[{"page":"111","date_published":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.15479/at:ista:9623","date_created":"2021-07-01T14:50:17Z","has_accepted_license":"1","year":"2021","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","oa":1,"author":[{"first_name":"Silvia","id":"2F1E1758-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-5223-3346","full_name":"Caballero Mancebo, Silvia","last_name":"Caballero Mancebo"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Fertilization-induced deformations are controlled by the actin cortex and a mitochondria-rich subcortical layer in ascidian oocytes","citation":{"ista":"Caballero Mancebo S. 2021. Fertilization-induced deformations are controlled by the actin cortex and a mitochondria-rich subcortical layer in ascidian oocytes. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","chicago":"Caballero Mancebo, Silvia. “Fertilization-Induced Deformations Are Controlled by the Actin Cortex and a Mitochondria-Rich Subcortical Layer in Ascidian Oocytes.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021. https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:9623.","short":"S. Caballero Mancebo, Fertilization-Induced Deformations Are Controlled by the Actin Cortex and a Mitochondria-Rich Subcortical Layer in Ascidian Oocytes, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021.","ieee":"S. Caballero Mancebo, “Fertilization-induced deformations are controlled by the actin cortex and a mitochondria-rich subcortical layer in ascidian oocytes,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021.","ama":"Caballero Mancebo S. Fertilization-induced deformations are controlled by the actin cortex and a mitochondria-rich subcortical layer in ascidian oocytes. 2021. doi:10.15479/at:ista:9623","apa":"Caballero Mancebo, S. (2021). Fertilization-induced deformations are controlled by the actin cortex and a mitochondria-rich subcortical layer in ascidian oocytes. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:9623","mla":"Caballero Mancebo, Silvia. Fertilization-Induced Deformations Are Controlled by the Actin Cortex and a Mitochondria-Rich Subcortical Layer in Ascidian Oocytes. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021, doi:10.15479/at:ista:9623."},"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"9750","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","id":"9006","relation":"part_of_dissertation"}]},"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-99078-012-1"],"issn":["2663-337X"]},"degree_awarded":"PhD","publication_status":"published","file":[{"access_level":"closed","relation":"source_file","content_type":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","embargo_to":"open_access","checksum":"e039225a47ef32666d59bf35ddd30ecf","file_id":"9624","creator":"scaballe","date_updated":"2022-07-02T22:30:06Z","file_size":131946790,"date_created":"2021-07-01T14:48:54Z","file_name":"PhDThesis_SCM.docx"},{"embargo":"2022-07-01","file_id":"9625","checksum":"dd4d78962ea94ad95e97ca7d9af08f4b","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"PhDThesis_SCM.pdf","date_created":"2021-07-01T14:46:25Z","file_size":17094958,"date_updated":"2022-07-02T22:30:06Z","creator":"scaballe"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"month":"07","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Cytoplasmic reorganizations are essential for morphogenesis. In large cells like oocytes, these reorganizations become crucial in patterning the oocyte for later stages of embryonic development. Ascidians oocytes reorganize their cytoplasm (ooplasm) in a spectacular manner. Ooplasmic reorganization is initiated at fertilization with the contraction of the actomyosin cortex along the animal-vegetal axis of the oocyte, driving the accumulation of cortical endoplasmic reticulum (cER), maternal mRNAs associated to it and a mitochondria-rich subcortical layer – the myoplasm – in a region of the vegetal pole termed contraction pole (CP). Here we have used the species Phallusia mammillata to investigate the changes in cell shape that accompany these reorganizations and the mechanochemical mechanisms underlining CP formation.\r\nWe report that the length of the animal-vegetal (AV) axis oscillates upon fertilization: it first undergoes a cycle of fast elongation-lengthening followed by a slow expansion of mainly the vegetal pole (VP) of the cell. We show that the fast oscillation corresponds to a dynamic polarization of the actin cortex as a result of a fertilization-induced increase in cortical tension in the oocyte that triggers a rupture of the cortex at the animal pole and the establishment of vegetal-directed cortical flows. These flows are responsible for the vegetal accumulation of actin causing the VP to flatten. \r\nWe find that the slow expansion of the VP, leading to CP formation, correlates with a relaxation of the vegetal cortex and that the myoplasm plays a role in the expansion. We show that the myoplasm is a solid-like layer that buckles under compression forces arising from the contracting actin cortex at the VP. Straightening of the myoplasm when actin flows stops, facilitates the expansion of the VP and the CP. Altogether, our results present a previously unrecognized role for the myoplasm in ascidian ooplasmic segregation. \r\n","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"CaHe"}],"file_date_updated":"2022-07-02T22:30:06Z","supervisor":[{"id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","last_name":"Heisenberg"}],"date_updated":"2023-09-07T13:33:27Z","ddc":["570"],"type":"dissertation","tmp":{"short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png"},"status":"public","_id":"9623"},{"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","citation":{"ista":"Shamipour S, Caballero Mancebo S, Heisenberg C-PJ. 2021. Cytoplasm’s got moves. Developmental Cell. 56(2), P213-226.","chicago":"Shamipour, Shayan, Silvia Caballero Mancebo, and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “Cytoplasm’s Got Moves.” Developmental Cell. Elsevier, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.002.","ieee":"S. Shamipour, S. Caballero Mancebo, and C.-P. J. Heisenberg, “Cytoplasm’s got moves,” Developmental Cell, vol. 56, no. 2. Elsevier, pp. P213-226, 2021.","short":"S. Shamipour, S. Caballero Mancebo, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, Developmental Cell 56 (2021) P213-226.","ama":"Shamipour S, Caballero Mancebo S, Heisenberg C-PJ. Cytoplasm’s got moves. Developmental Cell. 2021;56(2):P213-226. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.002","apa":"Shamipour, S., Caballero Mancebo, S., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2021). Cytoplasm’s got moves. Developmental Cell. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.002","mla":"Shamipour, Shayan, et al. “Cytoplasm’s Got Moves.” Developmental Cell, vol. 56, no. 2, Elsevier, 2021, pp. P213-226, doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.002."},"title":"Cytoplasm's got moves","external_id":{"isi":["000613273900009"],"pmid":["33321104"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Shamipour","full_name":"Shamipour, Shayan","id":"40B34FE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Shayan"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-5223-3346","full_name":"Caballero Mancebo, Silvia","last_name":"Caballero Mancebo","first_name":"Silvia","id":"2F1E1758-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","last_name":"Heisenberg"}],"publication":"Developmental Cell","day":"25","year":"2021","isi":1,"date_created":"2021-01-17T23:01:10Z","doi":"10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.002","date_published":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","page":"P213-226","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Justine Renno for illustrations and Edouard Hannezo and members of the Heisenberg group for their comments on previous versions of the manuscript.","oa":1,"publisher":"Elsevier","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2024-03-27T23:30:18Z","department":[{"_id":"CaHe"}],"_id":"9006","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["18781551"],"issn":["15345807"]},"issue":"2","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"9623","status":"public"}]},"volume":56,"pmid":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"Cytoplasm is a gel-like crowded environment composed of various macromolecules, organelles, cytoskeletal networks, and cytosol. The structure of the cytoplasm is highly organized and heterogeneous due to the crowding of its constituents and their effective compartmentalization. In such an environment, the diffusive dynamics of the molecules are restricted, an effect that is further amplified by clustering and anchoring of molecules. Despite the crowded nature of the cytoplasm at the microscopic scale, large-scale reorganization of the cytoplasm is essential for important cellular functions, such as cell division and polarization. How such mesoscale reorganization of the cytoplasm is achieved, especially for large cells such as oocytes or syncytial tissues that can span hundreds of micrometers in size, is only beginning to be understood. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in elucidating the molecular, cellular, and biophysical mechanisms by which the cytoskeleton drives cytoplasmic reorganization across different scales, structures, and species.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":" 56","month":"01","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.002"}],"scopus_import":"1"},{"title":"Coordinated spatiotemporal reorganization of interstitial fluid is required for axial mesendoderm migration in zebrafish gastrulation","author":[{"first_name":"Karla","id":"44C6F6A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Huljev","full_name":"Huljev, Karla"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","citation":{"mla":"Huljev, Karla. Coordinated Spatiotemporal Reorganization of Interstitial Fluid Is Required for Axial Mesendoderm Migration in Zebrafish Gastrulation. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021, doi:10.15479/at:ista:9397.","short":"K. Huljev, Coordinated Spatiotemporal Reorganization of Interstitial Fluid Is Required for Axial Mesendoderm Migration in Zebrafish Gastrulation, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021.","ieee":"K. Huljev, “Coordinated spatiotemporal reorganization of interstitial fluid is required for axial mesendoderm migration in zebrafish gastrulation,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021.","apa":"Huljev, K. (2021). Coordinated spatiotemporal reorganization of interstitial fluid is required for axial mesendoderm migration in zebrafish gastrulation. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:9397","ama":"Huljev K. Coordinated spatiotemporal reorganization of interstitial fluid is required for axial mesendoderm migration in zebrafish gastrulation. 2021. doi:10.15479/at:ista:9397","chicago":"Huljev, Karla. “Coordinated Spatiotemporal Reorganization of Interstitial Fluid Is Required for Axial Mesendoderm Migration in Zebrafish Gastrulation.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021. https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:9397.","ista":"Huljev K. 2021. Coordinated spatiotemporal reorganization of interstitial fluid is required for axial mesendoderm migration in zebrafish gastrulation. Institute of Science and Technology Austria."},"date_published":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.15479/at:ista:9397","date_created":"2021-05-17T12:31:30Z","page":"101","day":"18","has_accepted_license":"1","year":"2021","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2022-05-21T22:30:04Z","department":[{"_id":"CaHe"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"ddc":["571"],"supervisor":[{"id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J","last_name":"Heisenberg","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566"}],"date_updated":"2023-09-07T13:32:32Z","status":"public","type":"dissertation","_id":"9397","file":[{"checksum":"7f98532f5324a0b2f3fa8de2967baa19","file_id":"9398","embargo_to":"open_access","content_type":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","relation":"source_file","access_level":"closed","file_name":"KHuljev_Thesis_corrections.docx","date_created":"2021-05-17T12:29:12Z","file_size":47799741,"date_updated":"2022-05-21T22:30:04Z","creator":"khuljev"},{"creator":"khuljev","file_size":16542131,"date_updated":"2022-05-21T22:30:04Z","file_name":"new_KHuljev_Thesis_corrections.pdf","date_created":"2021-05-18T14:50:28Z","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","embargo":"2022-05-20","checksum":"bf512f8a1e572a543778fc4b227c01ba","file_id":"9401"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"degree_awarded":"PhD","publication_status":"published","month":"05","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"Accumulation of interstitial fluid (IF) between embryonic cells is a common phenomenon in vertebrate embryogenesis. Unlike other model systems, where these accumulations coalesce into a large central cavity – the blastocoel, in zebrafish, IF is more uniformly distributed between the deep cells (DC) before the onset of gastrulation. This is likely due to the presence of a large extraembryonic structure – the yolk cell (YC) at the position where the blastocoel typically forms in other model organisms. IF has long been speculated to play a role in tissue morphogenesis during embryogenesis, but direct evidence supporting such function is still sparse. Here we show that the relocalization of IF to the interface between the YC and DC/epiblast is critical for axial mesendoderm (ME) cell protrusion formation and migration along this interface, a key process in embryonic axis formation. We further demonstrate that axial ME cell migration and IF relocalization engage in a positive feedback loop, where axial ME migration triggers IF accumulation ahead of the advancing axial ME tissue by mechanically compressing the overlying epiblast cell layer. Upon compression, locally induced flow relocalizes the IF through the porous epiblast tissue resulting in an IF accumulation ahead of the leading axial ME. This IF accumulation, in turn, promotes cell protrusion formation and migration of the leading axial ME cells, thereby facilitating axial ME extension. Our findings reveal a central role of dynamic IF relocalization in orchestrating germ layer morphogenesis during gastrulation.","lang":"eng"}]},{"oa_version":"Published Version","pmid":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Embryonic stem cell cultures are thought to self-organize into embryoid bodies, able to undergo symmetry-breaking, germ layer specification and even morphogenesis. Yet, it is unclear how to reconcile this remarkable self-organization capacity with classical experiments demonstrating key roles for extrinsic biases by maternal factors and/or extraembryonic tissues in embryogenesis. Here, we show that zebrafish embryonic tissue explants, prepared prior to germ layer induction and lacking extraembryonic tissues, can specify all germ layers and form a seemingly complete mesendoderm anlage. Importantly, explant organization requires polarized inheritance of maternal factors from dorsal-marginal regions of the blastoderm. Moreover, induction of endoderm and head-mesoderm, which require peak Nodal-signaling levels, is highly variable in explants, reminiscent of embryos with reduced Nodal signals from the extraembryonic tissues. Together, these data suggest that zebrafish explants do not undergo bona fide self-organization, but rather display features of genetically encoded self-assembly, where intrinsic genetic programs control the emergence of order.","lang":"eng"}],"month":"04","intvolume":" 9","scopus_import":"1","file":[{"file_id":"7890","checksum":"f6aad884cf706846ae9357fcd728f8b5","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2020-05-25T15:15:43Z","file_name":"2020_eLife_Schauer.pdf","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:04Z","file_size":7744848,"creator":"dernst"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2050-084X"]},"publication_status":"published","volume":9,"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"12891","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","ec_funded":1,"_id":"7888","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2023-08-21T06:25:49Z","department":[{"_id":"CaHe"},{"_id":"Bio"}],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:04Z","publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"day":"06","publication":"eLife","has_accepted_license":"1","isi":1,"year":"2020","date_published":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.7554/elife.55190","date_created":"2020-05-25T15:01:40Z","article_number":"e55190","project":[{"name":"Interaction and feedback between cell mechanics and fate specification in vertebrate gastrulation","grant_number":"742573","_id":"260F1432-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"26B1E39C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Mesendoderm specification in zebrafish: The role of extraembryonic tissues","grant_number":"25239"},{"_id":"26520D1E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coordination of mesendoderm cell fate specification and internalization during zebrafish gastrulation","grant_number":"ALTF 850-2017"},{"name":"Coordination of mesendoderm fate specification and internalization during zebrafish gastrulation","grant_number":"LT000429","_id":"266BC5CE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","citation":{"ista":"Schauer A, Nunes Pinheiro DC, Hauschild R, Heisenberg C-PJ. 2020. Zebrafish embryonic explants undergo genetically encoded self-assembly. eLife. 9, e55190.","chicago":"Schauer, Alexandra, Diana C Nunes Pinheiro, Robert Hauschild, and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “Zebrafish Embryonic Explants Undergo Genetically Encoded Self-Assembly.” ELife. eLife Sciences Publications, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.55190.","apa":"Schauer, A., Nunes Pinheiro, D. C., Hauschild, R., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2020). Zebrafish embryonic explants undergo genetically encoded self-assembly. ELife. eLife Sciences Publications. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.55190","ama":"Schauer A, Nunes Pinheiro DC, Hauschild R, Heisenberg C-PJ. Zebrafish embryonic explants undergo genetically encoded self-assembly. eLife. 2020;9. doi:10.7554/elife.55190","short":"A. Schauer, D.C. Nunes Pinheiro, R. Hauschild, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, ELife 9 (2020).","ieee":"A. Schauer, D. C. Nunes Pinheiro, R. Hauschild, and C.-P. J. Heisenberg, “Zebrafish embryonic explants undergo genetically encoded self-assembly,” eLife, vol. 9. eLife Sciences Publications, 2020.","mla":"Schauer, Alexandra, et al. “Zebrafish Embryonic Explants Undergo Genetically Encoded Self-Assembly.” ELife, vol. 9, e55190, eLife Sciences Publications, 2020, doi:10.7554/elife.55190."},"title":"Zebrafish embryonic explants undergo genetically encoded self-assembly","author":[{"last_name":"Schauer","full_name":"Schauer, Alexandra","orcid":"0000-0001-7659-9142","id":"30A536BA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Alexandra"},{"first_name":"Diana C","id":"2E839F16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Nunes Pinheiro, Diana C","orcid":"0000-0003-4333-7503","last_name":"Nunes Pinheiro"},{"full_name":"Hauschild, Robert","orcid":"0000-0001-9843-3522","last_name":"Hauschild","first_name":"Robert","id":"4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","last_name":"Heisenberg","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J","id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"external_id":{"pmid":["32250246"],"isi":["000531544400001"]},"article_processing_charge":"No"},{"related_material":{"link":[{"description":"News on IST Homepage","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/sticking-together/","relation":"press_release"}]},"issue":"6512","volume":370,"ec_funded":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1095-9203"],"issn":["0036-8075"]},"publication_status":"published","month":"10","intvolume":" 370","scopus_import":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803635v1","open_access":"1"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","abstract":[{"text":"Animal development entails the organization of specific cell types in space and time, and spatial patterns must form in a robust manner. In the zebrafish spinal cord, neural progenitors form stereotypic patterns despite noisy morphogen signaling and large-scale cellular rearrangements during morphogenesis and growth. By directly measuring adhesion forces and preferences for three types of endogenous neural progenitors, we provide evidence for the differential adhesion model in which differences in intercellular adhesion mediate cell sorting. Cell type–specific combinatorial expression of different classes of cadherins (N-cadherin, cadherin 11, and protocadherin 19) results in homotypic preference ex vivo and patterning robustness in vivo. Furthermore, the differential adhesion code is regulated by the sonic hedgehog morphogen gradient. We propose that robust patterning during tissue morphogenesis results from interplay between adhesion-based self-organization and morphogen-directed patterning.","lang":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"CaHe"}],"date_updated":"2023-08-22T10:36:35Z","status":"public","keyword":["Multidisciplinary"],"type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","_id":"8680","doi":"10.1126/science.aba6637","date_published":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2020-10-19T14:09:38Z","page":"113-116","day":"02","publication":"Science","isi":1,"year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","oa":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank the members of the Megason and Heisenberg labs for critical discussions of and technical assistance during the work and B. Appel, S. Holley, J. Jontes, and D. Gilmour for transgenic fish. This work is supported by the Damon Runyon Cancer Foundation, a NICHD K99 fellowship (1K99HD092623), a Travelling Fellowship of the Company of Biologists, a Collaborative Research grant from the Burroughs Wellcome Foundation (T.Y.-C.T.), NIH grant 01GM107733 (T.Y.-C.T. and S.G.M.), NIH grant R01NS102322 (T.C.-C. and H.K.), and an ERC advanced grant\r\n(MECSPEC) (C.-P.H.).","title":"An adhesion code ensures robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis","author":[{"first_name":"Tony Y.-C.","full_name":"Tsai, Tony Y.-C.","last_name":"Tsai"},{"id":"2F74BCDE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Mateusz K","last_name":"Sikora","full_name":"Sikora, Mateusz K"},{"id":"4AB6C7D0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Peng","last_name":"Xia","full_name":"Xia, Peng","orcid":"0000-0002-5419-7756"},{"first_name":"Tugba","full_name":"Colak-Champollion, Tugba","last_name":"Colak-Champollion"},{"full_name":"Knaut, Holger","last_name":"Knaut","first_name":"Holger"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","last_name":"Heisenberg","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J","id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Sean G.","full_name":"Megason, Sean G.","last_name":"Megason"}],"external_id":{"isi":["000579169000053"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","citation":{"chicago":"Tsai, Tony Y.-C., Mateusz K Sikora, Peng Xia, Tugba Colak-Champollion, Holger Knaut, Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg, and Sean G. Megason. “An Adhesion Code Ensures Robust Pattern Formation during Tissue Morphogenesis.” Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6637.","ista":"Tsai TY-C, Sikora MK, Xia P, Colak-Champollion T, Knaut H, Heisenberg C-PJ, Megason SG. 2020. An adhesion code ensures robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis. Science. 370(6512), 113–116.","mla":"Tsai, Tony Y. C., et al. “An Adhesion Code Ensures Robust Pattern Formation during Tissue Morphogenesis.” Science, vol. 370, no. 6512, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020, pp. 113–16, doi:10.1126/science.aba6637.","ama":"Tsai TY-C, Sikora MK, Xia P, et al. An adhesion code ensures robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis. Science. 2020;370(6512):113-116. doi:10.1126/science.aba6637","apa":"Tsai, T. Y.-C., Sikora, M. K., Xia, P., Colak-Champollion, T., Knaut, H., Heisenberg, C.-P. J., & Megason, S. G. (2020). An adhesion code ensures robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6637","ieee":"T. Y.-C. Tsai et al., “An adhesion code ensures robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis,” Science, vol. 370, no. 6512. American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 113–116, 2020.","short":"T.Y.-C. Tsai, M.K. Sikora, P. Xia, T. Colak-Champollion, H. Knaut, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, S.G. Megason, Science 370 (2020) 113–116."},"project":[{"_id":"260F1432-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Interaction and feedback between cell mechanics and fate specification in vertebrate gastrulation","grant_number":"742573"}]},{"page":"695-706","date_published":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.016","date_created":"2020-12-20T23:01:19Z","isi":1,"year":"2020","day":"21","publication":"Developmental Cell","publisher":"Elsevier","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"We thank members of the Heisenberg and McDougall groups for technical advice and discussion, Hitoyoshi Yasuo for sharing lab equipment, Lucas Leclère and Hitoyoshi Yasuo for their comments on a preliminary version of the manuscript, and Philippe Dru for the Rose plots. We are grateful to the Bioimaging and Nanofabrication facilities of IST Austria and the Imaging Platform (PIM) and animal facility (CRB) of Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), which is supported by EMBRC-France, whose French state funds are managed by the ANR within the Investments of the Future program under reference ANR-10-INBS-0, for continuous support. This work was supported by a grant from the French Government funding agency Agence National de la Recherche (ANR “MorCell”: ANR-17-CE 13-002 8).","author":[{"last_name":"Godard","full_name":"Godard, Benoit G","id":"33280250-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Benoit G"},{"full_name":"Dumollard, Rémi","last_name":"Dumollard","first_name":"Rémi"},{"last_name":"Munro","full_name":"Munro, Edwin","first_name":"Edwin"},{"full_name":"Chenevert, Janet","last_name":"Chenevert","first_name":"Janet"},{"first_name":"Céline","full_name":"Hebras, Céline","last_name":"Hebras"},{"first_name":"Alex","full_name":"Mcdougall, Alex","last_name":"Mcdougall"},{"id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J","last_name":"Heisenberg","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566"}],"external_id":{"pmid":["33207225"],"isi":["000600665700008"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Apical relaxation during mitotic rounding promotes tension-oriented cell division","citation":{"ista":"Godard BG, Dumollard R, Munro E, Chenevert J, Hebras C, Mcdougall A, Heisenberg C-PJ. 2020. Apical relaxation during mitotic rounding promotes tension-oriented cell division. Developmental Cell. 55(6), 695–706.","chicago":"Godard, Benoit G, Rémi Dumollard, Edwin Munro, Janet Chenevert, Céline Hebras, Alex Mcdougall, and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “Apical Relaxation during Mitotic Rounding Promotes Tension-Oriented Cell Division.” Developmental Cell. Elsevier, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.016.","apa":"Godard, B. G., Dumollard, R., Munro, E., Chenevert, J., Hebras, C., Mcdougall, A., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2020). Apical relaxation during mitotic rounding promotes tension-oriented cell division. Developmental Cell. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.016","ama":"Godard BG, Dumollard R, Munro E, et al. Apical relaxation during mitotic rounding promotes tension-oriented cell division. Developmental Cell. 2020;55(6):695-706. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.016","short":"B.G. Godard, R. Dumollard, E. Munro, J. Chenevert, C. Hebras, A. Mcdougall, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, Developmental Cell 55 (2020) 695–706.","ieee":"B. G. Godard et al., “Apical relaxation during mitotic rounding promotes tension-oriented cell division,” Developmental Cell, vol. 55, no. 6. Elsevier, pp. 695–706, 2020.","mla":"Godard, Benoit G., et al. “Apical Relaxation during Mitotic Rounding Promotes Tension-Oriented Cell Division.” Developmental Cell, vol. 55, no. 6, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 695–706, doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.016."},"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","issue":"6","volume":55,"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/relaxing-cell-divisions/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage"}]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["18781551"],"issn":["15345807"]},"publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","month":"12","intvolume":" 55","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Global tissue tension anisotropy has been shown to trigger stereotypical cell division orientation by elongating mitotic cells along the main tension axis. Yet, how tissue tension elongates mitotic cells despite those cells undergoing mitotic rounding (MR) by globally upregulating cortical actomyosin tension remains unclear. We addressed this question by taking advantage of ascidian embryos, consisting of a small number of interphasic and mitotic blastomeres and displaying an invariant division pattern. We found that blastomeres undergo MR by locally relaxing cortical tension at their apex, thereby allowing extrinsic pulling forces from neighboring interphasic blastomeres to polarize their shape and thus division orientation. Consistently, interfering with extrinsic forces by reducing the contractility of interphasic blastomeres or disrupting the establishment of asynchronous mitotic domains leads to aberrant mitotic cell division orientations. Thus, apical relaxation during MR constitutes a key mechanism by which tissue tension anisotropy controls stereotypical cell division orientation."}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"pmid":1,"oa_version":"None","department":[{"_id":"CaHe"}],"date_updated":"2023-08-24T11:01:22Z","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"8957"},{"project":[{"name":"Interaction and feedback between cell mechanics and fate specification in vertebrate gastrulation","grant_number":"742573","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"260F1432-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Control of embryonic cleavage pattern","grant_number":"I03601","_id":"2646861A-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FWF"},{"grant_number":"I03196","name":"Control of epithelial cell layer spreading in zebrafish","_id":"2608FC64-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FWF"},{"_id":"266BC5CE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coordination of mesendoderm fate specification and internalization during zebrafish gastrulation","grant_number":"LT000429"},{"_id":"26520D1E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coordination of mesendoderm cell fate specification and internalization during zebrafish gastrulation","grant_number":"ALTF 850-2017"}],"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","citation":{"chicago":"Nunes Pinheiro, Diana C, and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “Zebrafish Gastrulation: Putting Fate in Motion.” In Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form, 136:343–75. Elsevier, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.009.","ista":"Nunes Pinheiro DC, Heisenberg C-PJ. 2020.Zebrafish gastrulation: Putting fate in motion. In: Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, vol. 136, 343–375.","mla":"Nunes Pinheiro, Diana C., and Carl-Philipp J. Heisenberg. “Zebrafish Gastrulation: Putting Fate in Motion.” Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form, vol. 136, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 343–75, doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.009.","short":"D.C. Nunes Pinheiro, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, in:, Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 343–375.","ieee":"D. C. Nunes Pinheiro and C.-P. J. Heisenberg, “Zebrafish gastrulation: Putting fate in motion,” in Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form, vol. 136, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 343–375.","ama":"Nunes Pinheiro DC, Heisenberg C-PJ. Zebrafish gastrulation: Putting fate in motion. In: Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form. Vol 136. Elsevier; 2020:343-375. doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.009","apa":"Nunes Pinheiro, D. C., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2020). Zebrafish gastrulation: Putting fate in motion. In Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form (Vol. 136, pp. 343–375). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.009"},"title":"Zebrafish gastrulation: Putting fate in motion","external_id":{"isi":["000611830600013"],"pmid":["31959295"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Nunes Pinheiro","full_name":"Nunes Pinheiro, Diana C","orcid":"0000-0003-4333-7503","id":"2E839F16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Diana C"},{"full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","last_name":"Heisenberg","id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank Alexandra Schauer, Nicoletta Petridou and Feyza Nur Arslan for comments on the manuscript. Research in the Heisenberg laboratory is supported by an ERC Advanced Grant (MECSPEC 742573), ANR/FWF (I03601) and FWF/DFG (I03196) International Cooperation Grants. D. Pinheiro acknowledges a fellowship from EMBO ALTF (850-2017) and is currently supported by HFSP LTF (LT000429/2018-L2).","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier","publication":"Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form","day":"01","year":"2020","isi":1,"date_created":"2020-01-05T23:00:46Z","date_published":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.009","page":"343-375","_id":"7227","status":"public","type":"book_chapter","date_updated":"2023-09-06T14:54:36Z","department":[{"_id":"CaHe"}],"oa_version":"None","pmid":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Gastrulation entails specification and formation of three embryonic germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm—thereby establishing the basis for the future body plan. In zebrafish embryos, germ layer specification occurs during blastula and early gastrula stages (Ho & Kimmel, 1993), a period when the main morphogenetic movements underlying gastrulation are initiated. Hence, the signals driving progenitor cell fate specification, such as Nodal ligands from the TGF-β family, also play key roles in regulating germ layer progenitor cell segregation (Carmany-Rampey & Schier, 2001; David & Rosa, 2001; Feldman et al., 2000; Gritsman et al., 1999; Keller et al., 2008). In this review, we summarize and discuss the main signaling pathways involved in germ layer progenitor cell fate specification and segregation, specifically focusing on recent advances in understanding the interplay between mesoderm and endoderm specification and the internalization movements at the onset of zebrafish gastrulation.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":" 136","month":"06","scopus_import":"1","alternative_title":["Current Topics in Developmental Biology"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["00702153"]},"ec_funded":1,"volume":136},{"month":"01","intvolume":" 136","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"None","abstract":[{"text":"Epiboly is a conserved gastrulation movement describing the thinning and spreading of a sheet or multi-layer of cells. The zebrafish embryo has emerged as a vital model system to address the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive epiboly. In the zebrafish embryo, the blastoderm, consisting of a simple squamous epithelium (the enveloping layer) and an underlying mass of deep cells, as well as a yolk nuclear syncytium (the yolk syncytial layer) undergo epiboly to internalize the yolk cell during gastrulation. The major events during zebrafish epiboly are: expansion of the enveloping layer and the internal yolk syncytial layer, reduction and removal of the yolk membrane ahead of the advancing blastoderm margin and deep cell rearrangements between the enveloping layer and yolk syncytial layer to thin the blastoderm. Here, work addressing the cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as the sources of the mechanical forces that underlie these events is reviewed. The contribution of recent findings to the current model of epiboly as well as open questions and future prospects are also discussed.","lang":"eng"}],"volume":136,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9780128127988"],"issn":["0070-2153"]},"publication_status":"published","status":"public","type":"book_chapter","series_title":"Current Topics in Developmental Biology","_id":"7410","department":[{"_id":"CaHe"}],"date_updated":"2024-02-22T13:23:09Z","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.07.001","date_published":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2020-01-30T09:24:06Z","page":"319-341","day":"01","publication":"Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form","isi":1,"year":"2020","editor":[{"first_name":"Lilianna ","full_name":"Solnica-Krezel, Lilianna ","last_name":"Solnica-Krezel"}],"title":"Mechanisms of zebrafish epiboly: A current view","author":[{"first_name":"Ashley E.E.","full_name":"Bruce, Ashley E.E.","last_name":"Bruce"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","last_name":"Heisenberg","id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J"}],"external_id":{"isi":["000611830600012"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","citation":{"chicago":"Bruce, Ashley E.E., and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “Mechanisms of Zebrafish Epiboly: A Current View.” In Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form, edited by Lilianna Solnica-Krezel, 136:319–41. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Elsevier, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.07.001.","ista":"Bruce AEE, Heisenberg C-PJ. 2020.Mechanisms of zebrafish epiboly: A current view. In: Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form. vol. 136, 319–341.","mla":"Bruce, Ashley E. E., and Carl-Philipp J. Heisenberg. “Mechanisms of Zebrafish Epiboly: A Current View.” Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form, edited by Lilianna Solnica-Krezel, vol. 136, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 319–41, doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.07.001.","ieee":"A. E. E. Bruce and C.-P. J. Heisenberg, “Mechanisms of zebrafish epiboly: A current view,” in Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form, vol. 136, L. Solnica-Krezel, Ed. Elsevier, 2020, pp. 319–341.","short":"A.E.E. Bruce, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, in:, L. Solnica-Krezel (Ed.), Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 319–341.","apa":"Bruce, A. E. E., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2020). Mechanisms of zebrafish epiboly: A current view. In L. Solnica-Krezel (Ed.), Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form (Vol. 136, pp. 319–341). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.07.001","ama":"Bruce AEE, Heisenberg C-PJ. Mechanisms of zebrafish epiboly: A current view. In: Solnica-Krezel L, ed. Gastrulation: From Embryonic Pattern to Form. Vol 136. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Elsevier; 2020:319-341. doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.07.001"}},{"_id":"9750","type":"preprint","status":"public","project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"291734","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"260F1432-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"742573","name":"Interaction and feedback between cell mechanics and fate specification in vertebrate gastrulation"},{"_id":"2521E28E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"187-2013","name":"Modulation of adhesion function in cell-cell contact formation by cortical tension"}],"date_updated":"2024-03-27T23:30:18Z","citation":{"ista":"Slovakova J, Sikora MK, Caballero Mancebo S, Krens G, Kaufmann W, Huljev K, Heisenberg C-PJ. 2020. Tension-dependent stabilization of E-cadherin limits cell-cell contact expansion. bioRxiv, 10.1101/2020.11.20.391284.","chicago":"Slovakova, Jana, Mateusz K Sikora, Silvia Caballero Mancebo, Gabriel Krens, Walter Kaufmann, Karla Huljev, and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “Tension-Dependent Stabilization of E-Cadherin Limits Cell-Cell Contact Expansion.” BioRxiv. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.20.391284.","ieee":"J. Slovakova et al., “Tension-dependent stabilization of E-cadherin limits cell-cell contact expansion,” bioRxiv. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2020.","short":"J. Slovakova, M.K. Sikora, S. Caballero Mancebo, G. Krens, W. Kaufmann, K. Huljev, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, BioRxiv (2020).","ama":"Slovakova J, Sikora MK, Caballero Mancebo S, et al. Tension-dependent stabilization of E-cadherin limits cell-cell contact expansion. bioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.391284","apa":"Slovakova, J., Sikora, M. K., Caballero Mancebo, S., Krens, G., Kaufmann, W., Huljev, K., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2020). Tension-dependent stabilization of E-cadherin limits cell-cell contact expansion. bioRxiv. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.20.391284","mla":"Slovakova, Jana, et al. “Tension-Dependent Stabilization of E-Cadherin Limits Cell-Cell Contact Expansion.” BioRxiv, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2020, doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.391284."},"user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Slovakova","full_name":"Slovakova, Jana","id":"30F3F2F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Jana"},{"full_name":"Sikora, Mateusz K","last_name":"Sikora","first_name":"Mateusz K","id":"2F74BCDE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Silvia","id":"2F1E1758-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Caballero Mancebo","full_name":"Caballero Mancebo, Silvia","orcid":"0000-0002-5223-3346"},{"first_name":"Gabriel","id":"2B819732-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-4761-5996","full_name":"Krens, Gabriel","last_name":"Krens"},{"id":"3F99E422-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Walter","orcid":"0000-0001-9735-5315","full_name":"Kaufmann, Walter","last_name":"Kaufmann"},{"full_name":"Huljev, Karla","last_name":"Huljev","first_name":"Karla","id":"44C6F6A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","last_name":"Heisenberg","id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J"}],"department":[{"_id":"CaHe"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"Bio"}],"title":"Tension-dependent stabilization of E-cadherin limits cell-cell contact expansion","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Tension of the actomyosin cell cortex plays a key role in determining cell-cell contact growth and size. The level of cortical tension outside of the cell-cell contact, when pulling at the contact edge, scales with the total size to which a cell-cell contact can grow1,2. Here we show in zebrafish primary germ layer progenitor cells that this monotonic relationship only applies to a narrow range of cortical tension increase, and that above a critical threshold, contact size inversely scales with cortical tension. This switch from cortical tension increasing to decreasing progenitor cell-cell contact size is caused by cortical tension promoting E-cadherin anchoring to the actomyosin cytoskeleton, thereby increasing clustering and stability of E-cadherin at the contact. Once tension-mediated E-cadherin stabilization at the contact exceeds a critical threshold level, the rate by which the contact expands in response to pulling forces from the cortex sharply drops, leading to smaller contacts at physiologically relevant timescales of contact formation. Thus, the activity of cortical tension in expanding cell-cell contact size is limited by tension stabilizing E-cadherin-actin complexes at the contact."}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"SSU"}],"acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Edouard Hannezo for discussions, Shayan Shami Pour and Daniel Capek for help with data analysis, Vanessa Barone and other members of the Heisenberg laboratory for thoughtful discussions and comments on the manuscript. We also thank Jack Merrin for preparing the microwells, and the Scientific Service Units at IST Austria, specifically Bioimaging and Electron Microscopy, and the Zebrafish Facility for continuous support. We acknowledge Hitoshi Morita for the kind gift of VinculinB-GFP plasmid. This research was supported by an ERC Advanced Grant (MECSPEC) to C.-P.H, EMBO Long Term grant (ALTF 187-2013) to M.S and IST Fellow Marie-Curie COFUND No. P_IST_EU01 to J.S.","oa_version":"Preprint","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.20.391284"}],"oa":1,"publisher":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","month":"11","year":"2020","publication_status":"published","publication":"bioRxiv","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"20","page":"41","ec_funded":1,"date_created":"2021-07-29T11:29:50Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"later_version","id":"10766","status":"public"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"9623"}]},"date_published":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1101/2020.11.20.391284"},{"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"661","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"6508","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"id":"7001","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","id":"735","relation":"part_of_dissertation"}]},"publication_status":"published","degree_awarded":"PhD","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"embargo_to":"open_access","content_type":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","relation":"source_file","access_level":"closed","file_id":"8351","checksum":"6e47871c74f85008b9876112eb3fcfa1","file_size":65194814,"date_updated":"2021-09-11T22:30:05Z","creator":"sshamip","file_name":"Shayan-Thesis-Final.docx","date_created":"2020-09-09T11:06:27Z"},{"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","embargo":"2021-09-10","checksum":"1b44c57f04d7e8a6fe41b1c9c55a52a3","file_id":"8352","file_size":23729605,"date_updated":"2021-09-11T22:30:05Z","creator":"sshamip","file_name":"Shayan-Thesis-Final.pdf","date_created":"2020-09-09T11:06:13Z"}],"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"month":"09","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"PreCl"},{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Cytoplasm is a gel-like crowded environment composed of tens of thousands of macromolecules, organelles, cytoskeletal networks and cytosol. The structure of the cytoplasm is thought to be highly organized and heterogeneous due to the crowding of its constituents and their effective compartmentalization. In such an environment, the diffusive dynamics of the molecules is very restricted, an effect that is further amplified by clustering and anchoring of molecules. Despite the jammed nature of the cytoplasm at the microscopic scale, large-scale reorganization of cytoplasm is essential for important cellular functions, such as nuclear positioning and cell division. How such mesoscale reorganization of the cytoplasm is achieved, especially for very large cells such as oocytes or syncytial tissues that can span hundreds of micrometers in size, has only begun to be understood.\r\nIn this thesis, I focus on the recent advances in elucidating the molecular, cellular and biophysical principles underlying cytoplasmic organization across different scales, structures and species. First, I outline which of these principles have been identified by reductionist approaches, such as in vitro reconstitution assays, where boundary conditions and components can be modulated at ease. I then describe how the theoretical and experimental framework established in these reduced systems have been applied to their more complex in vivo counterparts, in particular oocytes and embryonic syncytial structures, and discuss how such complex biological systems can initiate symmetry breaking and establish patterning.\r\nSpecifically, I examine an example of large-scale reorganizations taking place in zebrafish embryos, where extensive cytoplasmic streaming leads to the segregation of cytoplasm from yolk granules along the animal-vegetal axis of the embryo. Using biophysical experimentation and theory, I investigate the forces underlying this process, to show that this process does not rely on cortical actin reorganization, as previously thought, but instead on a cell-cycle-dependent bulk actin polymerization wave traveling from the animal to the vegetal pole of the embryo. This wave functions in segregation by both pulling cytoplasm animally and pushing yolk granules vegetally. Cytoplasm pulling is mediated by bulk actin network flows exerting friction forces on the cytoplasm, while yolk granule pushing is achieved by a mechanism closely resembling actin comet formation on yolk granules. This study defines a novel role of bulk actin polymerization waves in embryo polarization via cytoplasmic segregation. Lastly, I describe the cytoplasmic reorganizations taking place during zebrafish oocyte maturation, where the initial segregation of the cytoplasm and yolk granules occurs. Here, I demonstrate a previously uncharacterized wave of microtubule aster formation, traveling the oocyte along the animal-vegetal axis. Further research is required to determine the role of such microtubule structures in cytoplasmic reorganizations therein.\r\nCollectively, these studies provide further evidence for the coupling between cell cytoskeleton and cell cycle machinery, which can underlie a core self-organizing mechanism for orchestrating large-scale reorganizations in a cell-cycle-tunable manner, where the modulations of the force-generating machinery and cytoplasmic mechanics can be harbored to fulfill cellular functions.","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"None","department":[{"_id":"BjHo"},{"_id":"CaHe"}],"file_date_updated":"2021-09-11T22:30:05Z","date_updated":"2023-09-27T14:16:45Z","supervisor":[{"last_name":"Heisenberg","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J","id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-2057-2754","full_name":"Hof, Björn","last_name":"Hof","first_name":"Björn","id":"3A374330-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"ddc":["570"],"type":"dissertation","status":"public","_id":"8350","page":"107","date_created":"2020-09-09T11:12:10Z","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:8350","date_published":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","year":"2020","has_accepted_license":"1","day":"09","oa":1,"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","acknowledgement":"I would have had no fish and hence no results without our wonderful fish facility crew, Verena Mayer, Eva Schlegl, Andreas Mlak and Matthias Nowak. Special thanks to Verena for being always happy to help and dealing with our chaotic schedules in the lab. Danke auch, Verena, für deine Geduld, mit mir auf Deutsch zu sprechen. Das hat mir sehr geholfen.\r\nSpecial thanks to the Bioimaging and EM facilities at IST Austria for supporting us every day. Very special thanks would go to Robert Hauschild for his continuous support on data analysis and also to Jack Merrin for designing and building microfabricated chambers for the project and for the various discussions on making zebrafish extracts.","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Shayan","id":"40B34FE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Shamipour, Shayan","last_name":"Shamipour"}],"title":"Bulk actin dynamics drive phase segregation in zebrafish oocytes ","citation":{"short":"S. Shamipour, Bulk Actin Dynamics Drive Phase Segregation in Zebrafish Oocytes , Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020.","ieee":"S. Shamipour, “Bulk actin dynamics drive phase segregation in zebrafish oocytes ,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020.","apa":"Shamipour, S. (2020). Bulk actin dynamics drive phase segregation in zebrafish oocytes . Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:8350","ama":"Shamipour S. Bulk actin dynamics drive phase segregation in zebrafish oocytes . 2020. doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:8350","mla":"Shamipour, Shayan. Bulk Actin Dynamics Drive Phase Segregation in Zebrafish Oocytes . Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:8350.","ista":"Shamipour S. 2020. Bulk actin dynamics drive phase segregation in zebrafish oocytes . Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","chicago":"Shamipour, Shayan. “Bulk Actin Dynamics Drive Phase Segregation in Zebrafish Oocytes .” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:8350."},"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1"}]