TY - JOUR
AB - Practical quantum networks require low-loss and noise-resilient optical interconnects as well as non-Gaussian resources for entanglement distillation and distributed quantum computation. The latter could be provided by superconducting circuits but existing solutions to interface the microwave and optical domains lack either scalability or efficiency, and in most cases the conversion noise is not known. In this work we utilize the unique opportunities of silicon photonics, cavity optomechanics and superconducting circuits to demonstrate a fully integrated, coherent transducer interfacing the microwave X and the telecom S bands with a total (internal) bidirectional transduction efficiency of 1.2% (135%) at millikelvin temperatures. The coupling relies solely on the radiation pressure interaction mediated by the femtometer-scale motion of two silicon nanobeams reaching a Vπ as low as 16 μV for sub-nanowatt pump powers. Without the associated optomechanical gain, we achieve a total (internal) pure conversion efficiency of up to 0.019% (1.6%), relevant for future noise-free operation on this qubit-compatible platform.
AU - Arnold, Georg M
AU - Wulf, Matthias
AU - Barzanjeh, Shabir
AU - Redchenko, Elena
AU - Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
AU - Hease, William J
AU - Hassani, Farid
AU - Fink, Johannes M
ID - 8529
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We propose a method to enhance the visual detail of a water surface simulation. Our method works as a post-processing step which takes a simulation as input and increases its apparent resolution by simulating many detailed Lagrangian water waves on top of it. We extend linear water wave theory to work in non-planar domains which deform over time, and we discretize the theory using Lagrangian wave packets attached to spline curves. The method is numerically stable and trivially parallelizable, and it produces high frequency ripples with dispersive wave-like behaviors customized to the underlying fluid simulation.
AU - Skrivan, Tomas
AU - Soderstrom, Andreas
AU - Johansson, John
AU - Sprenger, Christoph
AU - Museth, Ken
AU - Wojtan, Christopher J
ID - 8535
IS - 4
JF - ACM Transactions on Graphics
SN - 07300301
TI - Wave curves: Simulating Lagrangian water waves on dynamically deforming surfaces
VL - 39
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Cohomological and K-theoretic stable bases originated from the study of quantum cohomology and quantum K-theory. Restriction formula for cohomological stable bases played an important role in computing the quantum connection of cotangent bundle of partial flag varieties. In this paper we study the K-theoretic stable bases of cotangent bundles of flag varieties. We describe these bases in terms of the action of the affine Hecke algebra and the twisted group algebra of KostantKumar. Using this algebraic description and the method of root polynomials, we give a restriction formula of the stable bases. We apply it to obtain the restriction formula for partial flag varieties. We also build a relation between the stable basis and the Casselman basis in the principal series representations of the Langlands dual group. As an application, we give a closed formula for the transition matrix between Casselman basis and the characteristic functions.
AU - Su, C.
AU - Zhao, Gufang
AU - Zhong, C.
ID - 8539
IS - 3
JF - Annales Scientifiques de l'Ecole Normale Superieure
SN - 0012-9593
TI - On the K-theory stable bases of the springer resolution
VL - 53
ER -
TY - CHAP
AB - This chapter presents an overview of the state of the art in attosecond time-resolved spectroscopy. The theoretical foundations of strong-field light–matter interaction and attosecond pulse generation are described. The enabling laser technologies are reviewed from chirped-pulse amplification and carrier-envelope-phase stabilization to the generation and characterization of attosecond pulses. The applications of attosecond pulses and pulse trains in electron- or ion-imaging experiments are presented, followed by attosecond electron spectroscopy in larger molecules. After this, high-harmonic spectroscopy and its applications to probing charge migration on attosecond time scales is reviewed. The rapidly evolving field of molecular photoionization delays is discussed. Finally, the applications of attosecond transient absorption to probing molecular dynamics are presented.
AU - Baykusheva, Denitsa Rangelova
AU - Wörner, Hans Jakob
ED - Marquardt, Roberto
ED - Quack, Martin
ID - 14000
SN - 9780128172353
T2 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Quantum Dynamics
TI - Attosecond Molecular Dynamics and Spectroscopy
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - This datasets comprises all data shown in plots of the submitted article "Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface". Additional raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
AU - Arnold, Georg M
AU - Wulf, Matthias
AU - Barzanjeh, Shabir
AU - Redchenko, Elena
AU - Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
AU - Hease, William J
AU - Hassani, Farid
AU - Fink, Johannes M
ID - 13056
TI - Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide dismutation. However, due to its toxicity, cells have developed elaborate mechanisms for Cu homeostasis, which balance Cu supply for cuproprotein biogenesis with the need to remove excess Cu. This review summarizes our current knowledge on bacterial Cu homeostasis with a focus on Gram-negative bacteria and describes the multiple strategies that bacteria use for uptake, storage and export of Cu. We furthermore describe general mechanistic principles that aid the bacterial response to toxic Cu concentrations and illustrate dedicated Cu relay systems that facilitate Cu delivery for cuproenzyme biogenesis. Progress in understanding how bacteria avoid Cu poisoning while maintaining a certain Cu quota for cell proliferation is of particular importance for microbial pathogens because Cu is utilized by the host immune system for attenuating pathogen survival in host cells.
AU - Andrei, Andreea
AU - Öztürk, Yavuz
AU - Khalfaoui-Hassani, Bahia
AU - Rauch, Juna
AU - Marckmann, Dorian
AU - Trasnea, Petru Iulian
AU - Daldal, Fevzi
AU - Koch, Hans-Georg
ID - 8579
IS - 9
JF - Membranes
TI - Cu homeostasis in bacteria: The ins and outs
VL - 10
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The majority of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) powering cellular processes in eukaryotes is produced by the mitochondrial F1Fo ATP synthase. Here, we present the atomic models of the membrane Fo domain and the entire mammalian (ovine) F1Fo, determined by cryo-electron microscopy. Subunits in the membrane domain are arranged in the ‘proton translocation cluster’ attached to the c-ring and a more distant ‘hook apparatus’ holding subunit e. Unexpectedly, this subunit is anchored to a lipid ‘plug’ capping the c-ring. We present a detailed proton translocation pathway in mammalian Fo and key inter-monomer contacts in F1Fo multimers. Cryo-EM maps of F1Fo exposed to calcium reveal a retracted subunit e and a disassembled c-ring, suggesting permeability transition pore opening. We propose a model for the permeability transition pore opening, whereby subunit e pulls the lipid plug out of the c-ring. Our structure will allow the design of drugs for many emerging applications in medicine.
AU - Pinke, Gergely
AU - Zhou, Long
AU - Sazanov, Leonid A
ID - 8581
IS - 11
JF - Nature Structural and Molecular Biology
SN - 15459993
TI - Cryo-EM structure of the entire mammalian F-type ATP synthase
VL - 27
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - We evaluate the usefulness of persistent homology in the analysis of heart rate variability. In our approach we extract several topological descriptors characterising datasets of RR-intervals, which are later used in classical machine learning algorithms. By this method we are able to differentiate the group of patients with the history of transient ischemic attack and the group of hypertensive patients.
AU - Graff, Grzegorz
AU - Graff, Beata
AU - Jablonski, Grzegorz
AU - Narkiewicz, Krzysztof
ID - 8580
SN - 9781728157511
T2 - 11th Conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations: Computation and Modelling in Physiology: New Challenges and Opportunities,
TI - The application of persistent homology in the analysis of heart rate variability
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Glioblastoma is the most malignant cancer in the brain and currently incurable. It is urgent to identify effective targets for this lethal disease. Inhibition of such targets should suppress the growth of cancer cells and, ideally also precancerous cells for early prevention, but minimally affect their normal counterparts. Using genetic mouse models with neural stem cells (NSCs) or oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) as the cells‐of‐origin/mutation, it is shown that the susceptibility of cells within the development hierarchy of glioma to the knockout of insulin‐like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) is determined not only by their oncogenic states, but also by their cell identities/states. Knockout of IGF1R selectively disrupts the growth of mutant and transformed, but not normal OPCs, or NSCs. The desirable outcome of IGF1R knockout on cell growth requires the mutant cells to commit to the OPC identity regardless of its development hierarchical status. At the molecular level, oncogenic mutations reprogram the cellular network of OPCs and force them to depend more on IGF1R for their growth. A new‐generation brain‐penetrable, orally available IGF1R inhibitor harnessing tumor OPCs in the brain is also developed. The findings reveal the cellular window of IGF1R targeting and establish IGF1R as an effective target for the prevention and treatment of glioblastoma.
AU - Tian, Anhao
AU - Kang, Bo
AU - Li, Baizhou
AU - Qiu, Biying
AU - Jiang, Wenhong
AU - Shao, Fangjie
AU - Gao, Qingqing
AU - Liu, Rui
AU - Cai, Chengwei
AU - Jing, Rui
AU - Wang, Wei
AU - Chen, Pengxiang
AU - Liang, Qinghui
AU - Bao, Lili
AU - Man, Jianghong
AU - Wang, Yan
AU - Shi, Yu
AU - Li, Jin
AU - Yang, Minmin
AU - Wang, Lisha
AU - Zhang, Jianmin
AU - Hippenmeyer, Simon
AU - Zhu, Junming
AU - Bian, Xiuwu
AU - Wang, Ying‐Jie
AU - Liu, Chong
ID - 8592
IS - 21
JF - Advanced Science
KW - General Engineering
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Materials Science
KW - Medicine (miscellaneous)
KW - General Chemical Engineering
KW - Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous)
SN - 2198-3844
TI - Oncogenic state and cell identity combinatorially dictate the susceptibility of cells within glioma development hierarchy to IGF1R targeting
VL - 7
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Aqueous iodine based electrochemical energy storage is considered a potential candidate to improve sustainability and performance of current battery and supercapacitor technology. It harnesses the redox activity of iodide, iodine, and polyiodide species in the confined geometry of nanoporous carbon electrodes. However, current descriptions of the electrochemical reaction mechanism to interconvert these species are elusive. Here we show that electrochemical oxidation of iodide in nanoporous carbons forms persistent solid iodine deposits. Confinement slows down dissolution into triiodide and pentaiodide, responsible for otherwise significant self-discharge via shuttling. The main tools for these insights are in situ Raman spectroscopy and in situ small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (in situ SAXS/WAXS). In situ Raman confirms the reversible formation of triiodide and pentaiodide. In situ SAXS/WAXS indicates remarkable amounts of solid iodine deposited in the carbon nanopores. Combined with stochastic modeling, in situ SAXS allows quantifying the solid iodine volume fraction and visualizing the iodine structure on 3D lattice models at the sub-nanometer scale. Based on the derived mechanism, we demonstrate strategies for improved iodine pore filling capacity and prevention of self-discharge, applicable to hybrid supercapacitors and batteries.
AU - Prehal, Christian
AU - Fitzek, Harald
AU - Kothleitner, Gerald
AU - Presser, Volker
AU - Gollas, Bernhard
AU - Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
AU - Abbas, Qamar
ID - 8568
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The parabigeminal nucleus (PBG) is the mammalian homologue to the isthmic complex of other vertebrates. Optogenetic stimulation of the PBG induces freezing and escape in mice, a result thought to be caused by a PBG projection to the central nucleus of the amygdala. However, the isthmic complex, including the PBG, has been classically considered satellite nuclei of the Superior Colliculus (SC), which upon stimulation of its medial part also triggers fear and avoidance reactions. As the PBG-SC connectivity is not well characterized, we investigated whether the topology of the PBG projection to the SC could be related to the behavioral consequences of PBG stimulation. To that end, we performed immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and neural tracer injections in the SC and PBG in a diurnal rodent, the Octodon degus. We found that all PBG neurons expressed both glutamatergic and cholinergic markers and were distributed in clearly defined anterior (aPBG) and posterior (pPBG) subdivisions. The pPBG is connected reciprocally and topographically to the ipsilateral SC, whereas the aPBG receives afferent axons from the ipsilateral SC and projected exclusively to the contralateral SC. This contralateral projection forms a dense field of terminals that is restricted to the medial SC, in correspondence with the SC representation of the aerial binocular field which, we also found, in O. degus prompted escape reactions upon looming stimulation. Therefore, this specialized topography allows binocular interactions in the SC region controlling responses to aerial predators, suggesting a link between the mechanisms by which the SC and PBG produce defensive behaviors.
AU - Deichler, Alfonso
AU - Carrasco, Denisse
AU - Lopez-Jury, Luciana
AU - Vega Zuniga, Tomas A
AU - Marquez, Natalia
AU - Mpodozis, Jorge
AU - Marin, Gonzalo
ID - 8643
JF - Scientific Reports
TI - A specialized reciprocal connectivity suggests a link between the mechanisms by which the superior colliculus and parabigeminal nucleus produce defensive behaviors in rodents
VL - 10
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Epistasis, the context-dependence of the contribution of an amino acid substitution to fitness, is common in evolution. To detect epistasis, fitness must be measured for at least four genotypes: the reference genotype, two different single mutants and a double mutant with both of the single mutations. For higher-order epistasis of the order n, fitness has to be measured for all 2n genotypes of an n-dimensional hypercube in genotype space forming a ‘combinatorially complete dataset’. So far, only a handful of such datasets have been produced by manual curation. Concurrently, random mutagenesis experiments have produced measurements of fitness and other phenotypes in a high-throughput manner, potentially containing a number of combinatorially complete datasets. We present an effective recursive algorithm for finding all hypercube structures in random mutagenesis experimental data. To test the algorithm, we applied it to the data from a recent HIS3 protein dataset and found all 199 847 053 unique combinatorially complete genotype combinations of dimensionality ranging from 2 to 12. The algorithm may be useful for researchers looking for higher-order epistasis in their high-throughput experimental data.
AU - Esteban, Laura A
AU - Lonishin, Lyubov R
AU - Bobrovskiy, Daniil M
AU - Leleytner, Gregory
AU - Bogatyreva, Natalya S
AU - Kondrashov, Fyodor
AU - Ivankov, Dmitry N
ID - 8645
IS - 6
JF - Bioinformatics
SN - 1367-4803
TI - HypercubeME: Two hundred million combinatorially complete datasets from a single experiment
VL - 36
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Error analysis and data visualization of positive COVID-19 cases in 27 countries have been performed up to August 8, 2020. This survey generally observes a progression from early exponential growth transitioning to an intermediate power-law growth phase, as recently suggested by Ziff and Ziff. The occurrence of logistic growth after the power-law phase with lockdowns or social distancing may be described as an effect of avoidance. A visualization of the power-law growth exponent over short time windows is qualitatively similar to the Bhatia visualization for pandemic progression. Visualizations like these can indicate the onset of second waves and may influence social policy.
AU - Merrin, Jack
ID - 8597
IS - 6
JF - Physical Biology
TI - Differences in power law growth over time and indicators of COVID-19 pandemic progression worldwide
VL - 17
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Extrasynaptic actions of glutamate are limited by high-affinity transporters expressed by perisynaptic astroglial processes (PAPs): this helps maintain point-to-point transmission in excitatory circuits. Memory formation in the brain is associated with synaptic remodeling, but how this affects PAPs and therefore extrasynaptic glutamate actions is poorly understood. Here, we used advanced imaging methods, in situ and in vivo, to find that a classical synaptic memory mechanism, long-term potentiation (LTP), triggers withdrawal of PAPs from potentiated synapses. Optical glutamate sensors combined with patch-clamp and 3D molecular localization reveal that LTP induction thus prompts spatial retreat of astroglial glutamate transporters, boosting glutamate spillover and NMDA-receptor-mediated inter-synaptic cross-talk. The LTP-triggered PAP withdrawal involves NKCC1 transporters and the actin-controlling protein cofilin but does not depend on major Ca2+-dependent cascades in astrocytes. We have therefore uncovered a mechanism by which a memory trace at one synapse could alter signal handling by multiple neighboring connections.
AU - Henneberger, Christian
AU - Bard, Lucie
AU - Panatier, Aude
AU - Reynolds, James P.
AU - Kopach, Olga
AU - Medvedev, Nikolay I.
AU - Minge, Daniel
AU - Herde, Michel K.
AU - Anders, Stefanie
AU - Kraev, Igor
AU - Heller, Janosch P.
AU - Rama, Sylvain
AU - Zheng, Kaiyu
AU - Jensen, Thomas P.
AU - Sanchez-Romero, Inmaculada
AU - Jackson, Colin J.
AU - Janovjak, Harald L
AU - Ottersen, Ole Petter
AU - Nagelhus, Erlend Arnulf
AU - Oliet, Stephane H.R.
AU - Stewart, Michael G.
AU - Nägerl, U. VAlentin
AU - Rusakov, Dmitri A.
ID - 8674
IS - 5
JF - Neuron
SN - 08966273
TI - LTP induction boosts glutamate spillover by driving withdrawal of perisynaptic astroglia
VL - 108
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Nature creates electrons with two values of the spin projection quantum number. In certain applications, it is important to filter electrons with one spin projection from the rest. Such filtering is not trivial, since spin-dependent interactions are often weak, and cannot lead to any substantial effect. Here we propose an efficient spin filter based upon scattering from a two-dimensional crystal, which is made of aligned point magnets. The polarization of the outgoing electron flux is controlled by the crystal, and reaches maximum at specific values of the parameters. In our scheme, polarization increase is accompanied by higher reflectivity of the crystal. High transmission is feasible in scattering from a quantum cavity made of two crystals. Our findings can be used for studies of low-energy spin-dependent scattering from two-dimensional ordered structures made of magnetic atoms or aligned chiral molecules.
AU - Ghazaryan, Areg
AU - Lemeshko, Mikhail
AU - Volosniev, Artem
ID - 8652
JF - Communications Physics
SN - 2399-3650
TI - Filtering spins by scattering from a lattice of point magnets
VL - 3
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Pancreatic islets play an essential role in regulating blood glucose level. Although the molecular pathways underlying islet cell differentiation are beginning to be resolved, the cellular basis of islet morphogenesis and fate allocation remain unclear. By combining unbiased and targeted lineage tracing, we address the events leading to islet formation in the mouse. From the statistical analysis of clones induced at multiple embryonic timepoints, here we show that, during the secondary transition, islet formation involves the aggregation of multiple equipotent endocrine progenitors that transition from a phase of stochastic amplification by cell division into a phase of sublineage restriction and limited islet fission. Together, these results explain quantitatively the heterogeneous size distribution and degree of polyclonality of maturing islets, as well as dispersion of progenitors within and between islets. Further, our results show that, during the secondary transition, α- and β-cells are generated in a contemporary manner. Together, these findings provide insight into the cellular basis of islet development.
AU - Sznurkowska, Magdalena K.
AU - Hannezo, Edouard B
AU - Azzarelli, Roberta
AU - Chatzeli, Lemonia
AU - Ikeda, Tatsuro
AU - Yoshida, Shosei
AU - Philpott, Anna
AU - Simons, Benjamin D
ID - 8669
JF - Nature Communications
TI - Tracing the cellular basis of islet specification in mouse pancreas
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Cell fate transitions are key to development and homeostasis. It is thus essential to understand the cellular mechanisms controlling fate transitions. Cell division has been implicated in fate decisions in many stem cell types, including neuronal and epithelial progenitors. In other stem cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells, the role of division remains unclear. Here, we show that exit from naive pluripotency in mouse ES cells generally occurs after a division. We further show that exit timing is strongly correlated between sister cells, which remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges long after division, and that bridge abscission progressively accelerates as cells exit naive pluripotency. Finally, interfering with abscission impairs naive pluripotency exit, and artificially inducing abscission accelerates it. Altogether, our data indicate that a switch in the division machinery leading to faster abscission regulates pluripotency exit. Our study identifies abscission as a key cellular process coupling cell division to fate transitions.
AU - Chaigne, Agathe
AU - Labouesse, Céline
AU - White, Ian J.
AU - Agnew, Meghan
AU - Hannezo, Edouard B
AU - Chalut, Kevin J.
AU - Paluch, Ewa K.
ID - 8672
IS - 2
JF - Developmental Cell
SN - 15345807
TI - Abscission couples cell division to embryonic stem cell fate
VL - 55
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In the computation of the material properties of random alloys, the method of 'special quasirandom structures' attempts to approximate the properties of the alloy on a finite volume with higher accuracy by replicating certain statistics of the random atomic lattice in the finite volume as accurately as possible. In the present work, we provide a rigorous justification for a variant of this method in the framework of the Thomas–Fermi–von Weizsäcker (TFW) model. Our approach is based on a recent analysis of a related variance reduction method in stochastic homogenization of linear elliptic PDEs and the locality properties of the TFW model. Concerning the latter, we extend an exponential locality result by Nazar and Ortner to include point charges, a result that may be of independent interest.
AU - Fischer, Julian L
AU - Kniely, Michael
ID - 8697
IS - 11
JF - Nonlinearity
SN - 09517715
TI - Variance reduction for effective energies of random lattices in the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsäcker model
VL - 33
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Animal development entails the organization of specific cell types in space and time, and spatial patterns must form in a robust manner. In the zebrafish spinal cord, neural progenitors form stereotypic patterns despite noisy morphogen signaling and large-scale cellular rearrangements during morphogenesis and growth. By directly measuring adhesion forces and preferences for three types of endogenous neural progenitors, we provide evidence for the differential adhesion model in which differences in intercellular adhesion mediate cell sorting. Cell type–specific combinatorial expression of different classes of cadherins (N-cadherin, cadherin 11, and protocadherin 19) results in homotypic preference ex vivo and patterning robustness in vivo. Furthermore, the differential adhesion code is regulated by the sonic hedgehog morphogen gradient. We propose that robust patterning during tissue morphogenesis results from interplay between adhesion-based self-organization and morphogen-directed patterning.
AU - Tsai, Tony Y.-C.
AU - Sikora, Mateusz K
AU - Xia, Peng
AU - Colak-Champollion, Tugba
AU - Knaut, Holger
AU - Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J
AU - Megason, Sean G.
ID - 8680
IS - 6512
JF - Science
KW - Multidisciplinary
SN - 0036-8075
TI - An adhesion code ensures robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis
VL - 370
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Dynamic changes in the three-dimensional (3D) organization of chromatin are associated with central biological processes, such as transcription, replication and development. Therefore, the comprehensive identification and quantification of these changes is fundamental to understanding of evolutionary and regulatory mechanisms. Here, we present Comparison of Hi-C Experiments using Structural Similarity (CHESS), an algorithm for the comparison of chromatin contact maps and automatic differential feature extraction. We demonstrate the robustness of CHESS to experimental variability and showcase its biological applications on (1) interspecies comparisons of syntenic regions in human and mouse models; (2) intraspecies identification of conformational changes in Zelda-depleted Drosophila embryos; (3) patient-specific aberrant chromatin conformation in a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma sample; and (4) the systematic identification of chromatin contact differences in high-resolution Capture-C data. In summary, CHESS is a computationally efficient method for the comparison and classification of changes in chromatin contact data.
AU - Galan, Silvia
AU - Machnik, Nick N
AU - Kruse, Kai
AU - Díaz, Noelia
AU - Marti-Renom, Marc A
AU - Vaquerizas, Juan M
ID - 8707
JF - Nature Genetics
SN - 10614036
TI - CHESS enables quantitative comparison of chromatin contact data and automatic feature extraction
VL - 52
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - A central goal of artificial intelligence in high-stakes decision-making applications is to design a single algorithm that simultaneously expresses generalizability by learning coherent representations of their world and interpretable explanations of its dynamics. Here, we combine brain-inspired neural computation principles and scalable deep learning architectures to design compact neural controllers for task-specific compartments of a full-stack autonomous vehicle control system. We discover that a single algorithm with 19 control neurons, connecting 32 encapsulated input features to outputs by 253 synapses, learns to map high-dimensional inputs into steering commands. This system shows superior generalizability, interpretability and robustness compared with orders-of-magnitude larger black-box learning systems. The obtained neural agents enable high-fidelity autonomy for task-specific parts of a complex autonomous system.
AU - Lechner, Mathias
AU - Hasani, Ramin
AU - Amini, Alexander
AU - Henzinger, Thomas A
AU - Rus, Daniela
AU - Grosu, Radu
ID - 8679
JF - Nature Machine Intelligence
TI - Neural circuit policies enabling auditable autonomy
VL - 2
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The α–z Rényi relative entropies are a two-parameter family of Rényi relative entropies that are quantum generalizations of the classical α-Rényi relative entropies. In the work [Adv. Math. 365, 107053 (2020)], we decided the full range of (α, z) for which the data processing inequality (DPI) is valid. In this paper, we give algebraic conditions for the equality in DPI. For the full range of parameters (α, z), we give necessary conditions and sufficient conditions. For most parameters, we give equivalent conditions. This generalizes and strengthens the results of Leditzky et al. [Lett. Math. Phys. 107, 61–80 (2017)].
AU - Zhang, Haonan
ID - 8670
IS - 10
JF - Journal of Mathematical Physics
SN - 00222488
TI - Equality conditions of data processing inequality for α-z Rényi relative entropies
VL - 61
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The brain represents and reasons probabilistically about complex stimuli and motor actions using a noisy, spike-based neural code. A key building block for such neural computations, as well as the basis for supervised and unsupervised learning, is the ability to estimate the surprise or likelihood of incoming high-dimensional neural activity patterns. Despite progress in statistical modeling of neural responses and deep learning, current approaches either do not scale to large neural populations or cannot be implemented using biologically realistic mechanisms. Inspired by the sparse and random connectivity of real neuronal circuits, we present a model for neural codes that accurately estimates the likelihood of individual spiking patterns and has a straightforward, scalable, efficient, learnable, and realistic neural implementation. This model’s performance on simultaneously recorded spiking activity of >100 neurons in the monkey visual and prefrontal cortices is comparable with or better than that of state-of-the-art models. Importantly, the model can be learned using a small number of samples and using a local learning rule that utilizes noise intrinsic to neural circuits. Slower, structural changes in random connectivity, consistent with rewiring and pruning processes, further improve the efficiency and sparseness of the resulting neural representations. Our results merge insights from neuroanatomy, machine learning, and theoretical neuroscience to suggest random sparse connectivity as a key design principle for neuronal computation.
AU - Maoz, Ori
AU - Tkačik, Gašper
AU - Esteki, Mohamad Saleh
AU - Kiani, Roozbeh
AU - Schneidman, Elad
ID - 8698
IS - 40
JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
SN - 00278424
TI - Learning probabilistic neural representations with randomly connected circuits
VL - 117
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - Traditional robotic control suits require profound task-specific knowledge for designing, building and testing control software. The rise of Deep Learning has enabled end-to-end solutions to be learned entirely from data, requiring minimal knowledge about the application area. We design a learning scheme to train end-to-end linear dynamical systems (LDS)s by gradient descent in imitation learning robotic domains. We introduce a new regularization loss component together with a learning algorithm that improves the stability of the learned autonomous system, by forcing the eigenvalues of the internal state updates of an LDS to be negative reals. We evaluate our approach on a series of real-life and simulated robotic experiments, in comparison to linear and nonlinear Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architectures. Our results show that our stabilizing method significantly improves test performance of LDS, enabling such linear models to match the performance of contemporary nonlinear RNN architectures. A video of the obstacle avoidance performance of our method on a mobile robot, in unseen environments, compared to other methods can be viewed at https://youtu.be/mhEsCoNao5E.
AU - Lechner, Mathias
AU - Hasani, Ramin
AU - Rus, Daniela
AU - Grosu, Radu
ID - 8704
SN - 10504729
T2 - Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
TI - Gershgorin loss stabilizes the recurrent neural network compartment of an end-to-end robot learning scheme
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Translation termination is a finishing step of protein biosynthesis. The significant role in this process belongs not only to protein factors of translation termination but also to the nearest nucleotide environment of stop codons. There are numerous descriptions of stop codons readthrough, which is due to specific nucleotide sequences behind them. However, represented data are segmental and don’t explain the mechanism of the nucleotide context influence on translation termination. It is well known that stop codon UAA usage is preferential for A/T-rich genes, and UAG, UGA—for G/C-rich genes, which is related to an expression level of these genes. We investigated the connection between a frequency of nucleotides occurrence in 3' area of stop codons in the human genome and their influence on translation termination efficiency. We found that 3' context motif, which is cognate to the sequence of a stop codon, stimulates translation termination. At the same time, the nucleotide composition of 3' sequence that differs from stop codon, decreases translation termination efficiency.
AU - Sokolova, E. E.
AU - Vlasov, Petr
AU - Egorova, T. V.
AU - Shuvalov, A. V.
AU - Alkalaeva, E. Z.
ID - 8700
IS - 5
JF - Molecular Biology
SN - 00268933
TI - The influence of A/G composition of 3' stop codon contexts on translation termination efficiency in eukaryotes
VL - 54
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Translation termination is a finishing step of protein biosynthesis. The significant role in this process belongs not only to protein factors of translation termination but also to the nearest nucleotide environment of stop codons. There are numerous descriptions of stop codons readthrough, which is due to specific nucleotide sequences behind them. However, represented data are segmental and don’t explain the mechanism of the nucleotide context influence on translation termination. It is well known that stop codon UAA usage is preferential for A/T-rich genes, and UAG, UGA—for G/C-rich genes, which is related to an expression level of these genes. We investigated the connection between a frequency of nucleotides occurrence in 3' area of stop codons in the human genome and their influence on translation termination efficiency. We found that 3' context motif, which is cognate to the sequence of a stop codon, stimulates translation termination. At the same time, the nucleotide composition of 3' sequence that differs from stop codon, decreases translation termination efficiency.
AU - Sokolova, E. E.
AU - Vlasov, Petr
AU - Egorova, T. V.
AU - Shuvalov, A. V.
AU - Alkalaeva, E. Z.
ID - 8701
IS - 5
JF - Molekuliarnaia biologiia
SN - 00268984
TI - The influence of A/G composition of 3' stop codon contexts on translation termination efficiency in eukaryotes
VL - 54
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - A binary neutron star merger has been observed in a multi-messenger detection of gravitational wave (GW) and electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Binary neutron stars that merge within a Hubble time, as well as many other compact binaries, are expected to form via common envelope evolution. Yet five decades of research on common envelope evolution have not yet resulted in a satisfactory understanding of the multi-spatial multi-timescale evolution for the systems that lead to compact binaries. In this paper, we report on the first successful simulations of common envelope ejection leading to binary neutron star formation in 3D hydrodynamics. We simulate the dynamical inspiral phase of the interaction between a 12M⊙ red supergiant and a 1.4M⊙ neutron star for different initial separations and initial conditions. For all of our simulations, we find complete envelope ejection and final orbital separations of af≈1.3-5.1R⊙ depending on the simulation and criterion, leading to binary neutron stars that can merge within a Hubble time. We find αCE-equivalent efficiencies of ≈0.1-2.7 depending on the simulation and criterion, but this may be specific for these extended progenitors. We fully resolve the core of the star to ≲0.005R⊙ and our 3D hydrodynamics simulations are informed by an adjusted 1D analytic energy formalism and a 2D kinematics study in order to overcome the prohibitive computational cost of simulating these systems. The framework we develop in this paper can be used to simulate a wide variety of interactions between stars, from stellar mergers to common envelope episodes leading to GW sources.
AU - Jamie A. P. Law-Smith, Jamie A. P. Law-Smith
AU - Everson, Rosa Wallace
AU - Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz
AU - Mink, Selma E. de
AU - Son, Lieke A. C. van
AU - Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter
AU - Zellmann, Stefan
AU - Alejandro Vigna-Gómez, Alejandro Vigna-Gómez
AU - Renzo, Mathieu
AU - Wu, Samantha
AU - Schrøder, Sophie L.
AU - Foley, Ryan J.
AU - Tenley Hutchinson-Smith, Tenley Hutchinson-Smith
ID - 14096
T2 - arXiv
TI - Successful common envelope ejection and binary neutron star formation in 3D hydrodynamics
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In the high spin–orbit-coupled Sr2IrO4, the high sensitivity of the ground state to the details of the local lattice structure shows a large potential for the manipulation of the functional properties by inducing local lattice distortions. We use epitaxial strain to modify the Ir–O bond geometry in Sr2IrO4 and perform momentum-dependent resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the metal and at the ligand sites to unveil the response of the low-energy elementary excitations. We observe that the pseudospin-wave dispersion for tensile-strained Sr2IrO4 films displays large softening along the [h,0] direction, while along the [h,h] direction it shows hardening. This evolution reveals a renormalization of the magnetic interactions caused by a strain-driven cross-over from anisotropic to isotropic interactions between the magnetic moments. Moreover, we detect dispersive electron–hole pair excitations which shift to lower (higher) energies upon compressive (tensile) strain, manifesting a reduction (increase) in the size of the charge gap. This behavior shows an intimate coupling between charge excitations and lattice distortions in Sr2IrO4, originating from the modified hopping elements between the t2g orbitals. Our work highlights the central role played by the lattice degrees of freedom in determining both the pseudospin and charge excitations of Sr2IrO4 and provides valuable information toward the control of the ground state of complex oxides in the presence of high spin–orbit coupling.
AU - Paris, Eugenio
AU - Tseng, Yi
AU - Paerschke, Ekaterina
AU - Zhang, Wenliang
AU - Upton, Mary H
AU - Efimenko, Anna
AU - Rolfs, Katharina
AU - McNally, Daniel E
AU - Maurel, Laura
AU - Naamneh, Muntaser
AU - Caputo, Marco
AU - Strocov, Vladimir N
AU - Wang, Zhiming
AU - Casa, Diego
AU - Schneider, Christof W
AU - Pomjakushina, Ekaterina
AU - Wohlfeld, Krzysztof
AU - Radovic, Milan
AU - Schmitt, Thorsten
ID - 8699
IS - 40
JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
SN - 00278424
TI - Strain engineering of the charge and spin-orbital interactions in Sr2IrO4
VL - 117
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Mitochondrial complex I couples NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreduction to proton pumping by an unknown mechanism. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of ovine complex I in five different conditions, including turnover, at resolutions up to 2.3 to 2.5 angstroms. Resolved water molecules allowed us to experimentally define the proton translocation pathways. Quinone binds at three positions along the quinone cavity, as does the inhibitor rotenone that also binds within subunit ND4. Dramatic conformational changes around the quinone cavity couple the redox reaction to proton translocation during open-to-closed state transitions of the enzyme. In the induced deactive state, the open conformation is arrested by the ND6 subunit. We propose a detailed molecular coupling mechanism of complex I, which is an unexpected combination of conformational changes and electrostatic interactions.
AU - Kampjut, Domen
AU - Sazanov, Leonid A
ID - 8737
IS - 6516
JF - Science
TI - The coupling mechanism of mammalian respiratory complex I
VL - 370
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - Load imbalance pervasively exists in distributed deep learning training systems, either caused by the inherent imbalance in learned tasks or by the system itself. Traditional synchronous Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
achieves good accuracy for a wide variety of tasks, but relies on global synchronization to accumulate the gradients at every training step. In this paper, we propose eager-SGD, which relaxes the global synchronization for
decentralized accumulation. To implement eager-SGD, we propose to use two partial collectives: solo and majority. With solo allreduce, the faster processes contribute their gradients eagerly without waiting for the slower processes, whereas with majority allreduce, at least half of the participants must contribute gradients before continuing, all without using a central parameter server. We theoretically prove the convergence of the algorithms and describe the partial collectives in detail. Experimental results on load-imbalanced environments (CIFAR-10, ImageNet, and UCF101 datasets) show
that eager-SGD achieves 1.27x speedup over the state-of-the-art synchronous SGD, without losing accuracy.
AU - Li, Shigang
AU - Tal Ben-Nun, Tal Ben-Nun
AU - Girolamo, Salvatore Di
AU - Alistarh, Dan-Adrian
AU - Hoefler, Torsten
ID - 8722
T2 - Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming
TI - Taming unbalanced training workloads in deep learning with partial collective operations
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Understanding the conformational sampling of translation-arrested ribosome nascent chain complexes is key to understand co-translational folding. Up to now, coupling of cysteine oxidation, disulfide bond formation and structure formation in nascent chains has remained elusive. Here, we investigate the eye-lens protein γB-crystallin in the ribosomal exit tunnel. Using mass spectrometry, theoretical simulations, dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy, we show that thiol groups of cysteine residues undergo S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation and form non-native disulfide bonds. Thus, covalent modification chemistry occurs already prior to nascent chain release as the ribosome exit tunnel provides sufficient space even for disulfide bond formation which can guide protein folding.
AU - Schulte, Linda
AU - Mao, Jiafei
AU - Reitz, Julian
AU - Sreeramulu, Sridhar
AU - Kudlinzki, Denis
AU - Hodirnau, Victor-Valentin
AU - Meier-Credo, Jakob
AU - Saxena, Krishna
AU - Buhr, Florian
AU - Langer, Julian D.
AU - Blackledge, Martin
AU - Frangakis, Achilleas S.
AU - Glaubitz, Clemens
AU - Schwalbe, Harald
ID - 8744
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Cysteine oxidation and disulfide formation in the ribosomal exit tunnel
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Appropriately designed nanocomposites allow improving the thermoelectric performance by several mechanisms, including phonon scattering, modulation doping and energy filtering, while additionally promoting better mechanical properties than those of crystalline materials. Here, a strategy for producing Bi2Te3–Cu2xTe nanocomposites based on the consolidation of heterostructured nanoparticles is described and the thermoelectric properties of the obtained materials are investigated. We first detail a two-step solution-based process to produce Bi2Te3–Cu2xTe heteronanostructures, based on the growth of Cu2xTe nanocrystals on the surface of Bi2Te3 nanowires. We characterize the structural and chemical properties of the synthesized nanostructures and of the nanocomposites
produced by hot-pressing the particles at moderate temperatures. Besides, the transport properties of the nanocomposites are investigated as a function of the amount of Cu introduced. Overall, the presence of Cu decreases the material thermal conductivity through promotion of phonon scattering, modulates the charge carrier concentration through electron spillover, and increases the Seebeck coefficient through filtering of charge carriers at energy barriers. These effects result in an improvement of over 50% of the thermoelectric figure of merit of Bi2Te3.
AU - Zhang, Yu
AU - Liu, Yu
AU - Calcabrini, Mariano
AU - Xing, Congcong
AU - Han, Xu
AU - Arbiol, Jordi
AU - Cadavid, Doris
AU - Ibáñez, Maria
AU - Cabot, Andreu
ID - 8747
IS - 40
JF - Journal of Materials Chemistry C
TI - Bismuth telluride-copper telluride nanocomposites from heterostructured building blocks
VL - 8
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory, or HabEx, has been designed to be the Great Observatory of the 2030s. For the first time in human history, technologies have matured sufficiently to enable an affordable space-based telescope mission capable of discovering and characterizing Earthlike planets orbiting nearby bright sunlike stars in order to search for signs of habitability and biosignatures. Such a mission can also be equipped with instrumentation that will enable broad and exciting general astrophysics and planetary science not possible from current or planned facilities. HabEx is a space telescope with unique imaging and multi-object spectroscopic capabilities at wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to near-IR. These capabilities allow for a broad suite of compelling science that cuts across the entire NASA astrophysics portfolio. HabEx has three primary science goals: (1) Seek out nearby worlds and explore their habitability; (2) Map out nearby planetary systems and understand the diversity of the worlds they contain; (3) Enable new explorations of astrophysical systems from our own solar system to external galaxies by extending our reach in the UV through near-IR. This Great Observatory science will be selected through a competed GO program, and will account for about 50% of the HabEx primary mission. The preferred HabEx architecture is a 4m, monolithic, off-axis telescope that is diffraction-limited at 0.4 microns and is in an L2 orbit. HabEx employs two starlight suppression systems: a coronagraph and a starshade, each with their own dedicated instrument.
AU - Gaudi, B. Scott
AU - Seager, Sara
AU - Mennesson, Bertrand
AU - Kiessling, Alina
AU - Warfield, Keith
AU - Cahoy, Kerri
AU - Clarke, John T.
AU - Shawn Domagal-Goldman, Shawn Domagal-Goldman
AU - Feinberg, Lee
AU - Guyon, Olivier
AU - Kasdin, Jeremy
AU - Mawet, Dimitri
AU - Plavchan, Peter
AU - Robinson, Tyler
AU - Rogers, Leslie
AU - Scowen, Paul
AU - Somerville, Rachel
AU - Stapelfeldt, Karl
AU - Stark, Christopher
AU - Stern, Daniel
AU - Turnbull, Margaret
AU - Amini, Rashied
AU - Kuan, Gary
AU - Martin, Stefan
AU - Morgan, Rhonda
AU - Redding, David
AU - Stahl, H. Philip
AU - Webb, Ryan
AU - Oscar Alvarez-Salazar, Oscar Alvarez-Salazar
AU - Arnold, William L.
AU - Arya, Manan
AU - Balasubramanian, Bala
AU - Baysinger, Mike
AU - Bell, Ray
AU - Below, Chris
AU - Benson, Jonathan
AU - Blais, Lindsey
AU - Booth, Jeff
AU - Bourgeois, Robert
AU - Bradford, Case
AU - Brewer, Alden
AU - Brooks, Thomas
AU - Cady, Eric
AU - Caldwell, Mary
AU - Calvet, Rob
AU - Carr, Steven
AU - Chan, Derek
AU - Cormarkovic, Velibor
AU - Coste, Keith
AU - Cox, Charlie
AU - Danner, Rolf
AU - Davis, Jacqueline
AU - Dewell, Larry
AU - Dorsett, Lisa
AU - Dunn, Daniel
AU - East, Matthew
AU - Effinger, Michael
AU - Eng, Ron
AU - Freebury, Greg
AU - Garcia, Jay
AU - Gaskin, Jonathan
AU - Greene, Suzan
AU - Hennessy, John
AU - Hilgemann, Evan
AU - Hood, Brad
AU - Holota, Wolfgang
AU - Howe, Scott
AU - Huang, Pei
AU - Hull, Tony
AU - Hunt, Ron
AU - Hurd, Kevin
AU - Johnson, Sandra
AU - Kissil, Andrew
AU - Knight, Brent
AU - Kolenz, Daniel
AU - Kraus, Oliver
AU - Krist, John
AU - Li, Mary
AU - Lisman, Doug
AU - Mandic, Milan
AU - Mann, John
AU - Marchen, Luis
AU - Colleen Marrese-Reading, Colleen Marrese-Reading
AU - McCready, Jonathan
AU - McGown, Jim
AU - Missun, Jessica
AU - Miyaguchi, Andrew
AU - Moore, Bradley
AU - Nemati, Bijan
AU - Nikzad, Shouleh
AU - Nissen, Joel
AU - Novicki, Megan
AU - Perrine, Todd
AU - Pineda, Claudia
AU - Polanco, Otto
AU - Putnam, Dustin
AU - Qureshi, Atif
AU - Richards, Michael
AU - Riggs, A. J. Eldorado
AU - Rodgers, Michael
AU - Rud, Mike
AU - Saini, Navtej
AU - Scalisi, Dan
AU - Scharf, Dan
AU - Schulz, Kevin
AU - Serabyn, Gene
AU - Sigrist, Norbert
AU - Sikkia, Glory
AU - Singleton, Andrew
AU - Shaklan, Stuart
AU - Smith, Scott
AU - Southerd, Bart
AU - Stahl, Mark
AU - Steeves, John
AU - Sturges, Brian
AU - Sullivan, Chris
AU - Tang, Hao
AU - Taras, Neil
AU - Tesch, Jonathan
AU - Therrell, Melissa
AU - Tseng, Howard
AU - Valente, Marty
AU - Buren, David Van
AU - Villalvazo, Juan
AU - Warwick, Steve
AU - Webb, David
AU - Westerhoff, Thomas
AU - Wofford, Rush
AU - Wu, Gordon
AU - Woo, Jahning
AU - Wood, Milana
AU - Ziemer, John
AU - Arney, Giada
AU - Anderson, Jay
AU - Jesús Maíz-Apellániz, Jesús Maíz-Apellániz
AU - Bartlett, James
AU - Belikov, Ruslan
AU - Bendek, Eduardo
AU - Cenko, Brad
AU - Douglas, Ewan
AU - Dulz, Shannon
AU - Evans, Chris
AU - Faramaz, Virginie
AU - Feng, Y. Katherina
AU - Ferguson, Harry
AU - Follette, Kate
AU - Ford, Saavik
AU - García, Miriam
AU - Geha, Marla
AU - Gelino, Dawn
AU - Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter
AU - Hildebrandt, Sergi
AU - Hu, Renyu
AU - Jahnke, Knud
AU - Kennedy, Grant
AU - Kreidberg, Laura
AU - Isella, Andrea
AU - Lopez, Eric
AU - Marchis, Franck
AU - Macri, Lucas
AU - Marley, Mark
AU - Matzko, William
AU - Mazoyer, Johan
AU - McCandliss, Stephan
AU - Meshkat, Tiffany
AU - Mordasini, Christoph
AU - Morris, Patrick
AU - Nielsen, Eric
AU - Newman, Patrick
AU - Petigura, Erik
AU - Postman, Marc
AU - Reines, Amy
AU - Roberge, Aki
AU - Roederer, Ian
AU - Ruane, Garreth
AU - Schwieterman, Edouard
AU - Sirbu, Dan
AU - Spalding, Christopher
AU - Teplitz, Harry
AU - Tumlinson, Jason
AU - Turner, Neal
AU - Werk, Jessica
AU - Wofford, Aida
AU - Wyatt, Mark
AU - Young, Amber
AU - Zellem, Rob
ID - 14095
T2 - arXiv
TI - The habitable exoplanet observatory (HabEx) mission concept study final report
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Resources are rarely distributed uniformly within a population. Heterogeneity in the concentration of a drug, the quality of breeding sites, or wealth can all affect evolutionary dynamics. In this study, we represent a collection of properties affecting the fitness at a given location using a color. A green node is rich in resources while a red node is poorer. More colors can represent a broader spectrum of resource qualities. For a population evolving according to the birth-death Moran model, the first question we address is which structures, identified by graph connectivity and graph coloring, are evolutionarily equivalent. We prove that all properly two-colored, undirected, regular graphs are evolutionarily equivalent (where “properly colored” means that no two neighbors have the same color). We then compare the effects of background heterogeneity on properly two-colored graphs to those with alternative schemes in which the colors are permuted. Finally, we discuss dynamic coloring as a model for spatiotemporal resource fluctuations, and we illustrate that random dynamic colorings often diminish the effects of background heterogeneity relative to a proper two-coloring.
AU - Kaveh, Kamran
AU - McAvoy, Alex
AU - Chatterjee, Krishnendu
AU - Nowak, Martin A.
ID - 8767
IS - 11
JF - PLOS Computational Biology
KW - Ecology
KW - Modelling and Simulation
KW - Computational Theory and Mathematics
KW - Genetics
KW - Ecology
KW - Evolution
KW - Behavior and Systematics
KW - Molecular Biology
KW - Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
SN - 1553-734X
TI - The Moran process on 2-chromatic graphs
VL - 16
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - Efficiently handling time-triggered and possibly nondeterministic switches
for hybrid systems reachability is a challenging task. In this paper we present
an approach based on conservative set-based enclosure of the dynamics that can
handle systems with uncertain parameters and inputs, where the uncertainties
are bound to given intervals. The method is evaluated on the plant model of an
experimental electro-mechanical braking system with periodic controller. In
this model, the fast-switching controller dynamics requires simulation time
scales of the order of nanoseconds. Accurate set-based computations for
relatively large time horizons are known to be expensive. However, by
appropriately decoupling the time variable with respect to the spatial
variables, and enclosing the uncertain parameters using interval matrix maps
acting on zonotopes, we show that the computation time can be lowered to 5000
times faster with respect to previous works. This is a step forward in formal
verification of hybrid systems because reduced run-times allow engineers to
introduce more expressiveness in their models with a relatively inexpensive
computational cost.
AU - Forets, Marcelo
AU - Freire, Daniel
AU - Schilling, Christian
ID - 8750
SN - 9781728191485
T2 - 18th ACM-IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for System Design
TI - Efficient reachability analysis of parametric linear hybrid systems with time-triggered transitions
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We consider various modeling levels for spatially homogeneous chemical reaction systems, namely the chemical master equation, the chemical Langevin dynamics, and the reaction-rate equation. Throughout we restrict our study to the case where the microscopic system satisfies the detailed-balance condition. The latter allows us to enrich the systems with a gradient structure, i.e. the evolution is given by a gradient-flow equation. We present the arising links between the associated gradient structures that are driven by the relative entropy of the detailed-balance steady state. The limit of large volumes is studied in the sense of evolutionary Γ-convergence of gradient flows. Moreover, we use the gradient structures to derive hybrid models for coupling different modeling levels.
AU - Maas, Jan
AU - Mielke, Alexander
ID - 8758
IS - 6
JF - Journal of Statistical Physics
SN - 00224715
TI - Modeling of chemical reaction systems with detailed balance using gradient structures
VL - 181
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - This dataset comprises all data shown in the figures of the submitted article "Surpassing the resistance quantum with a geometric superinductor". Additional raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
AU - Peruzzo, Matilda
AU - Trioni, Andrea
AU - Hassani, Farid
AU - Zemlicka, Martin
AU - Fink, Johannes M
ID - 13070
TI - Surpassing the resistance quantum with a geometric superinductor
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Breakdown of vascular barriers is a major complication of inflammatory diseases. Anucleate platelets form blood-clots during thrombosis, but also play a crucial role in inflammation. While spatio-temporal dynamics of clot formation are well characterized, the cell-biological mechanisms of platelet recruitment to inflammatory micro-environments remain incompletely understood. Here we identify Arp2/3-dependent lamellipodia formation as a prominent morphological feature of immune-responsive platelets. Platelets use lamellipodia to scan for fibrin(ogen) deposited on the inflamed vasculature and to directionally spread, to polarize and to govern haptotactic migration along gradients of the adhesive ligand. Platelet-specific abrogation of Arp2/3 interferes with haptotactic repositioning of platelets to microlesions, thus impairing vascular sealing and provoking inflammatory microbleeding. During infection, haptotaxis promotes capture of bacteria and prevents hematogenic dissemination, rendering platelets gate-keepers of the inflamed microvasculature. Consequently, these findings identify haptotaxis as a key effector function of immune-responsive platelets.
AU - Nicolai, Leo
AU - Schiefelbein, Karin
AU - Lipsky, Silvia
AU - Leunig, Alexander
AU - Hoffknecht, Marie
AU - Pekayvaz, Kami
AU - Raude, Ben
AU - Marx, Charlotte
AU - Ehrlich, Andreas
AU - Pircher, Joachim
AU - Zhang, Zhe
AU - Saleh, Inas
AU - Marel, Anna-Kristina
AU - Löf, Achim
AU - Petzold, Tobias
AU - Lorenz, Michael
AU - Stark, Konstantin
AU - Pick, Robert
AU - Rosenberger, Gerhild
AU - Weckbach, Ludwig
AU - Uhl, Bernd
AU - Xia, Sheng
AU - Reichel, Christoph Andreas
AU - Walzog, Barbara
AU - Schulz, Christian
AU - Zheden, Vanessa
AU - Bender, Markus
AU - Li, Rong
AU - Massberg, Steffen
AU - Gärtner, Florian R
ID - 8787
JF - Nature Communications
TI - Vascular surveillance by haptotactic blood platelets in inflammation and infection
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Cooperation is a ubiquitous and beneficial behavioural trait despite being prone to exploitation by free-riders. Hence, cooperative populations are prone to invasions by selfish individuals. However, a population consisting of only free-riders typically does not survive. Thus, cooperators and free-riders often coexist in some proportion. An evolutionary version of a Snowdrift Game proved its efficiency in analysing this phenomenon. However, what if the system has already reached its stable state but was perturbed due to a change in environmental conditions? Then, individuals may have to re-learn their effective strategies. To address this, we consider behavioural mistakes in strategic choice execution, which we refer to as incompetence. Parametrising the propensity to make such mistakes allows for a mathematical description of learning. We compare strategies based on their relative strategic advantage relying on both fitness and learning factors. When strategies are learned at distinct rates, allowing learning according to a prescribed order is optimal. Interestingly, the strategy with the lowest strategic advantage should be learnt first if we are to optimise fitness over the learning path. Then, the differences between strategies are balanced out in order to minimise the effect of behavioural uncertainty.
AU - Kleshnina, Maria
AU - Streipert, Sabrina
AU - Filar, Jerzy
AU - Chatterjee, Krishnendu
ID - 8789
IS - 11
JF - Mathematics
TI - Prioritised learning in snowdrift-type games
VL - 8
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - Reachability analysis aims at identifying states reachable by a system within a given time horizon. This task is known to be computationally expensive for linear hybrid systems. Reachability analysis works by iteratively applying continuous and discrete post operators to compute states reachable according to continuous and discrete dynamics, respectively. In this paper, we enhance both of these operators and make sure that most of the involved computations are performed in low-dimensional state space. In particular, we improve the continuous-post operator by performing computations in high-dimensional state space only for time intervals relevant for the subsequent application of the discrete-post operator. Furthermore, the new discrete-post operator performs low-dimensional computations by leveraging the structure of the guard and assignment of a considered transition. We illustrate the potential of our approach on a number of challenging benchmarks.
AU - Bogomolov, Sergiy
AU - Forets, Marcelo
AU - Frehse, Goran
AU - Potomkin, Kostiantyn
AU - Schilling, Christian
ID - 8287
KW - reachability
KW - hybrid systems
KW - decomposition
T2 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Software
TI - Reachability analysis of linear hybrid systems via block decomposition
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We consider a real-time setting where an environment releases sequences of firm-deadline tasks, and an online scheduler chooses on-the-fly the ones to execute on a single processor so as to maximize cumulated utility. The competitive ratio is a well-known performance measure for the scheduler: it gives the worst-case ratio, among all possible choices for the environment, of the cumulated utility of the online scheduler versus an offline scheduler that knows these choices in advance. Traditionally, competitive analysis is performed by hand, while automated techniques are rare and only handle static environments with independent tasks. We present a quantitative-verification framework for precedence-aware competitive analysis, where task releases may depend on preceding scheduling choices, i.e., the environment can respond to scheduling decisions dynamically . We consider two general classes of precedences: 1) follower precedences force the release of a dependent task upon the completion of a set of precursor tasks, while and 2) pairing precedences modify the characteristics of a dependent task provided the completion of a set of precursor tasks. Precedences make competitive analysis challenging, as the online and offline schedulers operate on diverging sequences. We make a formal presentation of our framework, and use a GPU-based implementation to analyze ten well-known schedulers on precedence-based application examples taken from the existing literature: 1) a handshake protocol (HP); 2) network packet-switching; 3) query scheduling (QS); and 4) a sporadic-interrupt setting. Our experimental results show that precedences and task parameters can vary drastically the best scheduler. Our framework thus supports application designers in choosing the best scheduler among a given set automatically.
AU - Pavlogiannis, Andreas
AU - Schaumberger, Nico
AU - Schmid, Ulrich
AU - Chatterjee, Krishnendu
ID - 8788
IS - 11
JF - IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
SN - 02780070
TI - Precedence-aware automated competitive analysis of real-time scheduling
VL - 39
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Reachability analysis aims at identifying states reachable by a system within a given time horizon. This task is known to be computationally expensive for linear hybrid systems. Reachability analysis works by iteratively applying continuous and discrete post operators to compute states reachable according to continuous and discrete dynamics, respectively. In this article, we enhance both of these operators and make sure that most of the involved computations are performed in low-dimensional state space. In particular, we improve the continuous-post operator by performing computations in high-dimensional state space only for time intervals relevant for the subsequent application of the discrete-post operator. Furthermore, the new discrete-post operator performs low-dimensional computations by leveraging the structure of the guard and assignment of a considered transition. We illustrate the potential of our approach on a number of challenging benchmarks.
AU - Bogomolov, Sergiy
AU - Forets, Marcelo
AU - Frehse, Goran
AU - Potomkin, Kostiantyn
AU - Schilling, Christian
ID - 8790
IS - 11
JF - IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
SN - 02780070
TI - Reachability analysis of linear hybrid systems via block decomposition
VL - 39
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Maintaining fertility in a fluctuating environment is key to the reproductive success of flowering plants. Meiosis and pollen formation are particularly sensitive to changes in growing conditions, especially temperature. We have previously identified cyclin-dependent kinase G1 (CDKG1) as a master regulator of temperature-dependent meiosis and this may involve the regulation of alternative splicing (AS), including of its own transcript. CDKG1 mRNA can undergo several AS events, potentially producing two protein variants: CDKG1L and CDKG1S, differing in their N-terminal domain which may be involved in co-factor interaction. In leaves, both isoforms have distinct temperature-dependent functions on target mRNA processing, but their role in pollen development is unknown. In the present study, we characterize the role of CDKG1L and CDKG1S in maintaining Arabidopsis fertility. We show that the long (L) form is necessary and sufficient to rescue the fertility defects of the cdkg1-1 mutant, while the short (S) form is unable to rescue fertility. On the other hand, an extra copy of CDKG1L reduces fertility. In addition, mutation of the ATP binding pocket of the kinase indicates that kinase activity is necessary for the function of CDKG1. Kinase mutants of CDKG1L and CDKG1S correctly localize to the cell nucleus and nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, but are unable to rescue either the fertility or the splicing defects of the cdkg1-1 mutant. Furthermore, we show that there is partial functional overlap between CDKG1 and its paralog CDKG2 that could in part be explained by overlapping gene expression.
AU - Nibau, Candida
AU - Dadarou, Despoina
AU - Kargios, Nestoras
AU - Mallioura, Areti
AU - Fernandez-Fuentes, Narcis
AU - Cavallari, Nicola
AU - Doonan, John H.
ID - 8924
JF - Frontiers in Plant Science
TI - A functional kinase is necessary for cyclin-dependent kinase G1 (CDKG1) to maintain fertility at high ambient temperature in Arabidopsis
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Bimetallic nanoparticles with tailored size and specific composition have shown promise as stable and selective catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2R) in batch systems. Yet, limited effort was devoted to understand the effect of ligand coverage and postsynthesis treatments on CO2 reduction, especially under industrially applicable conditions, such as at high currents (>100 mA/cm2) using gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) and flow reactors. In this work, Cu–Ag core–shell nanoparticles (11 ± 2 nm) were prepared with three different surface modes: (i) capped with oleylamine, (ii) capped with monoisopropylamine, and (iii) surfactant-free with a reducing borohydride agent; Cu–Ag (OAm), Cu–Ag (MIPA), and Cu–Ag (NaBH4), respectively. The ligand exchange and removal was evidenced by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis, whereas high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) showed their effect on the interparticle distance and nanoparticle rearrangement. Later on, we developed a process-on-substrate method to track these effects on CO2R. Cu–Ag (OAm) gave a lower on-set potential for hydrocarbon production, whereas Cu–Ag (MIPA) and Cu–Ag (NaBH4) promoted syngas production. The electrochemical impedance and surface area analysis on the well-controlled electrodes showed gradual increases in the electrical conductivity and active surface area after each surface treatment. We found that the increasing amount of the triple phase boundaries (the meeting point for the electron–electrolyte–CO2 reactant) affect the required electrode potential and eventually the C+2e̅/C2e̅ product ratio. This study highlights the importance of the electron transfer to those active sites affected by the capping agents—particularly on larger substrates that are crucial for their industrial application.
AU - Irtem, Erdem
AU - Arenas Esteban, Daniel
AU - Duarte, Miguel
AU - Choukroun, Daniel
AU - Lee, Seungho
AU - Ibáñez, Maria
AU - Bals, Sara
AU - Breugelmans, Tom
ID - 8926
IS - 22
JF - ACS Catalysis
TI - Ligand-mode directed selectivity in Cu-Ag core-shell based gas diffusion electrodes for CO2 electroreduction
VL - 10
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Superconductor insulator transition in transverse magnetic field is studied in the highly disordered MoC film with the product of the Fermi momentum and the mean free path kF*l close to unity. Surprisingly, the Zeeman paramagnetic effects dominate over orbital coupling on both sides of the transition. In superconducting state it is evidenced by a high upper critical magnetic field 𝐵𝑐2, by its square root dependence on temperature, as well as by the Zeeman splitting of the quasiparticle density of states (DOS) measured by scanning tunneling microscopy. At 𝐵𝑐2 a logarithmic anomaly in DOS is observed. This anomaly is further enhanced in increasing magnetic field, which is explained by the Zeeman splitting of the Altshuler-Aronov DOS driving
the system into a more insulating or resistive state. Spin dependent Altshuler-Aronov correction is also needed to explain the transport behavior above 𝐵𝑐2.
AU - Zemlicka, Martin
AU - Kopčík, M.
AU - Szabó, P.
AU - Samuely, T.
AU - Kačmarčík, J.
AU - Neilinger, P.
AU - Grajcar, M.
AU - Samuely, P.
ID - 8944
IS - 18
JF - Physical Review B
SN - 24699950
TI - Zeeman-driven superconductor-insulator transition in strongly disordered MoC films: Scanning tunneling microscopy and transport studies in a transverse magnetic field
VL - 102
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Skeletal muscle activity is continuously modulated across physiologic states to provide coordination, flexibility and responsiveness to body tasks and external inputs. Despite the central role the muscular system plays in facilitating vital body functions, the network of brain-muscle interactions required to control hundreds of muscles and synchronize their activation in relation to distinct physiologic states has not been investigated. Recent approaches have focused on general associations between individual brain rhythms and muscle activation during movement tasks. However, the specific forms of coupling, the functional network of cortico-muscular coordination, and how network structure and dynamics are modulated by autonomic regulation across physiologic states remains unknown. To identify and quantify the cortico-muscular interaction network and uncover basic features of neuro-autonomic control of muscle function, we investigate the coupling between synchronous bursts in cortical rhythms and peripheral muscle activation during sleep and wake. Utilizing the concept of time delay stability and a novel network physiology approach, we find that the brain-muscle network exhibits complex dynamic patterns of communication involving multiple brain rhythms across cortical locations and different electromyographic frequency bands. Moreover, our results show that during each physiologic state the cortico-muscular network is characterized by a specific profile of network links strength, where particular brain rhythms play role of main mediators of interaction and control. Further, we discover a hierarchical reorganization in network structure across physiologic states, with high connectivity and network link strength during wake, intermediate during REM and light sleep, and low during deep sleep, a sleep-stage stratification that demonstrates a unique association between physiologic states and cortico-muscular network structure. The reported empirical observations are consistent across individual subjects, indicating universal behavior in network structure and dynamics, and high sensitivity of cortico-muscular control to changes in autonomic regulation, even at low levels of physical activity and muscle tone during sleep. Our findings demonstrate previously unrecognized basic principles of brain-muscle network communication and control, and provide new perspectives on the regulatory mechanisms of brain dynamics and locomotor activation, with potential clinical implications for neurodegenerative, movement and sleep disorders, and for developing efficient treatment strategies.
AU - Rizzo, Rossella
AU - Zhang, Xiyun
AU - Wang, Jilin W.J.L.
AU - Lombardi, Fabrizio
AU - Ivanov, Plamen Ch
ID - 8955
JF - Frontiers in Physiology
TI - Network physiology of cortico–muscular interactions
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Development of the nervous system undergoes important transitions, including one from neurogenesis to gliogenesis which occurs late during embryonic gestation. Here we report on clonal analysis of gliogenesis in mice using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM) with quantitative and computational methods. Results reveal that developmental gliogenesis in the cerebral cortex occurs in a fraction of earlier neurogenic clones, accelerating around E16.5, and giving rise to both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, MADM-based genetic deletion of the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) in gliogenic clones revealed that Egfr is cell autonomously required for gliogenesis in the mouse dorsolateral cortices. A broad range in the proliferation capacity, symmetry of clones, and competitive advantage of MADM cells was evident in clones that contained one cellular lineage with double dosage of Egfr relative to their environment, while their sibling Egfr-null cells failed to generate glia. Remarkably, the total numbers of glia in MADM clones balance out regardless of significant alterations in clonal symmetries. The variability in glial clones shows stochastic patterns that we define mathematically, which are different from the deterministic patterns in neuronal clones. This study sets a foundation for studying the biological significance of stochastic and deterministic clonal principles underlying tissue development, and identifying mechanisms that differentiate between neurogenesis and gliogenesis.
AU - Zhang, Xuying
AU - Mennicke, Christine V.
AU - Xiao, Guanxi
AU - Beattie, Robert J
AU - Haider, Mansoor
AU - Hippenmeyer, Simon
AU - Ghashghaei, H. Troy
ID - 8949
IS - 12
JF - Cells
SN - 2073-4409
TI - Clonal analysis of gliogenesis in the cerebral cortex reveals stochastic expansion of glia and cell autonomous responses to Egfr dosage
VL - 9
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The actin-related protein (Arp)2/3 complex nucleates branched actin filament networks pivotal for cell migration, endocytosis and pathogen infection. Its activation is tightly regulated and involves complex structural rearrangements and actin filament binding, which are yet to be understood. Here, we report a 9.0 Å resolution structure of the actin filament Arp2/3 complex branch junction in cells using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging. This allows us to generate an accurate model of the active Arp2/3 complex in the branch junction and its interaction with actin filaments. Notably, our model reveals a previously undescribed set of interactions of the Arp2/3 complex with the mother filament, significantly different to the previous branch junction model. Our structure also indicates a central role for the ArpC3 subunit in stabilizing the active conformation.
AU - Fäßler, Florian
AU - Dimchev, Georgi A
AU - Hodirnau, Victor-Valentin
AU - Wan, William
AU - Schur, Florian KM
ID - 8971
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Cryo-electron tomography structure of Arp2/3 complex in cells reveals new insights into the branch junction
VL - 11
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - Currently several projects aim at designing and implementing protocols for privacy preserving automated contact tracing to help fight the current pandemic. Those proposal are quite similar, and in their most basic form basically propose an app for mobile phones which broadcasts frequently changing pseudorandom identifiers via (low energy) Bluetooth, and at the same time, the app stores IDs broadcast by phones in its proximity. Only if a user is tested positive, they upload either the beacons they did broadcast (which is the case in decentralized proposals as DP-3T, east and west coast PACT or Covid watch) or received (as in Popp-PT or ROBERT) during the last two weeks or so.
Vaudenay [eprint 2020/399] observes that this basic scheme (he considers the DP-3T proposal) succumbs to relay and even replay attacks, and proposes more complex interactive schemes which prevent those attacks without giving up too many privacy aspects. Unfortunately interaction is problematic for this application for efficiency and security reasons. The countermeasures that have been suggested so far are either not practical or give up on key privacy aspects. We propose a simple non-interactive variant of the basic protocol that
(security) Provably prevents replay and (if location data is available) relay attacks.
(privacy) The data of all parties (even jointly) reveals no information on the location or time where encounters happened.
(efficiency) The broadcasted message can fit into 128 bits and uses only basic crypto (commitments and secret key authentication).
Towards this end we introduce the concept of “delayed authentication”, which basically is a message authentication code where verification can be done in two steps, where the first doesn’t require the key, and the second doesn’t require the message.
AU - Pietrzak, Krzysztof Z
ID - 8987
SN - 03029743
T2 - Progress in Cryptology
TI - Delayed authentication: Preventing replay and relay attacks in private contact tracing
VL - 12578
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Global tissue tension anisotropy has been shown to trigger stereotypical cell division orientation by elongating mitotic cells along the main tension axis. Yet, how tissue tension elongates mitotic cells despite those cells undergoing mitotic rounding (MR) by globally upregulating cortical actomyosin tension remains unclear. We addressed this question by taking advantage of ascidian embryos, consisting of a small number of interphasic and mitotic blastomeres and displaying an invariant division pattern. We found that blastomeres undergo MR by locally relaxing cortical tension at their apex, thereby allowing extrinsic pulling forces from neighboring interphasic blastomeres to polarize their shape and thus division orientation. Consistently, interfering with extrinsic forces by reducing the contractility of interphasic blastomeres or disrupting the establishment of asynchronous mitotic domains leads to aberrant mitotic cell division orientations. Thus, apical relaxation during MR constitutes a key mechanism by which tissue tension anisotropy controls stereotypical cell division orientation.
AU - Godard, Benoit G
AU - Dumollard, Rémi
AU - Munro, Edwin
AU - Chenevert, Janet
AU - Hebras, Céline
AU - Mcdougall, Alex
AU - Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J
ID - 8957
IS - 6
JF - Developmental Cell
SN - 15345807
TI - Apical relaxation during mitotic rounding promotes tension-oriented cell division
VL - 55
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In prokaryotes, thermodynamic models of gene regulation provide a highly quantitative mapping from promoter sequences to gene-expression levels that is compatible with in vivo and in vitro biophysical measurements. Such concordance has not been achieved for models of enhancer function in eukaryotes. In equilibrium models, it is difficult to reconcile the reported short transcription factor (TF) residence times on the DNA with the high specificity of regulation. In nonequilibrium models, progress is difficult due to an explosion in the number of parameters. Here, we navigate this complexity by looking for minimal nonequilibrium enhancer models that yield desired regulatory phenotypes: low TF residence time, high specificity, and tunable cooperativity. We find that a single extra parameter, interpretable as the “linking rate,” by which bound TFs interact with Mediator components, enables our models to escape equilibrium bounds and access optimal regulatory phenotypes, while remaining consistent with the reported phenomenology and simple enough to be inferred from upcoming experiments. We further find that high specificity in nonequilibrium models is in a trade-off with gene-expression noise, predicting bursty dynamics—an experimentally observed hallmark of eukaryotic transcription. By drastically reducing the vast parameter space of nonequilibrium enhancer models to a much smaller subspace that optimally realizes biological function, we deliver a rich class of models that could be tractably inferred from data in the near future.
AU - Grah, Rok
AU - Zoller, Benjamin
AU - Tkačik, Gašper
ID - 9000
IS - 50
JF - PNAS
SN - 00278424
TI - Nonequilibrium models of optimal enhancer function
VL - 117
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Quantum illumination uses entangled signal-idler photon pairs to boost the detection efficiency of low-reflectivity objects in environments with bright thermal noise. Its advantage is particularly evident at low signal powers, a promising feature for applications such as noninvasive biomedical scanning or low-power short-range radar. Here, we experimentally investigate the concept of quantum illumination at microwave frequencies. We generate entangled fields to illuminate a room-temperature object at a distance of 1 m in a free-space detection setup. We implement a digital phase-conjugate receiver based on linear quadrature measurements that outperforms a symmetric classical noise radar in the same conditions, despite the entanglement-breaking signal path. Starting from experimental data, we also simulate the case of perfect idler photon number detection, which results in a quantum advantage compared with the relative classical benchmark. Our results highlight the opportunities and challenges in the way toward a first room-temperature application of microwave quantum circuits.
AU - Barzanjeh, Shabir
AU - Pirandola, S.
AU - Vitali, D
AU - Fink, Johannes M
ID - 7910
IS - 19
JF - Science Advances
TI - Microwave quantum illumination using a digital receiver
VL - 6
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - Quantum illumination is a sensing technique that employs entangled signal-idler beams to improve the detection efficiency of low-reflectivity objects in environments with large thermal noise. The advantage over classical strategies is evident at low signal brightness, a feature which could make the protocol an ideal prototype for non-invasive scanning or low-power short-range radar. Here we experimentally investigate the concept of quantum illumination at microwave frequencies, by generating entangled fields using a Josephson parametric converter which are then amplified to illuminate a room-temperature object at a distance of 1 meter. Starting from experimental data, we simulate the case of perfect idler photon number detection, which results in a quantum advantage compared to the relative classical benchmark. Our results highlight the opportunities and challenges on the way towards a first room-temperature application of microwave quantum circuits.
AU - Barzanjeh, Shabir
AU - Pirandola, Stefano
AU - Vitali, David
AU - Fink, Johannes M
ID - 9001
IS - 9
SN - 1097-5659
T2 - IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings
TI - Microwave quantum illumination with a digital phase-conjugated receiver
VL - 2020
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Motivated by a recent question of Peyre, we apply the Hardy–Littlewood circle method to count “sufficiently free” rational points of bounded height on arbitrary smooth projective hypersurfaces of low degree that are defined over the rationals.
AU - Browning, Timothy D
AU - Sawin, Will
ID - 9007
IS - 4
JF - Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici
SN - 00102571
TI - Free rational points on smooth hypersurfaces
VL - 95
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Microwave photonics lends the advantages of fiber optics to electronic sensing and communication systems. In contrast to nonlinear optics, electro-optic devices so far require classical modulation fields whose variance is dominated by electronic or thermal noise rather than quantum fluctuations. Here we demonstrate bidirectional single-sideband conversion of X band microwave to C band telecom light with a microwave mode occupancy as low as 0.025 ± 0.005 and an added output noise of less than or equal to 0.074 photons. This is facilitated by radiative cooling and a triply resonant ultra-low-loss transducer operating at millikelvin temperatures. The high bandwidth of 10.7 MHz and total (internal) photon conversion
efficiency of 0.03% (0.67%) combined with the extremely slow heating rate of 1.1 added output noise photons per second for the highest available pump power of 1.48 mW puts near-unity efficiency pulsed quantum transduction within reach. Together with the non-Gaussian resources of superconducting qubits this might provide the practical foundation to extend the range and scope of current quantum networks in analogy to electrical repeaters in classical fiber optic communication.
AU - Hease, William J
AU - Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
AU - Sahu, Rishabh
AU - Wulf, Matthias
AU - Arnold, Georg M
AU - Schwefel, Harald G.L.
AU - Fink, Johannes M
ID - 9114
IS - 2
JF - PRX Quantum
SN - 2691-3399
TI - Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state
VL - 1
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Quantum transduction, the process of converting quantum signals from one form of energy to another, is an important area of quantum science and technology. The present perspective article reviews quantum transduction between microwave and optical photons, an area that has recently seen a lot of activity and progress because of its relevance for connecting superconducting quantum processors over long distances, among other applications. Our review covers the leading approaches to achieving such transduction, with an emphasis on those based on atomic ensembles, opto-electro-mechanics, and electro-optics. We briefly discuss relevant metrics from the point of view of different applications, as well as challenges for the future.
AU - Lauk, Nikolai
AU - Sinclair, Neil
AU - Barzanjeh, Shabir
AU - Covey, Jacob P
AU - Saffman, Mark
AU - Spiropulu, Maria
AU - Simon, Christoph
ID - 9194
IS - 2
JF - Quantum Science and Technology
SN - 2058-9565
TI - Perspectives on quantum transduction
VL - 5
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We give a short and self-contained proof for rates of convergence of the Allen--Cahn equation towards mean curvature flow, assuming that a classical (smooth) solution to the latter exists and starting from well-prepared initial data. Our approach is based on a relative entropy technique. In particular, it does not require a stability analysis for the linearized Allen--Cahn operator. As our analysis also does not rely on the comparison principle, we expect it to be applicable to more complex equations and systems.
AU - Fischer, Julian L
AU - Laux, Tim
AU - Simon, Theresa M.
ID - 9039
IS - 6
JF - SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis
SN - 00361410
TI - Convergence rates of the Allen-Cahn equation to mean curvature flow: A short proof based on relative entropies
VL - 52
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We consider the free additive convolution of two probability measures μ and ν on the real line and show that μ ⊞ v is supported on a single interval if μ and ν each has single interval support. Moreover, the density of μ ⊞ ν is proven to vanish as a square root near the edges of its support if both μ and ν have power law behavior with exponents between −1 and 1 near their edges. In particular, these results show the ubiquity of the conditions in our recent work on optimal local law at the spectral edges for addition of random matrices [5].
AU - Bao, Zhigang
AU - Erdös, László
AU - Schnelli, Kevin
ID - 9104
JF - Journal d'Analyse Mathematique
SN - 00217670
TI - On the support of the free additive convolution
VL - 142
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - This dataset comprises all data shown in the plots of the main part of the submitted article "Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State". Additional raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
AU - Hease, William J
AU - Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
AU - Sahu, Rishabh
AU - Wulf, Matthias
AU - Arnold, Georg M
AU - Schwefel, Harald
AU - Fink, Johannes M
ID - 13071
TI - Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Quantum information technology based on solid state qubits has created much interest in converting quantum states from the microwave to the optical domain. Optical photons, unlike microwave photons, can be transmitted by fiber, making them suitable for long distance quantum communication. Moreover, the optical domain offers access to a large set of very well‐developed quantum optical tools, such as highly efficient single‐photon detectors and long‐lived quantum memories. For a high fidelity microwave to optical transducer, efficient conversion at single photon level and low added noise is needed. Currently, the most promising approaches to build such systems are based on second‐order nonlinear phenomena such as optomechanical and electro‐optic interactions. Alternative approaches, although not yet as efficient, include magneto‐optical coupling and schemes based on isolated quantum systems like atoms, ions, or quantum dots. Herein, the necessary theoretical foundations for the most important microwave‐to‐optical conversion experiments are provided, their implementations are described, and the current limitations and future prospects are discussed.
AU - Lambert, Nicholas J.
AU - Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
AU - Sedlmeir, Florian
AU - Schwefel, Harald G. L.
ID - 9195
IS - 1
JF - Advanced Quantum Technologies
SN - 2511-9044
TI - Coherent conversion between microwave and optical photons - An overview of physical implementations
VL - 3
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Distributed ledgers provide high availability and integrity, making them a key enabler for practical and secure computation of distributed workloads among mutually distrustful parties. Many practical applications also require strong confidentiality, however. This work enhances permissioned and permissionless blockchains with the ability to manage confidential data without forfeiting availability or decentralization. The proposed Calypso architecture addresses two orthogonal challenges confronting modern distributed ledgers: (a) enabling the auditable management of secrets and (b) protecting distributed computations against arbitrage attacks when their results depend on the ordering and secrecy of inputs.
Calypso introduces on-chain secrets, a novel abstraction that enforces atomic deposition of an auditable trace whenever users access confidential data. Calypso provides user-controlled consent management that ensures revocation atomicity and accountable anonymity. To enable permissionless deployment, we introduce an incentive scheme and provide users with the option to select their preferred trustees. We evaluated our Calypso prototype with a confidential document-sharing application and a decentralized lottery. Our benchmarks show that transaction-processing latency increases linearly in terms of security (number of trustees) and is in the range of 0.2 to 8 seconds for 16 to 128 trustees.
AU - Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios
AU - Alp, Enis Ceyhun
AU - Gasser, Linus
AU - Jovanovic, Philipp
AU - Syta, Ewa
AU - Ford, Bryan
ID - 9011
IS - 4
JF - Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
TI - CALYPSO: Private data management for decentralized ledgers
VL - 14
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Many-body localization provides a mechanism to avoid thermalization in isolated interacting quantum systems. The breakdown of thermalization may be complete, when all eigenstates in the many-body spectrum become localized, or partial, when the so-called many-body mobility edge separates localized and delocalized parts of the spectrum. Previously, De Roeck et al. [Phys. Rev. B 93, 014203 (2016)] suggested a possible instability of the many-body mobility edge in energy density. The local ergodic regions—so-called “bubbles”—resonantly spread throughout the system, leading to delocalization. In order to study such instability mechanism, in this work we design a model featuring many-body mobility edge in particle density: the states at small particle density are localized, while increasing the density of particles leads to delocalization. Using numerical simulations with matrix product states, we demonstrate the stability of many-body localization with respect to small bubbles in large dilute systems for experimentally relevant timescales. In addition, we demonstrate that processes where the bubble spreads are favored over processes that lead to resonant tunneling, suggesting a possible mechanism behind the observed stability of many-body mobility edge. We conclude by proposing experiments to probe particle density mobility edge in the Bose-Hubbard model.
AU - Brighi, Pietro
AU - Abanin, Dmitry A.
AU - Serbyn, Maksym
ID - 8308
IS - 6
JF - Physical Review B
SN - 2469-9950
TI - Stability of mobility edges in disordered interacting systems
VL - 102
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We consider the sum of two large Hermitian matrices A and B with a Haar unitary conjugation bringing them into a general relative position. We prove that the eigenvalue density on the scale slightly above the local eigenvalue spacing is asymptotically given by the free additive convolution of the laws of A and B as the dimension of the matrix increases. This implies optimal rigidity of the eigenvalues and optimal rate of convergence in Voiculescu's theorem. Our previous works [4], [5] established these results in the bulk spectrum, the current paper completely settles the problem at the spectral edges provided they have the typical square-root behavior. The key element of our proof is to compensate the deterioration of the stability of the subordination equations by sharp error estimates that properly account for the local density near the edge. Our results also hold if the Haar unitary matrix is replaced by the Haar orthogonal matrix.
AU - Bao, Zhigang
AU - Erdös, László
AU - Schnelli, Kevin
ID - 10862
IS - 7
JF - Journal of Functional Analysis
KW - Analysis
SN - 0022-1236
TI - Spectral rigidity for addition of random matrices at the regular edge
VL - 279
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In this paper we find a tight estimate for Gromov’s waist of the balls in spaces of constant curvature, deduce the estimates for the balls in Riemannian manifolds with upper bounds on the curvature (CAT(ϰ)-spaces), and establish similar result for normed spaces.
AU - Akopyan, Arseniy
AU - Karasev, Roman
ID - 10867
IS - 3
JF - International Mathematics Research Notices
KW - General Mathematics
SN - 1073-7928
TI - Waist of balls in hyperbolic and spherical spaces
VL - 2020
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - Fitness interactions between mutations can influence a population’s evolution in many different ways. While epistatic effects are difficult to measure precisely, important information is captured by the mean and variance of log fitnesses for individuals carrying different numbers of mutations. We derive predictions for these quantities from a class of simple fitness landscapes, based on models of optimizing selection on quantitative traits. We also explore extensions to the models, including modular pleiotropy, variable effect sizes, mutational bias and maladaptation of the wild type. We illustrate our approach by reanalysing a large dataset of mutant effects in a yeast snoRNA. Though characterized by some large epistatic effects, these data give a good overall fit to the non-epistatic null model, suggesting that epistasis might have limited influence on the evolutionary dynamics in this system. We also show how the amount of epistasis depends on both the underlying fitness landscape and the distribution of mutations, and so is expected to vary in consistent ways between new mutations, standing variation and fixed mutations.
AU - Fraisse, Christelle
AU - Welch, John J.
ID - 9799
TI - Simulation code for Fig S1 from the distribution of epistasis on simple fitness landscapes
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - Fitness interactions between mutations can influence a population’s evolution in many different ways. While epistatic effects are difficult to measure precisely, important information is captured by the mean and variance of log fitnesses for individuals carrying different numbers of mutations. We derive predictions for these quantities from a class of simple fitness landscapes, based on models of optimizing selection on quantitative traits. We also explore extensions to the models, including modular pleiotropy, variable effect sizes, mutational bias and maladaptation of the wild type. We illustrate our approach by reanalysing a large dataset of mutant effects in a yeast snoRNA. Though characterized by some large epistatic effects, these data give a good overall fit to the non-epistatic null model, suggesting that epistasis might have limited influence on the evolutionary dynamics in this system. We also show how the amount of epistasis depends on both the underlying fitness landscape and the distribution of mutations, and so is expected to vary in consistent ways between new mutations, standing variation and fixed mutations.
AU - Fraisse, Christelle
AU - Welch, John J.
ID - 9798
TI - Simulation code for Fig S2 from the distribution of epistasis on simple fitness landscapes
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We prove a central limit theorem for the difference of linear eigenvalue statistics of a sample covariance matrix W˜ and its minor W. We find that the fluctuation of this difference is much smaller than those of the individual linear statistics, as a consequence of the strong correlation between the eigenvalues of W˜ and W. Our result identifies the fluctuation of the spatial derivative of the approximate Gaussian field in the recent paper by Dumitru and Paquette. Unlike in a similar result for Wigner matrices, for sample covariance matrices, the fluctuation may entirely vanish.
AU - Cipolloni, Giorgio
AU - Erdös, László
ID - 6488
IS - 3
JF - Random Matrices: Theory and Application
SN - 20103263
TI - Fluctuations for differences of linear eigenvalue statistics for sample covariance matrices
VL - 9
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Research in the field of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) has progressed tremendously, mostly because of their exceptional optoelectronic properties. Core@shell NCs, in which one or more inorganic layers overcoat individual NCs, recently received significant attention due to their remarkable optical characteristics. Reduced Auger recombination, suppressed blinking, and enhanced carrier multiplication are among the merits of core@shell NCs. Despite their importance in device development, the influence of the shell and the surface modification of the core@shell NC assemblies on the charge carrier transport remains a pertinent research objective. Type-II PbTe@PbS core@shell NCs, in which exclusive electron transport was demonstrated, still exhibit instability of their electron
ransport. Here, we demonstrate the enhancement of electron transport and stability in PbTe@PbS core@shell NC assemblies using iodide as a surface passivating ligand. The combination of the PbS shelling and the use of the iodide ligand contributes to the addition of one mobile electron for each core@shell NC. Furthermore, both electron mobility and on/off current modulation ratio values of the core@shell NC field-effect transistor are steady with the usage of iodide. Excellent stability in these exclusively electron-transporting core@shell NCs paves the way for their utilization in electronic devices.
AU - Miranti, Retno
AU - Septianto, Ricky Dwi
AU - Ibáñez, Maria
AU - Kovalenko, Maksym V.
AU - Matsushita, Nobuhiro
AU - Iwasa, Yoshihiro
AU - Bisri, Satria Zulkarnaen
ID - 8746
IS - 17
JF - Applied Physics Letters
SN - 0003-6951
TI - Electron transport in iodide-capped core@shell PbTe@PbS colloidal nanocrystal solids
VL - 117
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires a drastic reduction in CO2 emissions across many sectors of the world economy. Batteries are vital to this endeavor, whether used in electric vehicles, to store renewable electricity, or in aviation. Present lithium-ion technologies are preparing the public for this inevitable change, but their maximum theoretical specific capacity presents a limitation. Their high cost is another concern for commercial viability. Metal–air batteries have the highest theoretical energy density of all possible secondary battery technologies and could yield step changes in energy storage, if their practical difficulties could be overcome. The scope of this review is to provide an objective, comprehensive, and authoritative assessment of the intensive work invested in nonaqueous rechargeable metal–air batteries over the past few years, which identified the key problems and guides directions to solve them. We focus primarily on the challenges and outlook for Li–O2 cells but include Na–O2, K–O2, and Mg–O2 cells for comparison. Our review highlights the interdisciplinary nature of this field that involves a combination of materials chemistry, electrochemistry, computation, microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface science. The mechanisms of O2 reduction and evolution are considered in the light of recent findings, along with developments in positive and negative electrodes, electrolytes, electrocatalysis on surfaces and in solution, and the degradative effect of singlet oxygen, which is typically formed in Li–O2 cells.
AU - Kwak, WJ
AU - Sharon, D
AU - Xia, C
AU - Kim, H
AU - Johnson, LR
AU - Bruce, PG
AU - Nazar, LF
AU - Sun, YK
AU - Frimer, AA
AU - Noked, M
AU - Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
AU - Aurbach, D
ID - 7985
IS - 14
JF - Chemical Reviews
SN - 0009-2665
TI - Lithium-oxygen batteries and related systems: Potential, status, and future
VL - 120
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Spontaneously arising channels that transport the phytohormone auxin provide positional cues for self-organizing aspects of plant development such as flexible vasculature regeneration or its patterning during leaf venation. The auxin canalization hypothesis proposes a feedback between auxin signaling and transport as the underlying mechanism, but molecular players await discovery. We identified part of the machinery that routes auxin transport. The auxin-regulated receptor CAMEL (Canalization-related Auxin-regulated Malectin-type RLK) together with CANAR (Canalization-related Receptor-like kinase) interact with and phosphorylate PIN auxin transporters. camel and canar mutants are impaired in PIN1 subcellular trafficking and auxin-mediated PIN polarization, which macroscopically manifests as defects in leaf venation and vasculature regeneration after wounding. The CAMEL-CANAR receptor complex is part of the auxin feedback that coordinates polarization of individual cells during auxin canalization.
AU - Hajny, Jakub
AU - Prat, Tomas
AU - Rydza, N
AU - Rodriguez Solovey, Lesia
AU - Tan, Shutang
AU - Verstraeten, Inge
AU - Domjan, David
AU - Mazur, E
AU - Smakowska-Luzan, E
AU - Smet, W
AU - Mor, E
AU - Nolf, J
AU - Yang, B
AU - Grunewald, W
AU - Molnar, Gergely
AU - Belkhadir, Y
AU - De Rybel, B
AU - Friml, Jiří
ID - 8721
IS - 6516
JF - Science
SN - 0036-8075
TI - Receptor kinase module targets PIN-dependent auxin transport during canalization
VL - 370
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Organic materials are known to feature long spin-diffusion times, originating in a generally small spin–orbit coupling observed in these systems. From that perspective, chiral molecules acting as efficient spin selectors pose a puzzle that attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Here, we revisit the physical origins of chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) and propose a simple analytic minimal model to describe it. The model treats a chiral molecule as an anisotropic wire with molecular dipole moments aligned arbitrarily with respect to the wire’s axes and is therefore quite general. Importantly, it shows that the helical structure of the molecule is not necessary to observe CISS and other chiral nonhelical molecules can also be considered as potential candidates for the CISS effect. We also show that the suggested simple model captures the main characteristics of CISS observed in the experiment, without the need for additional constraints employed in the previous studies. The results pave the way for understanding other related physical phenomena where the CISS effect plays an essential role.
AU - Ghazaryan, Areg
AU - Paltiel, Yossi
AU - Lemeshko, Mikhail
ID - 7968
IS - 21
JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
SN - 1932-7447
TI - Analytic model of chiral-induced spin selectivity
VL - 124
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Recent discoveries have shown that, when two layers of van der Waals (vdW) materials are superimposed with a relative twist angle between them, the electronic properties of the coupled system can be dramatically altered. Here, we demonstrate that a similar concept can be extended to the optics realm, particularly to propagating phonon polaritons–hybrid light-matter interactions. To do this, we fabricate stacks composed of two twisted slabs of a vdW crystal (α-MoO3) supporting anisotropic phonon polaritons (PhPs), and image the propagation of the latter when launched by localized sources. Our images reveal that, under a critical angle, the PhPs isofrequency curve undergoes a topological transition, in which the propagation of PhPs is strongly guided (canalization regime) along predetermined directions without geometric spreading. These results demonstrate a new degree of freedom (twist angle) for controlling the propagation of polaritons at the nanoscale with potential for nanoimaging, (bio)-sensing, or heat management.
AU - Duan, Jiahua
AU - Capote-Robayna, Nathaniel
AU - Taboada-Gutiérrez, Javier
AU - Álvarez-Pérez, Gonzalo
AU - Prieto Gonzalez, Ivan
AU - Martín-Sánchez, Javier
AU - Nikitin, Alexey Y.
AU - Alonso-González, Pablo
ID - 10866
IS - 7
JF - Nano Letters
KW - Mechanical Engineering
KW - Condensed Matter Physics
KW - General Materials Science
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Bioengineering
SN - 1530-6984
TI - Twisted nano-optics: Manipulating light at the nanoscale with twisted phonon polaritonic slabs
VL - 20
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Dipolar (or spatially indirect) excitons (IXs) in semiconductor double quantum well (DQW) subjected to an electric field are neutral species with a dipole moment oriented perpendicular to the DQW plane. Here, we theoretically study interactions between IXs in stacked DQW bilayers, where the dipolar coupling can be either attractive or repulsive depending on the relative positions of the particles. By using microscopic band structure calculations to determine the electronic states forming the excitons, we show that the attractive dipolar interaction between stacked IXs deforms their electronic wave function, thereby increasing the inter-DQW interaction energy and making the IX even more electrically polarizable. Many-particle interaction effects are addressed by considering the coupling between a single IX in one of the DQWs to a cloud of IXs in the other DQW, which is modeled either as a closed-packed lattice or as a continuum IX fluid. We find that the lattice model yields IX interlayer binding energies decreasing with increasing lattice density. This behavior is due to the dominating role of the intra-DQW dipolar repulsion, which prevents more than one exciton from entering the attractive region of the inter-DQW coupling. Finally, both models shows that the single IX distorts the distribution of IXs in the adjacent DQW, thus inducing the formation of an IX dipolar polaron (dipolaron). While the interlayer binding energy reduces with IX density for lattice dipolarons, the continuous polaron model predicts a nonmonotonous dependence on density in semiquantitative agreement with a recent experimental study [cf. Hubert et al., Phys. Rev. X 9, 021026 (2019)].
AU - Hubert, C.
AU - Cohen, K.
AU - Ghazaryan, Areg
AU - Lemeshko, Mikhail
AU - Rapaport, R.
AU - Santos, P. V.
ID - 8588
IS - 4
JF - Physical Review B
SN - 2469-9950
TI - Attractive interactions, molecular complexes, and polarons in coupled dipolar exciton fluids
VL - 102
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - One of the hallmarks of quantum statistics, tightly entwined with the concept of topological phases of matter, is the prediction of anyons. Although anyons are predicted to be realized in certain fractional quantum Hall systems, they have not yet been unambiguously detected in experiment. Here we introduce a simple quantum impurity model, where bosonic or fermionic impurities turn into anyons as a consequence of their interaction with the surrounding many-particle bath. A cloud of phonons dresses each impurity in such a way that it effectively attaches fluxes or vortices to it and thereby converts it into an Abelian anyon. The corresponding quantum impurity model, first, provides a different approach to the numerical solution of the many-anyon problem, along with a concrete perspective of anyons as emergent quasiparticles built from composite bosons or fermions. More importantly, the model paves the way toward realizing anyons using impurities in crystal lattices as well as ultracold gases. In particular, we consider two heavy electrons interacting with a two-dimensional lattice crystal in a magnetic field, and show that when the impurity-bath system is rotated at the cyclotron frequency, impurities behave as anyons as a consequence of the angular momentum exchange between the impurities and the bath. A possible experimental realization is proposed by identifying the statistics parameter in terms of the mean-square distance of the impurities and the magnetization of the impurity-bath system, both of which are accessible to experiment. Another proposed application is impurities immersed in a two-dimensional weakly interacting Bose gas.
AU - Yakaboylu, Enderalp
AU - Ghazaryan, Areg
AU - Lundholm, D.
AU - Rougerie, N.
AU - Lemeshko, Mikhail
AU - Seiringer, Robert
ID - 8769
IS - 14
JF - Physical Review B
SN - 2469-9950
TI - Quantum impurity model for anyons
VL - 102
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Multilayer graphene lattices allow for an additional tunability of the band structure by the strong perpendicular electric field. In particular, the emergence of the new multiple Dirac points in ABA stacked trilayer graphene subject to strong transverse electric fields was proposed theoretically and confirmed experimentally. These new Dirac points dubbed “gullies” emerge from the interplay between strong electric field and trigonal warping. In this work, we first characterize the properties of new emergent Dirac points and show that the electric field can be used to tune the distance between gullies in the momentum space. We demonstrate that the band structure has multiple Lifshitz transitions and higher-order singularity of “monkey saddle” type. Following the characterization of the band structure, we consider the spectrum of Landau levels and structure of their wave functions. In the limit of strong electric fields when gullies are well separated in momentum space, they give rise to triply degenerate Landau levels. In the second part of this work, we investigate how degeneracy between three gully Landau levels is lifted in the presence of interactions. Within the Hartree-Fock approximation we show that the symmetry breaking state interpolates between the fully gully polarized state that breaks C3 symmetry at high displacement field and the gully symmetric state when the electric field is decreased. The discontinuous transition between these two states is driven by enhanced intergully tunneling and exchange. We conclude by outlining specific experimental predictions for the existence of such a symmetry-breaking state.
AU - Rao, Peng
AU - Serbyn, Maksym
ID - 7971
IS - 24
JF - Physical Review B
SN - 2469-9950
TI - Gully quantum Hall ferromagnetism in biased trilayer graphene
VL - 101
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In laboratory studies and numerical simulations, we observe clear signatures of unstable time-periodic solutions in a moderately turbulent quasi-two-dimensional flow. We validate the dynamical relevance of such solutions by demonstrating that turbulent flows in both experiment and numerics transiently display time-periodic dynamics when they shadow unstable periodic orbits (UPOs). We show that UPOs we computed are also statistically significant, with turbulent flows spending a sizable fraction of the total time near these solutions. As a result, the average rates of energy input and dissipation for the turbulent flow and frequently visited UPOs differ only by a few percent.
AU - Suri, Balachandra
AU - Kageorge, Logan
AU - Grigoriev, Roman O.
AU - Schatz, Michael F.
ID - 8634
IS - 6
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Capturing turbulent dynamics and statistics in experiments with unstable periodic orbits
VL - 125
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Peptides derived from non-functional precursors play important roles in various developmental processes, but also in (a)biotic stress signaling. Our (phospho)proteome-wide analyses of C-terminally encoded peptide 5 (CEP5)-mediated changes revealed an impact on abiotic stress-related processes. Drought has a dramatic impact on plant growth, development and reproduction, and the plant hormone auxin plays a role in drought responses. Our genetic, physiological, biochemical and pharmacological results demonstrated that CEP5-mediated signaling is relevant for osmotic and drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, and that CEP5 specifically counteracts auxin effects. Specifically, we found that CEP5 signaling stabilizes AUX/IAA transcriptional repressors, suggesting the existence of a novel peptide-dependent control mechanism that tunes auxin signaling. These observations align with the recently described role of AUX/IAAs in stress tolerance and provide a novel role for CEP5 in osmotic and drought stress tolerance.
AU - Smith, S
AU - Zhu, S
AU - Joos, L
AU - Roberts, I
AU - Nikonorova, N
AU - Vu, LD
AU - Stes, E
AU - Cho, H
AU - Larrieu, A
AU - Xuan, W
AU - Goodall, B
AU - van de Cotte, B
AU - Waite, JM
AU - Rigal, A
AU - R Harborough, SR
AU - Persiau, G
AU - Vanneste, S
AU - Kirschner, GK
AU - Vandermarliere, E
AU - Martens, L
AU - Stahl, Y
AU - Audenaert, D
AU - Friml, Jiří
AU - Felix, G
AU - Simon, R
AU - Bennett, M
AU - Bishopp, A
AU - De Jaeger, G
AU - Ljung, K
AU - Kepinski, S
AU - Robert, S
AU - Nemhauser, J
AU - Hwang, I
AU - Gevaert, K
AU - Beeckman, T
AU - De Smet, I
ID - 7949
IS - 8
JF - Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
TI - The CEP5 peptide promotes abiotic stress tolerance, as revealed by quantitative proteomics, and attenuates the AUX/IAA equilibrium in Arabidopsis
VL - 19
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Cell polarity is a fundamental feature of all multicellular organisms. In plants, prominent cell polarity markers are PIN auxin transporters crucial for plant development. To identify novel components involved in cell polarity establishment and maintenance, we carried out a forward genetic screening with PIN2:PIN1-HA;pin2 Arabidopsis plants, which ectopically express predominantly basally localized PIN1 in the root epidermal cells leading to agravitropic root growth. From the screen, we identified the regulator of PIN polarity 12 (repp12) mutation, which restored gravitropic root growth and caused PIN1-HA polarity switch from basal to apical side of root epidermal cells. Complementation experiments established the repp12 causative mutation as an amino acid substitution in Aminophospholipid ATPase3 (ALA3), a phospholipid flippase with predicted function in vesicle formation. ala3 T-DNA mutants show defects in many auxin-regulated processes, in asymmetric auxin distribution and in PIN trafficking. Analysis of quintuple and sextuple mutants confirmed a crucial role of ALA proteins in regulating plant development and in PIN trafficking and polarity. Genetic and physical interaction studies revealed that ALA3 functions together with GNOM and BIG3 ARF GEFs. Taken together, our results identified ALA3 flippase as an important interactor and regulator of ARF GEF functioning in PIN polarity, trafficking and auxin-mediated development.
AU - Zhang, Xixi
AU - Adamowski, Maciek
AU - Marhavá, Petra
AU - Tan, Shutang
AU - Zhang, Yuzhou
AU - Rodriguez Solovey, Lesia
AU - Zwiewka, Marta
AU - Pukyšová, Vendula
AU - Sánchez, Adrià Sans
AU - Raxwal, Vivek Kumar
AU - Hardtke, Christian S.
AU - Nodzynski, Tomasz
AU - Friml, Jiří
ID - 7619
IS - 5
JF - The Plant Cell
SN - 1040-4651
TI - Arabidopsis flippases cooperate with ARF GTPase exchange factors to regulate the trafficking and polarity of PIN auxin transporters
VL - 32
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and its core endocytic machinery are evolutionarily conserved across all eukaryotes. In mammals, the heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex-2 (AP-2) sorts plasma membrane (PM) cargoes into vesicles through the recognition of motifs based on tyrosine or di-leucine in their cytoplasmic tails. However, in plants, very little is known on how PM proteins are sorted for CME and whether similar motifs are required. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor, BR INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), undergoes endocytosis that depends on clathrin and AP-2. Here we demonstrate that BRI1 binds directly to the medium AP-2 subunit, AP2M. The cytoplasmic domain of BRI1 contains five putative canonical surface-exposed tyrosine-based endocytic motifs. The tyrosine-to-phenylalanine substitution in Y898KAI reduced BRI1 internalization without affecting its kinase activity. Consistently, plants carrying the BRI1Y898F mutation were hypersensitive to BRs. Our study demonstrates that AP-2-dependent internalization of PM proteins via the recognition of functional tyrosine motifs also operates in plants.
AU - Liu, D
AU - Kumar, R
AU - LAN, Claus
AU - Johnson, Alexander J
AU - Siao, W
AU - Vanhoutte, I
AU - Wang, P
AU - Bender, KW
AU - Yperman, K
AU - Martins, S
AU - Zhao, X
AU - Vert, G
AU - Van Damme, D
AU - Friml, Jiří
AU - Russinova, E
ID - 8607
IS - 11
JF - Plant Cell
SN - 1040-4651
TI - Endocytosis of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 is partly driven by a canonical tyrosine-based Motif
VL - 32
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The TPLATE complex (TPC) is a key endocytic adaptor protein complex in plants. TPC in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains six evolutionarily conserved subunits and two plant-specific subunits, AtEH1/Pan1 and AtEH2/Pan1, although cytoplasmic proteins are not associated with the hexameric subcomplex in the cytoplasm. To investigate the dynamic assembly of the octameric TPC at the plasma membrane (PM), we performed state-of-the-art dual-color live cell imaging at physiological and lowered temperatures. Lowering the temperature slowed down endocytosis, thereby enhancing the temporal resolution of the differential recruitment of endocytic components. Under both normal and lowered temperature conditions, the core TPC subunit TPLATE and the AtEH/Pan1 proteins exhibited simultaneous recruitment at the PM. These results, together with co-localization analysis of different TPC subunits, allow us to conclude that TPC in plant cells is not recruited to the PM sequentially but as an octameric complex.
AU - Wang, J
AU - Mylle, E
AU - Johnson, Alexander J
AU - Besbrugge, N
AU - De Jaeger, G
AU - Friml, Jiří
AU - Pleskot, R
AU - van Damme, D
ID - 7695
IS - 3
JF - Plant Physiology
SN - 0032-0889
TI - High temporal resolution reveals simultaneous plasma membrane recruitment of TPLATE complex subunits
VL - 183
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In this paper we introduce and study all-pay bidding games, a class of two player, zero-sum games on graphs. The game proceeds as follows. We place a token on some vertex in the graph and assign budgets to the two players. Each turn, each player submits a sealed legal bid (non-negative and below their remaining budget), which is deducted from their budget and the highest bidder moves the token onto an adjacent vertex. The game ends once a sink is reached, and Player 1 pays Player 2 the outcome that is associated with the sink. The players attempt to maximize their expected outcome. Our games model settings where effort (of no inherent value) needs to be invested in an ongoing and stateful manner. On the negative side, we show that even in simple games on DAGs, optimal strategies may require a distribution over bids with infinite support. A central quantity in bidding games is the ratio of the players budgets. On the positive side, we show a simple FPTAS for DAGs, that, for each budget ratio, outputs an approximation for the optimal strategy for that ratio. We also implement it, show that it performs well, and suggests interesting properties of these games. Then, given an outcome c, we show an algorithm for finding the necessary and sufficient initial ratio for guaranteeing outcome c with probability 1 and a strategy ensuring such. Finally, while the general case has not previously been studied, solving the specific game in which Player 1 wins iff he wins the first two auctions, has been long stated as an open question, which we solve.
AU - Avni, Guy
AU - Ibsen-Jensen, Rasmus
AU - Tkadlec, Josef
ID - 9197
IS - 02
JF - Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
SN - 2159-5399
TI - All-pay bidding games on graphs
VL - 34
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Cell production and differentiation for the acquisition of specific functions are key features of living systems. The dynamic network of cellular microtubules provides the necessary platform to accommodate processes associated with the transition of cells through the individual phases of cytogenesis. Here, we show that the plant hormone cytokinin fine‐tunes the activity of the microtubular cytoskeleton during cell differentiation and counteracts microtubular rearrangements driven by the hormone auxin. The endogenous upward gradient of cytokinin activity along the longitudinal growth axis in Arabidopsis thaliana roots correlates with robust rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton in epidermal cells progressing from the proliferative to the differentiation stage. Controlled increases in cytokinin activity result in premature re‐organization of the microtubule network from transversal to an oblique disposition in cells prior to their differentiation, whereas attenuated hormone perception delays cytoskeleton conversion into a configuration typical for differentiated cells. Intriguingly, cytokinin can interfere with microtubules also in animal cells, such as leukocytes, suggesting that a cytokinin‐sensitive control pathway for the microtubular cytoskeleton may be at least partially conserved between plant and animal cells.
AU - Montesinos López, Juan C
AU - Abuzeineh, A
AU - Kopf, Aglaja
AU - Juanes Garcia, Alba
AU - Ötvös, Krisztina
AU - Petrášek, J
AU - Sixt, Michael K
AU - Benková, Eva
ID - 8142
IS - 17
JF - The Embo Journal
SN - 0261-4189
TI - Phytohormone cytokinin guides microtubule dynamics during cell progression from proliferative to differentiated stage
VL - 39
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Origin and functions of intermittent transitions among sleep stages, including brief awakenings and arousals, constitute a challenge to the current homeostatic framework for sleep regulation, focusing on factors modulating sleep over large time scales. Here we propose that the complex micro-architecture characterizing sleep on scales of seconds and minutes results from intrinsic non-equilibrium critical dynamics. We investigate θ- and δ-wave dynamics in control rats and in rats where the sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) is lesioned (male Sprague-Dawley rats). We demonstrate that bursts in θ and δ cortical rhythms exhibit complex temporal organization, with long-range correlations and robust duality of power-law (θ-bursts, active phase) and exponential-like (δ-bursts, quiescent phase) duration distributions, features typical of non-equilibrium systems self-organizing at criticality. We show that such non-equilibrium behavior relates to anti-correlated coupling between θ- and δ-bursts, persists across a range of time scales, and is independent of the dominant physiologic state; indications of a basic principle in sleep regulation. Further, we find that VLPO lesions lead to a modulation of cortical dynamics resulting in altered dynamical parameters of θ- and δ-bursts and significant reduction in θ–δ coupling. Our empirical findings and model simulations demonstrate that θ–δ coupling is essential for the emerging non-equilibrium critical dynamics observed across the sleep–wake cycle, and indicate that VLPO neurons may have dual role for both sleep and arousal/brief wake activation. The uncovered critical behavior in sleep- and wake-related cortical rhythms indicates a mechanism essential for the micro-architecture of spontaneous sleep-stage and arousal transitions within a novel, non-homeostatic paradigm of sleep regulation.
AU - Lombardi, Fabrizio
AU - Gómez-Extremera, Manuel
AU - Bernaola-Galván, Pedro
AU - Vetrivelan, Ramalingam
AU - Saper, Clifford B.
AU - Scammell, Thomas E.
AU - Ivanov, Plamen Ch.
ID - 8084
IS - 1
JF - Journal of Neuroscience
SN - 0270-6474
TI - Critical dynamics and coupling in bursts of cortical rhythms indicate non-homeostatic mechanism for sleep-stage transitions and dual role of VLPO neurons in both sleep and wake
VL - 40
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We consider a dilute, homogeneous Bose gas at positive temperature. The system is investigated in the Gross–Pitaevskii limit, where the scattering length a is so small that the interaction energy is of the same order of magnitude as the spectral gap of the Laplacian, and for temperatures that are comparable to the critical temperature of the ideal gas. We show that the difference between the specific free energy of the interacting system and the one of the ideal gas is to leading order given by 4πa(2ϱ2−ϱ20). Here ϱ denotes the density of the system and ϱ0 is the expected condensate density of the ideal gas. Additionally, we show that the one-particle density matrix of any approximate minimizer of the Gibbs free energy functional is to leading order given by the one of the ideal gas. This in particular proves Bose–Einstein condensation with critical temperature given by the one of the ideal gas to leading order. One key ingredient of our proof is a novel use of the Gibbs variational principle that goes hand in hand with the c-number substitution.
AU - Deuchert, Andreas
AU - Seiringer, Robert
ID - 7650
IS - 6
JF - Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis
SN - 0003-9527
TI - Gross-Pitaevskii limit of a homogeneous Bose gas at positive temperature
VL - 236
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We study the dynamics of a system of N interacting bosons in a disc-shaped trap, which is realised by an external potential that confines the bosons in one spatial dimension to an interval of length of order ε. The interaction is non-negative and scaled in such a way that its scattering length is of order ε/N, while its range is proportional to (ε/N)β with scaling parameter β∈(0,1]. We consider the simultaneous limit (N,ε)→(∞,0) and assume that the system initially exhibits Bose–Einstein condensation. We prove that condensation is preserved by the N-body dynamics, where the time-evolved condensate wave function is the solution of a two-dimensional non-linear equation. The strength of the non-linearity depends on the scaling parameter β. For β∈(0,1), we obtain a cubic defocusing non-linear Schrödinger equation, while the choice β=1 yields a Gross–Pitaevskii equation featuring the scattering length of the interaction. In both cases, the coupling parameter depends on the confining potential.
AU - Bossmann, Lea
ID - 8130
IS - 11
JF - Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis
SN - 0003-9527
TI - Derivation of the 2d Gross–Pitaevskii equation for strongly confined 3d Bosons
VL - 238
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We consider the Fröhlich model of a polaron, and show that its effective mass diverges in thestrong coupling limit.
AU - Lieb, Elliott H.
AU - Seiringer, Robert
ID - 7235
JF - Journal of Statistical Physics
SN - 0022-4715
TI - Divergence of the effective mass of a polaron in the strong coupling limit
VL - 180
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - For 1≤m≤n, we consider a natural m-out-of-n multi-instance scenario for a public-key encryption (PKE) scheme. An adversary, given n independent instances of PKE, wins if he breaks at least m out of the n instances. In this work, we are interested in the scaling factor of PKE schemes, SF, which measures how well the difficulty of breaking m out of the n instances scales in m. That is, a scaling factor SF=ℓ indicates that breaking m out of n instances is at least ℓ times more difficult than breaking one single instance. A PKE scheme with small scaling factor hence provides an ideal target for mass surveillance. In fact, the Logjam attack (CCS 2015) implicitly exploited, among other things, an almost constant scaling factor of ElGamal over finite fields (with shared group parameters).
For Hashed ElGamal over elliptic curves, we use the generic group model to argue that the scaling factor depends on the scheme's granularity. In low granularity, meaning each public key contains its independent group parameter, the scheme has optimal scaling factor SF=m; In medium and high granularity, meaning all public keys share the same group parameter, the scheme still has a reasonable scaling factor SF=√m. Our findings underline that instantiating ElGamal over elliptic curves should be preferred to finite fields in a multi-instance scenario.
As our main technical contribution, we derive new generic-group lower bounds of Ω(√(mp)) on the difficulty of solving both the m-out-of-n Gap Discrete Logarithm and the m-out-of-n Gap Computational Diffie-Hellman problem over groups of prime order p, extending a recent result by Yun (EUROCRYPT 2015). We establish the lower bound by studying the hardness of a related computational problem which we call the search-by-hypersurface problem.
AU - Auerbach, Benedikt
AU - Giacon, Federico
AU - Kiltz, Eike
ID - 7966
SN - 0302-9743
T2 - Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2020
TI - Everybody’s a target: Scalability in public-key encryption
VL - 12107
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - We introduce the monitoring of trace properties under assumptions. An assumption limits the space of possible traces that the monitor may encounter. An assumption may result from knowledge about the system that is being monitored, about the environment, or about another, connected monitor. We define monitorability under assumptions and study its theoretical properties. In particular, we show that for every assumption A, the boolean combinations of properties that are safe or co-safe relative to A are monitorable under A. We give several examples and constructions on how an assumption can make a non-monitorable property monitorable, and how an assumption can make a monitorable property monitorable with fewer resources, such as integer registers.
AU - Henzinger, Thomas A
AU - Sarac, Naci E
ID - 8623
SN - 0302-9743
T2 - Runtime Verification
TI - Monitorability under assumptions
VL - 12399
ER -
TY - CONF
AB - A simple drawing D(G) of a graph G is one where each pair of edges share at most one point: either a common endpoint or a proper crossing. An edge e in the complement of G can be inserted into D(G) if there exists a simple drawing of G+e extending D(G). As a result of Levi’s Enlargement Lemma, if a drawing is rectilinear (pseudolinear), that is, the edges can be extended into an arrangement of lines (pseudolines), then any edge in the complement of G can be inserted. In contrast, we show that it is NP -complete to decide whether one edge can be inserted into a simple drawing. This remains true even if we assume that the drawing is pseudocircular, that is, the edges can be extended to an arrangement of pseudocircles. On the positive side, we show that, given an arrangement of pseudocircles A and a pseudosegment σ , it can be decided in polynomial time whether there exists a pseudocircle Φσ extending σ for which A∪{Φσ} is again an arrangement of pseudocircles.
AU - Arroyo Guevara, Alan M
AU - Klute, Fabian
AU - Parada, Irene
AU - Seidel, Raimund
AU - Vogtenhuber, Birgit
AU - Wiedera, Tilo
ID - 8732
SN - 0302-9743
T2 - Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science
TI - Inserting one edge into a simple drawing is hard
VL - 12301
ER -
TY - CHAP
AB - We introduce the notion of Witness Maps as a cryptographic notion of a proof system. A Unique Witness Map (UWM) deterministically maps all witnesses for an NP statement to a single representative witness, resulting in a computationally sound, deterministic-prover, non-interactive witness independent proof system. A relaxation of UWM, called Compact Witness Map (CWM), maps all the witnesses to a small number of witnesses, resulting in a “lossy” deterministic-prover, non-interactive proof-system. We also define a Dual Mode Witness Map (DMWM) which adds an “extractable” mode to a CWM.
Our main construction is a DMWM for all NP relations, assuming sub-exponentially secure indistinguishability obfuscation ( iO ), along with standard cryptographic assumptions. The DMWM construction relies on a CWM and a new primitive called Cumulative All-Lossy-But-One Trapdoor Functions (C-ALBO-TDF), both of which are in turn instantiated based on iO and other primitives. Our instantiation of a CWM is in fact a UWM; in turn, we show that a UWM implies Witness Encryption. Along the way to constructing UWM and C-ALBO-TDF, we also construct, from standard assumptions, Puncturable Digital Signatures and a new primitive called Cumulative Lossy Trapdoor Functions (C-LTDF). The former improves up on a construction of Bellare et al. (Eurocrypt 2016), who relied on sub-exponentially secure iO and sub-exponentially secure OWF.
As an application of our constructions, we show how to use a DMWM to construct the first leakage and tamper-resilient signatures with a deterministic signer, thereby solving a decade old open problem posed by Katz and Vaikunthanathan (Asiacrypt 2009), by Boyle, Segev and Wichs (Eurocrypt 2011), as well as by Faonio and Venturi (Asiacrypt 2016). Our construction achieves the optimal leakage rate of 1−o(1) .
AU - Chakraborty, Suvradip
AU - Prabhakaran, Manoj
AU - Wichs, Daniel
ED - Kiayias, A
ID - 10865
SN - 0302-9743
T2 - Public-Key Cryptography
TI - Witness maps and applications
VL - 12110
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We consider a system of N bosons in the limit N→∞, interacting through singular potentials. For initial data exhibiting Bose–Einstein condensation, the many-body time evolution is well approximated through a quadratic fluctuation dynamics around a cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation of the condensate wave function. We show that these fluctuations satisfy a (multi-variate) central limit theorem.
AU - Rademacher, Simone Anna Elvira
ID - 7611
JF - Letters in Mathematical Physics
SN - 0377-9017
TI - Central limit theorem for Bose gases interacting through singular potentials
VL - 110
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The biotic interactions hypothesis posits that biotic interactions are more important drivers of adaptation closer to the equator, evidenced by “stronger” contemporary interactions (e.g. greater interaction rates) and/or patterns of trait evolution consistent with a history of stronger interactions. Support for the hypothesis is mixed, but few studies span tropical and temperate regions while experimentally controlling for evolutionary history. Here, we integrate field observations and common garden experiments to quantify the relative importance of pollination and herbivory in a pair of tropical‐temperate congeneric perennial herbs. Phytolacca rivinoides and P. americana are pioneer species native to the Neotropics and the eastern USA, respectively. We compared plant‐pollinator and plant‐herbivore interactions between three tropical populations of P. rivinoides from Costa Rica and three temperate populations of P. americana from its northern range edge in Michigan and Ohio. For some metrics of interaction importance, we also included three subtropical populations of P. americana from its southern range edge in Florida. This approach confounds species and region but allows us, uniquely, to measure complementary proxies of interaction importance across a tropical‐temperate range in one system. To test the prediction that lower‐latitude plants are more reliant on insect pollinators, we quantified floral display and reward, insect visitation rates, and self‐pollination ability (autogamy). To test the prediction that lower‐latitude plants experience more herbivore pressure, we quantified herbivory rates, herbivore abundance, and leaf palatability. We found evidence supporting the biotic interactions hypothesis for most comparisons between P. rivinoides and north‐temperate P. americana (floral display, insect visitation, autogamy, herbivory, herbivore abundance, and young‐leaf palatability). Results for subtropical P. americana populations, however, were typically not intermediate between P. rivinoides and north‐temperate P. americana, as would be predicted by a linear latitudinal gradient in interaction importance. Subtropical young‐leaf palatability was intermediate, but subtropical mature leaves were the least palatable, and pollination‐related traits did not differ between temperate and subtropical regions. These nonlinear patterns of interaction importance suggest future work to relate interaction importance to climatic or biotic thresholds. In sum, we found that the biotic interactions hypothesis was more consistently supported at the larger spatial scale of our study.
AU - Baskett, Carina
AU - Schroeder, Lucy
AU - Weber, Marjorie G.
AU - Schemske, Douglas W.
ID - 7236
IS - 1
JF - Ecological Monographs
SN - 0012-9615
TI - Multiple metrics of latitudinal patterns in insect pollination and herbivory for a tropical‐temperate congener pair
VL - 90
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - * Morphogenesis and adaptive tropic growth in plants depend on gradients of the phytohormone auxin, mediated by the membrane‐based PIN‐FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters. PINs localize to a particular side of the plasma membrane (PM) or to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to directionally transport auxin and maintain intercellular and intracellular auxin homeostasis, respectively. However, the molecular cues that confer their diverse cellular localizations remain largely unknown.
* In this study, we systematically swapped the domains between ER‐ and PM‐localized PIN proteins, as well as between apical and basal PM‐localized PINs from Arabidopsis thaliana , to shed light on why PIN family members with similar topological structures reside at different membrane compartments within cells.
* Our results show that not only do the N‐ and C‐terminal transmembrane domains (TMDs) and central hydrophilic loop contribute to their differential subcellular localizations and cellular polarity, but that the pairwise‐matched N‐ and C‐terminal TMDs resulting from intramolecular domain–domain coevolution are also crucial for their divergent patterns of localization.
* These findings illustrate the complexity of the evolutionary path of PIN proteins in acquiring their plethora of developmental functions and adaptive growth in plants.
AU - Zhang, Yuzhou
AU - Hartinger, Corinna
AU - Wang, Xiaojuan
AU - Friml, Jiří
ID - 7697
IS - 5
JF - New Phytologist
SN - 0028-646X
TI - Directional auxin fluxes in plants by intramolecular domain‐domain co‐evolution of PIN auxin transporters
VL - 227
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - This paper introduces a simple method for simulating highly anisotropic elastoplastic material behaviors like the dissolution of fibrous phenomena (splintering wood, shredding bales of hay) and materials composed of large numbers of irregularly‐shaped bodies (piles of twigs, pencils, or cards). We introduce a simple transformation of the anisotropic problem into an equivalent isotropic one, and we solve this new “fictitious” isotropic problem using an existing simulator based on the material point method. Our approach results in minimal changes to existing simulators, and it allows us to re‐use popular isotropic plasticity models like the Drucker‐Prager yield criterion instead of inventing new anisotropic plasticity models for every phenomenon we wish to simulate.
AU - Schreck, Camille
AU - Wojtan, Christopher J
ID - 8765
IS - 2
JF - Computer Graphics Forum
KW - Computer Networks and Communications
SN - 0167-7055
TI - A practical method for animating anisotropic elastoplastic materials
VL - 39
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Water-in-salt electrolytes based on highly concentrated bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonimide (TFSI) promise aqueous electrolytes with stabilities approaching 3 V. However, especially with an electrode approaching the cathodic (reductive) stability, cycling stability is insufficient. While stability critically relies on a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the mechanism behind the cathodic stability limit remains unclear. Here, we reveal two distinct reduction potentials for the chemical environments of ‘free’ and ‘bound’ water and that both contribute to SEI formation. Free-water is reduced ~1V above bound water in a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and responsible for SEI formation via reactive intermediates of the HER; concurrent LiTFSI precipitation/dissolution establishes a dynamic interface. The free-water population emerges, therefore, as the handle to extend the cathodic limit of aqueous electrolytes and the battery cycling stability.
AU - Bouchal, Roza
AU - Li, Zhujie
AU - Bongu, Chandra
AU - Le Vot, Steven
AU - Berthelot, Romain
AU - Rotenberg, Benjamin
AU - Favier, Frederic
AU - Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
AU - Salanne, Mathieu
AU - Fontaine, Olivier
ID - 8057
IS - 37
JF - Angewandte Chemie
SN - 0044-8249
TI - Competitive salt precipitation/dissolution during free‐water reduction in water‐in‐salt electrolyte
VL - 132
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Coinfections with multiple pathogens can result in complex within‐host dynamics affecting virulence and transmission. While multiple infections are intensively studied in solitary hosts, it is so far unresolved how social host interactions interfere with pathogen competition, and if this depends on coinfection diversity. We studied how the collective disease defences of ants – their social immunity – influence pathogen competition in coinfections of same or different fungal pathogen species. Social immunity reduced virulence for all pathogen combinations, but interfered with spore production only in different‐species coinfections. Here, it decreased overall pathogen sporulation success while increasing co‐sporulation on individual cadavers and maintaining a higher pathogen diversity at the community level. Mathematical modelling revealed that host sanitary care alone can modulate competitive outcomes between pathogens, giving advantage to fast‐germinating, thus less grooming‐sensitive ones. Host social interactions can hence modulate infection dynamics in coinfected group members, thereby altering pathogen communities at the host level and population level.
AU - Milutinovic, Barbara
AU - Stock, Miriam
AU - Grasse, Anna V
AU - Naderlinger, Elisabeth
AU - Hilbe, Christian
AU - Cremer, Sylvia
ID - 7343
IS - 3
JF - Ecology Letters
SN - 1461-023X
TI - Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens
VL - 23
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Sewall Wright developed FST for describing population differentiation and it has since been extended to many novel applications, including the detection of homomorphic sex chromosomes. However, there has been confusion regarding the expected estimate of FST for a fixed difference between the X‐ and Y‐chromosome when comparing males and females. Here, we attempt to resolve this confusion by contrasting two common FST estimators and explain why they yield different estimates when applied to the case of sex chromosomes. We show that this difference is true for many allele frequencies, but the situation characterized by fixed differences between the X‐ and Y‐chromosome is among the most extreme. To avoid additional confusion, we recommend that all authors using FST clearly state which estimator of FST their work uses.
AU - Gammerdinger, William J
AU - Toups, Melissa A
AU - Vicoso, Beatriz
ID - 8099
IS - 6
JF - Molecular Ecology Resources
SN - 1755-098X
TI - Disagreement in FST estimators: A case study from sex chromosomes
VL - 20
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Water-in-salt electrolytes based on highly concentrated bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonimide (TFSI) promise aqueous electrolytes with stabilities nearing 3 V. However, especially with an electrode approaching the cathodic (reductive) stability, cycling stability is insufficient. While stability critically relies on a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the mechanism behind the cathodic stability limit remains unclear. Here, we reveal two distinct reduction potentials for the chemical environments of 'free' and 'bound' water and that both contribute to SEI formation. Free-water is reduced ~1V above bound water in a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and responsible for SEI formation via reactive intermediates of the HER; concurrent LiTFSI precipitation/dissolution establishes a dynamic interface. The free-water population emerges, therefore, as the handle to extend the cathodic limit of aqueous electrolytes and the battery cycling stability.
AU - Bouchal, Roza
AU - Li, Zhujie
AU - Bongu, Chandra
AU - Le Vot, Steven
AU - Berthelot, Romain
AU - Rotenberg, Benjamin
AU - Favier, Fréderic
AU - Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
AU - Salanne, Mathieu
AU - Fontaine, Olivier
ID - 7847
IS - 37
JF - Angewandte Chemie International Edition
SN - 1433-7851
TI - Competitive salt precipitation/dissolution during free‐water reduction in water‐in‐salt electrolyte
VL - 59
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Habitat loss is one of the key drivers of the ongoing decline of biodiversity. However, ecologists still argue about how fragmentation of habitat (independent of habitat loss) affects species richness. The recently proposed habitat amount hypothesis posits that species richness only depends on the total amount of habitat in a local landscape. In contrast, empirical studies report contrasting patterns: some find positive and others negative effects of fragmentation per se on species richness. To explain this apparent disparity, we devise a stochastic, spatially explicit model of competitive species communities in heterogeneous habitats. The model shows that habitat loss and fragmentation have complex effects on species diversity in competitive communities. When the total amount of habitat is large, fragmentation per se tends to increase species diversity, but if the total amount of habitat is small, the situation is reversed: fragmentation per se decreases species diversity.
AU - Rybicki, Joel
AU - Abrego, Nerea
AU - Ovaskainen, Otso
ID - 7224
IS - 3
JF - Ecology Letters
SN - 1461-023X
TI - Habitat fragmentation and species diversity in competitive communities
VL - 23
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We show the synthesis of a redox‐active quinone, 2‐methoxy‐1,4‐hydroquinone (MHQ), from a bio‐based feedstock and its suitability as electrolyte in aqueous redox flow batteries. We identified semiquinone intermediates at insufficiently low pH and quinoid radicals as responsible for decomposition of MHQ under electrochemical conditions. Both can be avoided and/or stabilized, respectively, using H 3 PO 4 electrolyte, allowing for reversible cycling in a redox flow battery for hundreds of cycles.
AU - Schlemmer, Werner
AU - Nothdurft, Philipp
AU - Petzold, Alina
AU - Frühwirt, Philipp
AU - Schmallegger, Max
AU - Gescheidt-Demner, Georg
AU - Fischer, Roland
AU - Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
AU - Kern, Wolfgang
AU - Spirk, Stefan
ID - 8329
IS - 51
JF - Angewandte Chemie International Edition
SN - 1433-7851
TI - 2‐methoxyhydroquinone from vanillin for aqueous redox‐flow batteries
VL - 59
ER -