6e680bdc3c01062a8737d876569","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:25Z","file_size":3533881,"date_created":"2018-12-17T10:36:07Z","file_name":"2018_eLife_Payne.pdf"}],"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"423","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:25Z","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"},{"_id":"JoBo"}],"date_updated":"2023-09-11T12:49:17Z","ddc":["576"]},{"publisher":"Dryad","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.42n44"}],"oa":1,"month":"03","abstract":[{"text":"Herd immunity, a process in which resistant individuals limit the spread of a pathogen among susceptible hosts has been extensively studied in eukaryotes. Even though bacteria have evolved multiple immune systems against their phage pathogens, herd immunity in bacteria remains unexplored. Here we experimentally demonstrate that herd immunity arises during phage epidemics in structured and unstructured Escherichia coli populations consisting of differing frequencies of susceptible and resistant cells harboring CRISPR immunity. In addition, we develop a mathematical model that quantifies how herd immunity is affected by spatial population structure, bacterial growth rate, and phage replication rate. Using our model we infer a general epidemiological rule describing the relative speed of an epidemic in partially resistant spatially structured populations. Our experimental and theoretical findings indicate that herd immunity may be important in bacterial communities, allowing for stable coexistence of bacteria and their phages and the maintenance of polymorphism in bacterial immunity.","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","date_published":"2018-03-12T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.5061/dryad.42n44","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public","id":"423"}]},"date_created":"2021-08-09T13:10:02Z","year":"2018","day":"12","type":"research_data_reference","status":"public","_id":"9840","author":[{"last_name":"Payne","full_name":"Payne, Pavel","orcid":"0000-0002-2711-9453","first_name":"Pavel","id":"35F78294-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Geyrhofer","full_name":"Geyrhofer, Lukas","first_name":"Lukas"},{"last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Nicholas H"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4624-4612","full_name":"Bollback, Jonathan P","last_name":"Bollback","id":"2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Jonathan P"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"},{"_id":"JoBo"}],"title":"Data from: CRISPR-based herd immunity limits phage epidemics in bacterial populations","date_updated":"2023-09-11T12:49:17Z","citation":{"mla":"Payne, Pavel, et al. Data from: CRISPR-Based Herd Immunity Limits Phage Epidemics in Bacterial Populations. Dryad, 2018, doi:10.5061/dryad.42n44.","ieee":"P. Payne, L. Geyrhofer, N. H. Barton, and J. P. Bollback, “Data from: CRISPR-based herd immunity limits phage epidemics in bacterial populations.” Dryad, 2018.","short":"P. Payne, L. Geyrhofer, N.H. Barton, J.P. Bollback, (2018).","ama":"Payne P, Geyrhofer L, Barton NH, Bollback JP. Data from: CRISPR-based herd immunity limits phage epidemics in bacterial populations. 2018. doi:10.5061/dryad.42n44","apa":"Payne, P., Geyrhofer, L., Barton, N. H., & Bollback, J. P. (2018). Data from: CRISPR-based herd immunity limits phage epidemics in bacterial populations. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.42n44","chicago":"Payne, Pavel, Lukas Geyrhofer, Nicholas H Barton, and Jonathan P Bollback. “Data from: CRISPR-Based Herd Immunity Limits Phage Epidemics in Bacterial Populations.” Dryad, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.42n44.","ista":"Payne P, Geyrhofer L, Barton NH, Bollback JP. 2018. Data from: CRISPR-based herd immunity limits phage epidemics in bacterial populations, Dryad, 10.5061/dryad.42n44."},"user_id":"6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf"},{"oa":1,"publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Nature Ecology and Evolution","day":"10","year":"2018","has_accepted_license":"1","isi":1,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:44:27Z","date_published":"2018-09-10T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1038/s41559-018-0651-y","page":"1633 - 1643","project":[{"name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","grant_number":"291734","call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2578D616-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Selective Barriers to Horizontal Gene Transfer","grant_number":"648440"},{"grant_number":"24573","name":"Design principles underlying genetic switch architecture (DOC Fellowship)","_id":"251EE76E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","citation":{"ista":"Igler C, Lagator M, Tkačik G, Bollback JP, Guet CC. 2018. Evolutionary potential of transcription factors for gene regulatory rewiring. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 2(10), 1633–1643.","chicago":"Igler, Claudia, Mato Lagator, Gašper Tkačik, Jonathan P Bollback, and Calin C Guet. “Evolutionary Potential of Transcription Factors for Gene Regulatory Rewiring.” Nature Ecology and Evolution. Nature Publishing Group, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0651-y.","ieee":"C. Igler, M. Lagator, G. Tkačik, J. P. Bollback, and C. C. Guet, “Evolutionary potential of transcription factors for gene regulatory rewiring,” Nature Ecology and Evolution, vol. 2, no. 10. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 1633–1643, 2018.","short":"C. Igler, M. Lagator, G. Tkačik, J.P. Bollback, C.C. Guet, Nature Ecology and Evolution 2 (2018) 1633–1643.","apa":"Igler, C., Lagator, M., Tkačik, G., Bollback, J. P., & Guet, C. C. (2018). Evolutionary potential of transcription factors for gene regulatory rewiring. Nature Ecology and Evolution. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0651-y","ama":"Igler C, Lagator M, Tkačik G, Bollback JP, Guet CC. Evolutionary potential of transcription factors for gene regulatory rewiring. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 2018;2(10):1633-1643. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0651-y","mla":"Igler, Claudia, et al. “Evolutionary Potential of Transcription Factors for Gene Regulatory Rewiring.” Nature Ecology and Evolution, vol. 2, no. 10, Nature Publishing Group, 2018, pp. 1633–43, doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0651-y."},"title":"Evolutionary potential of transcription factors for gene regulatory rewiring","external_id":{"isi":["000447947600021"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"full_name":"Igler, Claudia","last_name":"Igler","id":"46613666-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Claudia"},{"full_name":"Lagator, Mato","last_name":"Lagator","id":"345D25EC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Mato"},{"id":"3D494DCA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Gasper","last_name":"Tkacik","full_name":"Tkacik, Gasper","orcid":"0000-0002-6699-1455"},{"first_name":"Jonathan P","id":"2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-4624-4612","full_name":"Bollback, Jonathan P","last_name":"Bollback"},{"first_name":"Calin C","id":"47F8433E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Guet","orcid":"0000-0001-6220-2052","full_name":"Guet, Calin C"}],"publist_id":"7987","oa_version":"Submitted Version","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Gene regulatory networks evolve through rewiring of individual components—that is, through changes in regulatory connections. However, the mechanistic basis of regulatory rewiring is poorly understood. Using a canonical gene regulatory system, we quantify the properties of transcription factors that determine the evolutionary potential for rewiring of regulatory connections: robustness, tunability and evolvability. In vivo repression measurements of two repressors at mutated operator sites reveal their contrasting evolutionary potential: while robustness and evolvability were positively correlated, both were in trade-off with tunability. Epistatic interactions between adjacent operators alleviated this trade-off. A thermodynamic model explains how the differences in robustness, tunability and evolvability arise from biophysical characteristics of repressor–DNA binding. The model also uncovers that the energy matrix, which describes how mutations affect repressor–DNA binding, encodes crucial information about the evolutionary potential of a repressor. The biophysical determinants of evolutionary potential for regulatory rewiring constitute a mechanistic framework for understanding network evolution."}],"intvolume":" 2","month":"09","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"file_name":"2018_NatureEcology_Igler.pdf","date_created":"2020-05-14T11:28:52Z","creator":"dernst","file_size":1135973,"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:37Z","file_id":"7830","checksum":"383a2e2c944a856e2e821ec8e7bf71b6","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"publication_status":"published","ec_funded":1,"volume":2,"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"5585","status":"public","relation":"popular_science"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"6371","status":"public"}]},"issue":"10","_id":"67","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2024-03-27T23:30:48Z","department":[{"_id":"CaGu"},{"_id":"GaTk"},{"_id":"JoBo"}],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:37Z"},{"publication":"eLife","day":"13","year":"2017","has_accepted_license":"1","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:47:14Z","doi":"10.7554/eLife.28921","date_published":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","citation":{"short":"M. Lagator, S. Sarikas, H. Acar, J.P. Bollback, C.C. Guet, ELife 6 (2017).","ieee":"M. Lagator, S. Sarikas, H. Acar, J. P. Bollback, and C. C. Guet, “Regulatory network structure determines patterns of intermolecular epistasis,” eLife, vol. 6. eLife Sciences Publications, 2017.","apa":"Lagator, M., Sarikas, S., Acar, H., Bollback, J. P., & Guet, C. C. (2017). Regulatory network structure determines patterns of intermolecular epistasis. ELife. eLife Sciences Publications. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28921","ama":"Lagator M, Sarikas S, Acar H, Bollback JP, Guet CC. Regulatory network structure determines patterns of intermolecular epistasis. eLife. 2017;6. doi:10.7554/eLife.28921","mla":"Lagator, Mato, et al. “Regulatory Network Structure Determines Patterns of Intermolecular Epistasis.” ELife, vol. 6, e28921, eLife Sciences Publications, 2017, doi:10.7554/eLife.28921.","ista":"Lagator M, Sarikas S, Acar H, Bollback JP, Guet CC. 2017. Regulatory network structure determines patterns of intermolecular epistasis. eLife. 6, e28921.","chicago":"Lagator, Mato, Srdjan Sarikas, Hande Acar, Jonathan P Bollback, and Calin C Guet. “Regulatory Network Structure Determines Patterns of Intermolecular Epistasis.” ELife. eLife Sciences Publications, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28921."},"title":"Regulatory network structure determines patterns of intermolecular epistasis","author":[{"full_name":"Lagator, Mato","last_name":"Lagator","id":"345D25EC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Mato"},{"first_name":"Srdjan","id":"35F0286E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sarikas","full_name":"Sarikas, Srdjan"},{"first_name":"Hande","id":"2DDF136A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Acar, Hande","orcid":"0000-0003-1986-9753","last_name":"Acar"},{"first_name":"Jonathan P","id":"2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Bollback","full_name":"Bollback, Jonathan P","orcid":"0000-0002-4624-4612"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6220-2052","full_name":"Guet, Calin C","last_name":"Guet","first_name":"Calin C","id":"47F8433E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"publist_id":"7244","article_number":"e28921","project":[{"name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","grant_number":"291734","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"grant_number":"648440","name":"Selective Barriers to Horizontal Gene Transfer","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2578D616-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","file_id":"5096","checksum":"273ab17f33305e4eaafd911ff88e7c5b","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:10Z","file_size":8453470,"creator":"system","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:14:42Z","file_name":"IST-2017-918-v1+1_elife-28921-figures-v3.pdf"},{"file_name":"IST-2017-918-v1+2_elife-28921-v3.pdf","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:14:43Z","creator":"system","file_size":1953221,"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:10Z","file_id":"5097","checksum":"b433f90576c7be597cd43367946f8e7f","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2050084X"]},"ec_funded":1,"volume":6,"oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"Most phenotypes are determined by molecular systems composed of specifically interacting molecules. However, unlike for individual components, little is known about the distributions of mutational effects of molecular systems as a whole. We ask how the distribution of mutational effects of a transcriptional regulatory system differs from the distributions of its components, by first independently, and then simultaneously, mutating a transcription factor and the associated promoter it represses. We find that the system distribution exhibits increased phenotypic variation compared to individual component distributions - an effect arising from intermolecular epistasis between the transcription factor and its DNA-binding site. In large part, this epistasis can be qualitatively attributed to the structure of the transcriptional regulatory system and could therefore be a common feature in prokaryotes. Counter-intuitively, intermolecular epistasis can alleviate the constraints of individual components, thereby increasing phenotypic variation that selection could act on and facilitating adaptive evolution. ","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":" 6","month":"11","scopus_import":1,"ddc":["576"],"date_updated":"2021-01-12T08:03:15Z","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:10Z","department":[{"_id":"CaGu"},{"_id":"JoBo"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"_id":"570","pubrep_id":"918","status":"public","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"type":"journal_article"},{"publication_status":"published","degree_awarded":"PhD","year":"2017","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"01","file":[{"access_level":"closed","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"6292","checksum":"a0fc5c26a89c0ea759947ffba87d0d8f","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:27Z","file_size":3025175,"date_created":"2019-04-09T15:15:32Z","file_name":"thesis_pavel_payne_final_w_signature_page.pdf"},{"file_name":"2017_Payne_Thesis.pdf","date_created":"2021-02-22T13:45:59Z","file_size":3111536,"date_updated":"2021-02-22T13:45:59Z","creator":"dernst","success":1,"checksum":"af531e921a7f64a9e0af4cd8783b2226","file_id":"9187","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access"}],"page":"83","date_created":"2019-04-09T15:16:45Z","date_published":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Bacteria and their pathogens – phages – are the most abundant living entities on Earth. Throughout their coevolution, bacteria have evolved multiple immune systems to overcome the ubiquitous threat from the phages. Although the molecu- lar details of these immune systems’ functions are relatively well understood, their epidemiological consequences for the phage-bacterial communities have been largely neglected. In this thesis we employed both experimental and theoretical methods to explore whether herd and social immunity may arise in bacterial popu- lations. Using our experimental system consisting of Escherichia coli strains with a CRISPR based immunity to the T7 phage we show that herd immunity arises in phage-bacterial communities and that it is accentuated when the populations are spatially structured. By fitting a mathematical model, we inferred expressions for the herd immunity threshold and the velocity of spread of a phage epidemic in partially resistant bacterial populations, which both depend on the bacterial growth rate, phage burst size and phage latent period. We also investigated the poten- tial for social immunity in Streptococcus thermophilus and its phage 2972 using a bioinformatic analysis of potentially coding short open reading frames with a signalling signature, encoded within the CRISPR associated genes. Subsequently, we tested one identified potentially signalling peptide and found that its addition to a phage-challenged culture increases probability of survival of bacteria two fold, although the results were only marginally significant. Together, these results demonstrate that the ubiquitous arms races between bacteria and phages have further consequences at the level of the population."}],"oa_version":"Published Version","oa":1,"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"month":"02","citation":{"chicago":"Payne, Pavel. “Bacterial Herd and Social Immunity to Phages.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","ista":"Payne P. 2017. Bacterial herd and social immunity to phages. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","mla":"Payne, Pavel. Bacterial Herd and Social Immunity to Phages. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","ieee":"P. Payne, “Bacterial herd and social immunity to phages,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","short":"P. Payne, Bacterial Herd and Social Immunity to Phages, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","ama":"Payne P. Bacterial herd and social immunity to phages. 2017.","apa":"Payne, P. (2017). Bacterial herd and social immunity to phages. Institute of Science and Technology Austria."},"date_updated":"2023-09-07T12:00:00Z","supervisor":[{"id":"2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Jonathan P","full_name":"Bollback, Jonathan P","orcid":"0000-0002-4624-4612","last_name":"Bollback"},{"last_name":"Barton","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"ddc":["570"],"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Payne","full_name":"Payne, Pavel","orcid":"0000-0002-2711-9453","first_name":"Pavel","id":"35F78294-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"title":"Bacterial herd and social immunity to phages","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"},{"_id":"JoBo"}],"file_date_updated":"2021-02-22T13:45:59Z","_id":"6291","type":"dissertation","status":"public"}]