--- _id: '10905' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Energy games belong to a class of turn-based two-player infinite-duration games played on a weighted directed graph. It is one of the rare and intriguing combinatorial problems that lie in NP ∩ co−NP, but are not known to be in P. While the existence of polynomial-time algorithms has been a major open problem for decades, there is no algorithm that solves any non-trivial subclass in polynomial time.\r\nIn this paper, we give several results based on the weight structures of the graph. First, we identify a notion of penalty and present a polynomial-time algorithm when the penalty is large. Our algorithm is the first polynomial-time algorithm on a large class of weighted graphs. It includes several counter examples that show that many previous algorithms, such as value iteration and random facet algorithms, require at least sub-exponential time. Our main technique is developing the first non-trivial approximation algorithm and showing how to convert it to an exact algorithm. Moreover, we show that in a practical case in verification where weights are clustered around a constant number of values, the energy game problem can be solved in polynomial time. We also show that the problem is still as hard as in general when the clique-width is bounded or the graph is strongly ergodic, suggesting that restricting graph structures need not help." acknowledgement: 'Supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P23499-N23, the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): S11407-N23 (RiSE), an ERC Start Grant (279307: Graph Games), and a Microsoft Faculty Fellows Award' alternative_title: - LNCS article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Krishnendu full_name: Chatterjee, Krishnendu id: 2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Chatterjee orcid: 0000-0002-4561-241X - first_name: Monika H full_name: Henzinger, Monika H id: 540c9bbd-f2de-11ec-812d-d04a5be85630 last_name: Henzinger orcid: 0000-0002-5008-6530 - first_name: Sebastian full_name: Krinninger, Sebastian last_name: Krinninger - first_name: Danupon full_name: Nanongkai, Danupon last_name: Nanongkai citation: ama: 'Chatterjee K, Henzinger MH, Krinninger S, Nanongkai D. Polynomial-time algorithms for energy games with special weight structures. In: Algorithms – ESA 2012. Vol 7501. Springer; 2012:301-312. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33090-2_27' apa: 'Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, M. H., Krinninger, S., & Nanongkai, D. (2012). Polynomial-time algorithms for energy games with special weight structures. In Algorithms – ESA 2012 (Vol. 7501, pp. 301–312). Ljubljana, Slovenia: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33090-2_27' chicago: Chatterjee, Krishnendu, Monika H Henzinger, Sebastian Krinninger, and Danupon Nanongkai. “Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Energy Games with Special Weight Structures.” In Algorithms – ESA 2012, 7501:301–12. Springer, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33090-2_27. ieee: K. Chatterjee, M. H. Henzinger, S. Krinninger, and D. Nanongkai, “Polynomial-time algorithms for energy games with special weight structures,” in Algorithms – ESA 2012, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2012, vol. 7501, pp. 301–312. ista: 'Chatterjee K, Henzinger MH, Krinninger S, Nanongkai D. 2012. Polynomial-time algorithms for energy games with special weight structures. Algorithms – ESA 2012. ESA: European Symposium on Algorithms, LNCS, vol. 7501, 301–312.' mla: Chatterjee, Krishnendu, et al. “Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Energy Games with Special Weight Structures.” Algorithms – ESA 2012, vol. 7501, Springer, 2012, pp. 301–12, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33090-2_27. short: K. Chatterjee, M.H. Henzinger, S. Krinninger, D. Nanongkai, in:, Algorithms – ESA 2012, Springer, 2012, pp. 301–312. conference: end_date: 2012-09-12 location: Ljubljana, Slovenia name: 'ESA: European Symposium on Algorithms' start_date: 2012-09-10 date_created: 2022-03-21T08:01:45Z date_published: 2012-10-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-09-05T14:09:30Z day: '01' department: - _id: KrCh doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-33090-2_27 ec_funded: 1 external_id: arxiv: - '1604.08234' intvolume: ' 7501' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.08234 month: '10' oa: 1 oa_version: Preprint page: 301-312 project: - _id: 25863FF4-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FWF grant_number: S11407 name: Game Theory - _id: 2581B60A-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '279307' name: 'Quantitative Graph Games: Theory and Applications' - _id: 2587B514-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 name: Microsoft Research Faculty Fellowship publication: Algorithms – ESA 2012 publication_identifier: eisbn: - '9783642330902' eissn: - 1611-3349 isbn: - '9783642330896' issn: - 0302-9743 publication_status: published publisher: Springer quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '535' relation: later_version status: public scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Polynomial-time algorithms for energy games with special weight structures type: conference user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1 volume: 7501 year: '2012' ... --- _id: '10906' abstract: - lang: eng text: HSF(C) is a tool that automates verification of safety and liveness properties for C programs. This paper describes the verification approach taken by HSF(C) and provides instructions on how to install and use the tool. alternative_title: - LNCS article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Sergey full_name: Grebenshchikov, Sergey last_name: Grebenshchikov - first_name: Ashutosh full_name: Gupta, Ashutosh id: 335E5684-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Gupta - first_name: Nuno P. full_name: Lopes, Nuno P. last_name: Lopes - first_name: Corneliu full_name: Popeea, Corneliu last_name: Popeea - first_name: Andrey full_name: Rybalchenko, Andrey last_name: Rybalchenko citation: ama: 'Grebenshchikov S, Gupta A, Lopes NP, Popeea C, Rybalchenko A. HSF(C): A software verifier based on Horn clauses. In: Flanagan C, König B, eds. Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Vol 7214. LNCS. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012:549-551. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28756-5_46' apa: 'Grebenshchikov, S., Gupta, A., Lopes, N. P., Popeea, C., & Rybalchenko, A. (2012). HSF(C): A software verifier based on Horn clauses. In C. Flanagan & B. König (Eds.), Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (Vol. 7214, pp. 549–551). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28756-5_46' chicago: 'Grebenshchikov, Sergey, Ashutosh Gupta, Nuno P. Lopes, Corneliu Popeea, and Andrey Rybalchenko. “HSF(C): A Software Verifier Based on Horn Clauses.” In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, edited by Cormac Flanagan and Barbara König, 7214:549–51. LNCS. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28756-5_46.' ieee: 'S. Grebenshchikov, A. Gupta, N. P. Lopes, C. Popeea, and A. Rybalchenko, “HSF(C): A software verifier based on Horn clauses,” in Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012, vol. 7214, pp. 549–551.' ista: 'Grebenshchikov S, Gupta A, Lopes NP, Popeea C, Rybalchenko A. 2012. HSF(C): A software verifier based on Horn clauses. Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. TACAS: Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of SystemsLNCS, LNCS, vol. 7214, 549–551.' mla: 'Grebenshchikov, Sergey, et al. “HSF(C): A Software Verifier Based on Horn Clauses.” Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, edited by Cormac Flanagan and Barbara König, vol. 7214, Springer, 2012, pp. 549–51, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28756-5_46.' short: S. Grebenshchikov, A. Gupta, N.P. Lopes, C. Popeea, A. Rybalchenko, in:, C. Flanagan, B. König (Eds.), Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012, pp. 549–551. conference: end_date: 2012-04-01 location: Tallinn, Estonia name: 'TACAS: Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems' start_date: 2012-03-24 date_created: 2022-03-21T08:03:30Z date_published: 2012-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-09-05T14:09:54Z day: '01' department: - _id: ToHe doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-28756-5_46 editor: - first_name: Cormac full_name: Flanagan, Cormac last_name: Flanagan - first_name: Barbara full_name: König, Barbara last_name: König intvolume: ' 7214' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28756-5_46 month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 549-551 place: Berlin, Heidelberg publication: Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems publication_identifier: eisbn: - '9783642287565' eissn: - 1611-3349 isbn: - '9783642287558' issn: - 0302-9743 publication_status: published publisher: Springer quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' series_title: LNCS status: public title: 'HSF(C): A software verifier based on Horn clauses' type: conference user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1 volume: 7214 year: '2012' ... --- _id: '5745' article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Ashutosh full_name: Gupta, Ashutosh last_name: Gupta citation: ama: 'Gupta A. Improved Single Pass Algorithms for Resolution Proof Reduction. In: Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis. Vol 7561. LNCS. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012:107-121. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33386-6_10' apa: 'Gupta, A. (2012). Improved Single Pass Algorithms for Resolution Proof Reduction. In Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis (Vol. 7561, pp. 107–121). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33386-6_10' chicago: 'Gupta, Ashutosh. “Improved Single Pass Algorithms for Resolution Proof Reduction.” In Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis, 7561:107–21. LNCS. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33386-6_10.' ieee: 'A. Gupta, “Improved Single Pass Algorithms for Resolution Proof Reduction,” in Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis, vol. 7561, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, pp. 107–121.' ista: 'Gupta A. 2012.Improved Single Pass Algorithms for Resolution Proof Reduction. In: Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis. vol. 7561, 107–121.' mla: Gupta, Ashutosh. “Improved Single Pass Algorithms for Resolution Proof Reduction.” Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis, vol. 7561, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, pp. 107–21, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33386-6_10. short: A. Gupta, in:, Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012, pp. 107–121. conference: end_date: 2012-10-06 location: Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India name: ATVA 2012 start_date: 2012-10-03 date_created: 2018-12-18T13:01:46Z date_published: 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-09-05T14:15:29Z ddc: - '005' department: - _id: ToHe doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-33386-6_10 ec_funded: 1 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 68415837a315de3cc4d120f6019d752c content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2018-12-18T13:07:35Z date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:10Z file_id: '5746' file_name: 2012_ATVA_Gupta.pdf file_size: 465502 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:10Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 7561' language: - iso: eng oa: 1 oa_version: None page: 107-121 place: Berlin, Heidelberg project: - _id: 25EE3708-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '267989' name: Quantitative Reactive Modeling publication: Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis publication_identifier: eissn: - 1611-3349 isbn: - '9783642333859' - '9783642333866' issn: - 0302-9743 publication_status: published publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg pubrep_id: '180' quality_controlled: '1' series_title: LNCS status: public title: Improved Single Pass Algorithms for Resolution Proof Reduction type: book_chapter user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1 volume: 7561 year: '2012' ... --- _id: '3251' abstract: - lang: eng text: Many infinite state systems can be seen as well-structured transition systems (WSTS), i.e., systems equipped with a well-quasi-ordering on states that is also a simulation relation. WSTS are an attractive target for formal analysis because there exist generic algorithms that decide interesting verification problems for this class. Among the most popular algorithms are acceleration-based forward analyses for computing the covering set. Termination of these algorithms can only be guaranteed for flattable WSTS. Yet, many WSTS of practical interest are not flattable and the question whether any given WSTS is flattable is itself undecidable. We therefore propose an analysis that computes the covering set and captures the essence of acceleration-based algorithms, but sacrifices precision for guaranteed termination. Our analysis is an abstract interpretation whose abstract domain builds on the ideal completion of the well-quasi-ordered state space, and a widening operator that mimics acceleration and controls the loss of precision of the analysis. We present instances of our framework for various classes of WSTS. Our experience with a prototype implementation indicates that, despite the inherent precision loss, our analysis often computes the precise covering set of the analyzed system. acknowledgement: This research was supported in part by the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Investigator Grant QUAREM and by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project S11402-N23. alternative_title: - LNCS author: - first_name: Damien full_name: Zufferey, Damien id: 4397AC76-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Zufferey orcid: 0000-0002-3197-8736 - first_name: Thomas full_name: Wies, Thomas id: 447BFB88-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Wies - first_name: Thomas A full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Henzinger orcid: 0000−0002−2985−7724 citation: ama: 'Zufferey D, Wies T, Henzinger TA. Ideal abstractions for well structured transition systems. In: Vol 7148. Springer; 2012:445-460. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27940-9_29' apa: 'Zufferey, D., Wies, T., & Henzinger, T. A. (2012). Ideal abstractions for well structured transition systems (Vol. 7148, pp. 445–460). Presented at the VMCAI: Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation, Philadelphia, PA, USA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27940-9_29' chicago: Zufferey, Damien, Thomas Wies, and Thomas A Henzinger. “Ideal Abstractions for Well Structured Transition Systems,” 7148:445–60. Springer, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27940-9_29. ieee: 'D. Zufferey, T. Wies, and T. A. Henzinger, “Ideal abstractions for well structured transition systems,” presented at the VMCAI: Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2012, vol. 7148, pp. 445–460.' ista: 'Zufferey D, Wies T, Henzinger TA. 2012. Ideal abstractions for well structured transition systems. VMCAI: Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation, LNCS, vol. 7148, 445–460.' mla: Zufferey, Damien, et al. Ideal Abstractions for Well Structured Transition Systems. Vol. 7148, Springer, 2012, pp. 445–60, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27940-9_29. short: D. Zufferey, T. Wies, T.A. Henzinger, in:, Springer, 2012, pp. 445–460. conference: end_date: 2012-01-24 location: Philadelphia, PA, USA name: 'VMCAI: Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation' start_date: 2012-01-22 date_created: 2018-12-11T12:02:16Z date_published: 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-09-07T11:36:36Z day: '01' ddc: - '000' - '005' department: - _id: ToHe doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-27940-9_29 ec_funded: 1 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: f2f0d55efa32309ad1fe65a5fcaad90c content_type: application/pdf creator: system date_created: 2018-12-12T10:09:35Z date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:46:05Z file_id: '4759' file_name: IST-2012-100-v1+1_Ideal_abstractions_for_well-structured_transition_systems.pdf file_size: 217104 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:46:05Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 7148' language: - iso: eng month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Submitted Version page: 445 - 460 project: - _id: 25EE3708-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '267989' name: Quantitative Reactive Modeling - _id: 25832EC2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FWF grant_number: S 11407_N23 name: Rigorous Systems Engineering publication_status: published publisher: Springer publist_id: '3406' pubrep_id: '100' quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '1405' relation: dissertation_contains status: public status: public title: Ideal abstractions for well structured transition systems type: conference user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 7148 year: '2012' ... --- _id: '3157' abstract: - lang: eng text: Colorectal tumours that are wild type for KRAS are often sensitive to EGFR blockade, but almost always develop resistance within several months of initiating therapy. The mechanisms underlying this acquired resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies are largely unknown. This situation is in marked contrast to that of small-molecule targeted agents, such as inhibitors of ABL, EGFR, BRAF and MEK, in which mutations in the genes encoding the protein targets render the tumours resistant to the effects of the drugs. The simplest hypothesis to account for the development of resistance to EGFR blockade is that rare cells with KRAS mutations pre-exist at low levels in tumours with ostensibly wild-type KRAS genes. Although this hypothesis would seem readily testable, there is no evidence in pre-clinical models to support it, nor is there data from patients. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether mutant KRAS DNA could be detected in the circulation of 28 patients receiving monotherapy with panitumumab, a therapeutic anti-EGFR antibody. We found that 9 out of 24 (38%) patients whose tumours were initially KRAS wild type developed detectable mutations in KRAS in their sera, three of which developed multiple different KRAS mutations. The appearance of these mutations was very consistent, generally occurring between 5 and 6months following treatment. Mathematical modelling indicated that the mutations were present in expanded subclones before the initiation of panitumumab treatment. These results suggest that the emergence of KRAS mutations is a mediator of acquired resistance to EGFR blockade and that these mutations can be detected in a non-invasive manner. They explain why solid tumours develop resistance to targeted therapies in a highly reproducible fashion. author: - first_name: Luis full_name: Diaz Jr, Luis last_name: Diaz Jr - first_name: Richard full_name: Williams, Richard last_name: Williams - first_name: Jian full_name: Wu, Jian last_name: Wu - first_name: Isaac full_name: Kinde, Isaac last_name: Kinde - first_name: Joel full_name: Hecht, Joel last_name: Hecht - first_name: Jordan full_name: Berlin, Jordan last_name: Berlin - first_name: Benjamin full_name: Allen, Benjamin last_name: Allen - first_name: Ivana full_name: Božić, Ivana last_name: Božić - first_name: Johannes full_name: Reiter, Johannes id: 4A918E98-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Reiter orcid: 0000-0002-0170-7353 - first_name: Martin full_name: Nowak, Martin last_name: Nowak - first_name: Kenneth full_name: Kinzler, Kenneth last_name: Kinzler - first_name: Kelly full_name: Oliner, Kelly last_name: Oliner - first_name: Bert full_name: Vogelstein, Bert last_name: Vogelstein citation: ama: Diaz Jr L, Williams R, Wu J, et al. The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature. 2012;486(7404):537-540. doi:10.1038/nature11219 apa: Diaz Jr, L., Williams, R., Wu, J., Kinde, I., Hecht, J., Berlin, J., … Vogelstein, B. (2012). The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11219 chicago: Diaz Jr, Luis, Richard Williams, Jian Wu, Isaac Kinde, Joel Hecht, Jordan Berlin, Benjamin Allen, et al. “The Molecular Evolution of Acquired Resistance to Targeted EGFR Blockade in Colorectal Cancers.” Nature. Nature Publishing Group, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11219. ieee: L. Diaz Jr et al., “The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers,” Nature, vol. 486, no. 7404. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 537–540, 2012. ista: Diaz Jr L, Williams R, Wu J, Kinde I, Hecht J, Berlin J, Allen B, Božić I, Reiter J, Nowak M, Kinzler K, Oliner K, Vogelstein B. 2012. The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature. 486(7404), 537–540. mla: Diaz Jr, Luis, et al. “The Molecular Evolution of Acquired Resistance to Targeted EGFR Blockade in Colorectal Cancers.” Nature, vol. 486, no. 7404, Nature Publishing Group, 2012, pp. 537–40, doi:10.1038/nature11219. short: L. Diaz Jr, R. Williams, J. Wu, I. Kinde, J. Hecht, J. Berlin, B. Allen, I. Božić, J. Reiter, M. Nowak, K. Kinzler, K. Oliner, B. Vogelstein, Nature 486 (2012) 537–540. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:01:43Z date_published: 2012-06-28T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-09-07T11:40:43Z day: '28' department: - _id: KrCh doi: 10.1038/nature11219 ec_funded: 1 external_id: pmid: - '22722843' intvolume: ' 486' issue: '7404' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3436069/ month: '06' oa: 1 oa_version: Submitted Version page: 537 - 540 pmid: 1 project: - _id: 2581B60A-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '279307' name: 'Quantitative Graph Games: Theory and Applications' - _id: 25832EC2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FWF grant_number: S 11407_N23 name: Rigorous Systems Engineering publication: Nature publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '3537' quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '1400' relation: dissertation_contains status: public scopus_import: 1 status: public title: The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers type: journal_article user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 486 year: '2012' ...