--- _id: '1827' abstract: - lang: eng text: Bow-tie or hourglass structure is a common architectural feature found in many biological systems. A bow-tie in a multi-layered structure occurs when intermediate layers have much fewer components than the input and output layers. Examples include metabolism where a handful of building blocks mediate between multiple input nutrients and multiple output biomass components, and signaling networks where information from numerous receptor types passes through a small set of signaling pathways to regulate multiple output genes. Little is known, however, about how bow-tie architectures evolve. Here, we address the evolution of bow-tie architectures using simulations of multi-layered systems evolving to fulfill a given input-output goal. We find that bow-ties spontaneously evolve when the information in the evolutionary goal can be compressed. Mathematically speaking, bow-ties evolve when the rank of the input-output matrix describing the evolutionary goal is deficient. The maximal compression possible (the rank of the goal) determines the size of the narrowest part of the network—that is the bow-tie. A further requirement is that a process is active to reduce the number of links in the network, such as product-rule mutations, otherwise a non-bow-tie solution is found in the evolutionary simulations. This offers a mechanism to understand a common architectural principle of biological systems, and a way to quantitate the effective rank of the goals under which they evolved. article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Tamar full_name: Friedlander, Tamar id: 36A5845C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Friedlander - first_name: Avraham full_name: Mayo, Avraham last_name: Mayo - first_name: Tsvi full_name: Tlusty, Tsvi last_name: Tlusty - first_name: Uri full_name: Alon, Uri last_name: Alon citation: ama: Friedlander T, Mayo A, Tlusty T, Alon U. Evolution of bow-tie architectures in biology. PLoS Computational Biology. 2015;11(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055 apa: Friedlander, T., Mayo, A., Tlusty, T., & Alon, U. (2015). Evolution of bow-tie architectures in biology. PLoS Computational Biology. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055 chicago: Friedlander, Tamar, Avraham Mayo, Tsvi Tlusty, and Uri Alon. “Evolution of Bow-Tie Architectures in Biology.” PLoS Computational Biology. Public Library of Science, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055. ieee: T. Friedlander, A. Mayo, T. Tlusty, and U. Alon, “Evolution of bow-tie architectures in biology,” PLoS Computational Biology, vol. 11, no. 3. Public Library of Science, 2015. ista: Friedlander T, Mayo A, Tlusty T, Alon U. 2015. Evolution of bow-tie architectures in biology. PLoS Computational Biology. 11(3). mla: Friedlander, Tamar, et al. “Evolution of Bow-Tie Architectures in Biology.” PLoS Computational Biology, vol. 11, no. 3, Public Library of Science, 2015, doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055. short: T. Friedlander, A. Mayo, T. Tlusty, U. Alon, PLoS Computational Biology 11 (2015). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:14Z date_published: 2015-03-23T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-23T14:07:51Z day: '23' ddc: - '576' department: - _id: GaTk doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055 ec_funded: 1 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: b8aa66f450ff8de393014b87ec7d2efb content_type: application/pdf creator: system date_created: 2018-12-12T10:15:39Z date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:17Z file_id: '5161' file_name: IST-2016-452-v1+1_journal.pcbi.1004055.pdf file_size: 1811647 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:17Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 11' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng month: '03' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version project: - _id: 25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '291734' name: International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme publication: PLoS Computational Biology publication_status: published publisher: Public Library of Science publist_id: '5278' pubrep_id: '452' quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '9718' relation: research_data status: public - id: '9773' relation: research_data status: public scopus_import: 1 status: public title: Evolution of bow-tie architectures in biology tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 11 year: '2015' ... --- _id: '1809' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Background: Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) occur when genes expressed in one individual alter the expression of traits in social partners. Previous studies focused on the evolutionary consequences and evolutionary dynamics of IGEs, using equilibrium solutions to predict phenotypes in subsequent generations. However, whether or not such steady states may be reached may depend on the dynamics of interactions themselves. Results: In our study, we focus on the dynamics of social interactions and indirect genetic effects and investigate how they modify phenotypes over time. Unlike previous IGE studies, we do not analyse evolutionary dynamics; rather we consider within-individual phenotypic changes, also referred to as phenotypic plasticity. We analyse iterative interactions, when individuals interact in a series of discontinuous events, and investigate the stability of steady state solutions and the dependence on model parameters, such as population size, strength, and the nature of interactions. We show that for interactions where a feedback loop occurs, the possible parameter space of interaction strength is fairly limited, affecting the evolutionary consequences of IGEs. We discuss the implications of our results for current IGE model predictions and their limitations.' author: - first_name: Barbora full_name: Trubenova, Barbora id: 42302D54-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Trubenova orcid: 0000-0002-6873-2967 - first_name: Sebastian full_name: Novak, Sebastian id: 461468AE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Novak - first_name: Reinmar full_name: Hager, Reinmar last_name: Hager citation: ama: Trubenova B, Novak S, Hager R. Indirect genetic effects and the dynamics of social interactions. PLoS One. 2015;10(5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126907 apa: Trubenova, B., Novak, S., & Hager, R. (2015). Indirect genetic effects and the dynamics of social interactions. PLoS One. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126907 chicago: Trubenova, Barbora, Sebastian Novak, and Reinmar Hager. “Indirect Genetic Effects and the Dynamics of Social Interactions.” PLoS One. Public Library of Science, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126907. ieee: B. Trubenova, S. Novak, and R. Hager, “Indirect genetic effects and the dynamics of social interactions,” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 5. Public Library of Science, 2015. ista: Trubenova B, Novak S, Hager R. 2015. Indirect genetic effects and the dynamics of social interactions. PLoS One. 10(5). mla: Trubenova, Barbora, et al. “Indirect Genetic Effects and the Dynamics of Social Interactions.” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 5, Public Library of Science, 2015, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126907. short: B. Trubenova, S. Novak, R. Hager, PLoS One 10 (2015). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:07Z date_published: 2015-05-18T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-23T14:07:48Z day: '18' ddc: - '570' - '576' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126907 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: d3a4a58ef4bd3b3e2f32b7fd7af4a743 content_type: application/pdf creator: system date_created: 2018-12-12T10:09:07Z date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:17Z file_id: '4730' file_name: IST-2016-453-v1+1_journal.pone.0126907.pdf file_size: 2748982 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:17Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 10' issue: '5' language: - iso: eng month: '05' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: PLoS One publication_status: published publisher: Public Library of Science publist_id: '5299' pubrep_id: '453' quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '9715' relation: research_data status: public - id: '9772' relation: research_data status: public scopus_import: 1 status: public title: Indirect genetic effects and the dynamics of social interactions tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 10 year: '2015' ... --- _id: '9772' article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Barbora full_name: Trubenova, Barbora id: 42302D54-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Trubenova orcid: 0000-0002-6873-2967 - first_name: Sebastian full_name: Novak, Sebastian id: 461468AE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Novak - first_name: Reinmar full_name: Hager, Reinmar last_name: Hager citation: ama: Trubenova B, Novak S, Hager R. Description of the agent based simulations. 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126907.s003 apa: Trubenova, B., Novak, S., & Hager, R. (2015). Description of the agent based simulations. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126907.s003 chicago: Trubenova, Barbora, Sebastian Novak, and Reinmar Hager. “Description of the Agent Based Simulations.” Public Library of Science, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126907.s003. ieee: B. Trubenova, S. Novak, and R. Hager, “Description of the agent based simulations.” Public Library of Science, 2015. ista: Trubenova B, Novak S, Hager R. 2015. Description of the agent based simulations, Public Library of Science, 10.1371/journal.pone.0126907.s003. mla: Trubenova, Barbora, et al. Description of the Agent Based Simulations. Public Library of Science, 2015, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126907.s003. short: B. Trubenova, S. Novak, R. Hager, (2015). date_created: 2021-08-05T12:55:20Z date_published: 2015-05-18T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-23T10:15:25Z day: '18' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126907.s003 month: '05' oa_version: Published Version publisher: Public Library of Science related_material: record: - id: '1809' relation: used_in_publication status: public status: public title: Description of the agent based simulations type: research_data_reference user_id: 6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf year: '2015' ... --- _id: '9773' article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Tamar full_name: Friedlander, Tamar id: 36A5845C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Friedlander - first_name: Avraham E. full_name: Mayo, Avraham E. last_name: Mayo - first_name: Tsvi full_name: Tlusty, Tsvi last_name: Tlusty - first_name: Uri full_name: Alon, Uri last_name: Alon citation: ama: Friedlander T, Mayo AE, Tlusty T, Alon U. Evolutionary simulation code. 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055.s002 apa: Friedlander, T., Mayo, A. E., Tlusty, T., & Alon, U. (2015). Evolutionary simulation code. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055.s002 chicago: Friedlander, Tamar, Avraham E. Mayo, Tsvi Tlusty, and Uri Alon. “Evolutionary Simulation Code.” Public Library of Science, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055.s002. ieee: T. Friedlander, A. E. Mayo, T. Tlusty, and U. Alon, “Evolutionary simulation code.” Public Library of Science, 2015. ista: Friedlander T, Mayo AE, Tlusty T, Alon U. 2015. Evolutionary simulation code, Public Library of Science, 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055.s002. mla: Friedlander, Tamar, et al. Evolutionary Simulation Code. Public Library of Science, 2015, doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055.s002. short: T. Friedlander, A.E. Mayo, T. Tlusty, U. Alon, (2015). date_created: 2021-08-05T12:58:07Z date_published: 2015-03-23T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-23T10:16:13Z day: '23' department: - _id: GaTk doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055.s002 month: '03' oa_version: Published Version publisher: Public Library of Science related_material: record: - id: '1827' relation: used_in_publication status: public status: public title: Evolutionary simulation code type: research_data_reference user_id: 6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf year: '2015' ... --- _id: '981' abstract: - lang: eng text: The tunability of topological surface states and controllable opening of the Dirac gap are of fundamental and practical interest in the field of topological materials. In the newly discovered topological crystalline insulators (TCIs), theory predicts that the Dirac node is protected by a crystalline symmetry and that the surface state electrons can acquire a mass if this symmetry is broken. Recent studies have detected signatures of a spontaneously generated Dirac gap in TCIs; however, the mechanism of mass formation remains elusive. In this work, we present scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements of the TCI Pb 1â'x Sn x Se for a wide range of alloy compositions spanning the topological and non-topological regimes. The STM topographies reveal a symmetry-breaking distortion on the surface, which imparts mass to the otherwise massless Dirac electrons-a mechanism analogous to the long sought-after Higgs mechanism in particle physics. Interestingly, the measured Dirac gap decreases on approaching the trivial phase, whereas the magnitude of the distortion remains nearly constant. Our data and calculations reveal that the penetration depth of Dirac surface states controls the magnitude of the Dirac mass. At the limit of the critical composition, the penetration depth is predicted to go to infinity, resulting in zero mass, consistent with our measurements. Finally, we discover the existence of surface states in the non-topological regime, which have the characteristics of gapped, double-branched Dirac fermions and could be exploited in realizing superconductivity in these materials. acknowledgement: We thank R. Buczko, C. Chamon, J. C. Seamus Davis, M. El-Batanouny, A. Mesaros, Y. Ran and A. Soumyanarayanan for useful conversations and G. McMahon for help with EDS measurements. V.M. gratefully acknowledges funding from the US Department of Energy, Scanned Probe Division under Award Number DE-FG02-12ER46880 for the support of I.Z., Y.O., W.Z. and D.W. for this project. Work at Massachusetts Institute of Technology is supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Award DE-SC0010526 (L.F.), and NSF-DMR-1104498 (M.S.). H.L. acknowledges the Singapore National Research Foundation for support under NRF Award No. NRF-NRFF2013-03. Y.O. was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26707016 and 00707656. The work at Northeastern University is supported by the US Department of Energy grant number DE-FG02-07ER46352, and benefited from Northeastern University’s Advanced Scientific Computation Center (ASCC), theory support at the Advanced Light Source, Berkeley and the allocation of supercomputer time at the NERSC through DOE grant number DE-AC02-05CH11231. Work at Princeton University is supported by the US National Science Foundation Grant, NSF-DMR-1006492. F.C. acknowledges the support provided by MOST-Taiwan under project number NSC-102-2119-M-002-004. author: - first_name: Ilija full_name: Zeljkovic, Ilija last_name: Zeljkovic - first_name: Yoshinori full_name: Okada, Yoshinori last_name: Okada - first_name: Maksym full_name: Maksym Serbyn id: 47809E7E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Serbyn orcid: 0000-0002-2399-5827 - first_name: Raman full_name: Sankar, Raman last_name: Sankar - first_name: Daniel full_name: Walkup, Daniel last_name: Walkup - first_name: Wenwen full_name: Zhou, Wenwen last_name: Zhou - first_name: Junwei full_name: Liu, Junwei last_name: Liu - first_name: Guoqing full_name: Chang, Guoqing last_name: Chang - first_name: Yungjui full_name: Wang, Yungjui last_name: Wang - first_name: Md full_name: Hasan, Md Z last_name: Hasan - first_name: Fangcheng full_name: Chou, Fangcheng last_name: Chou - first_name: Hsin full_name: Lin, Hsin last_name: Lin - first_name: Arun full_name: Bansil, Arun last_name: Bansil - first_name: Liang full_name: Fu, Liang last_name: Fu - first_name: Vidya full_name: Madhavan, Vidya last_name: Madhavan citation: ama: Zeljkovic I, Okada Y, Serbyn M, et al. Dirac mass generation from crystal symmetry breaking on the surfaces of topological crystalline insulators. Nature Materials. 2015;14(3):318-324. doi:10.1038/nmat4215 apa: Zeljkovic, I., Okada, Y., Serbyn, M., Sankar, R., Walkup, D., Zhou, W., … Madhavan, V. (2015). Dirac mass generation from crystal symmetry breaking on the surfaces of topological crystalline insulators. Nature Materials. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4215 chicago: Zeljkovic, Ilija, Yoshinori Okada, Maksym Serbyn, Raman Sankar, Daniel Walkup, Wenwen Zhou, Junwei Liu, et al. “Dirac Mass Generation from Crystal Symmetry Breaking on the Surfaces of Topological Crystalline Insulators.” Nature Materials. Nature Publishing Group, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4215. ieee: I. Zeljkovic et al., “Dirac mass generation from crystal symmetry breaking on the surfaces of topological crystalline insulators,” Nature Materials, vol. 14, no. 3. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 318–324, 2015. ista: Zeljkovic I, Okada Y, Serbyn M, Sankar R, Walkup D, Zhou W, Liu J, Chang G, Wang Y, Hasan M, Chou F, Lin H, Bansil A, Fu L, Madhavan V. 2015. Dirac mass generation from crystal symmetry breaking on the surfaces of topological crystalline insulators. Nature Materials. 14(3), 318–324. mla: Zeljkovic, Ilija, et al. “Dirac Mass Generation from Crystal Symmetry Breaking on the Surfaces of Topological Crystalline Insulators.” Nature Materials, vol. 14, no. 3, Nature Publishing Group, 2015, pp. 318–24, doi:10.1038/nmat4215. short: I. Zeljkovic, Y. Okada, M. Serbyn, R. Sankar, D. Walkup, W. Zhou, J. Liu, G. Chang, Y. Wang, M. Hasan, F. Chou, H. Lin, A. Bansil, L. Fu, V. Madhavan, Nature Materials 14 (2015) 318–324. date_created: 2018-12-11T11:49:31Z date_published: 2015-03-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:22:24Z day: '01' doi: 10.1038/nmat4215 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 14' issue: '3' main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.4906 month: '03' oa: 1 page: 318 - 324 publication: Nature Materials publication_status: published publisher: Nature Publishing Group publist_id: '6419' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Dirac mass generation from crystal symmetry breaking on the surfaces of topological crystalline insulators type: journal_article volume: 14 year: '2015' ...