@misc{1500, abstract = {In this poster, we present methods for randomly generating hybrid automata with affine differential equations, invariants, guards, and assignments. Selecting an arbitrary affine function from the set of all affine functions results in a low likelihood of generating hybrid automata with diverse and interesting behaviors, as there are an uncountable number of elements in the set of all affine functions. Instead, we partition the set of all affine functions into potentially interesting classes and randomly select elements from these classes. For example, we partition the set of all affine differential equations by using restrictions on eigenvalues such as those that yield stable, unstable, etc. equilibrium points. We partition the components describing discrete behavior (guards, assignments, and invariants) to allow either time-dependent or state-dependent switching, and in particular provide the ability to generate subclasses of piecewise-affine hybrid automata. Our preliminary experimental results with a prototype tool called HyRG (Hybrid Random Generator) illustrate the feasibility of this generation method to automatically create standard hybrid automaton examples like the bouncing ball and thermostat.}, author = {Nguyen, Luan V and Christian Schilling and Sergiy Bogomolov and Johnson, Taylor T}, booktitle = {HSCC: Hybrid Systems - Computation and Control}, pages = {289 -- 290}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Poster: HyRG: A random generation tool for affine hybrid automata}}, doi = {10.1145/2728606.2728650}, year = {2015}, } @article{1503, abstract = {A Herman-Avila-Bochi type formula is obtained for the average sum of the top d Lyapunov exponents over a one-parameter family of double-struck G-cocycles, where double-struck G is the group that leaves a certain, non-degenerate Hermitian form of signature (c, d) invariant. The generic example of such a group is the pseudo-unitary group U(c, d) or, in the case c = d, the Hermitian-symplectic group HSp(2d) which naturally appears for cocycles related to Schrödinger operators. In the case d = 1, the formula for HSp(2d) cocycles reduces to the Herman-Avila-Bochi formula for SL(2, ℝ) cocycles.}, author = {Sadel, Christian}, journal = {Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems}, number = {5}, pages = {1582 -- 1591}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{A Herman-Avila-Bochi formula for higher-dimensional pseudo-unitary and Hermitian-symplectic-cocycles}}, doi = {10.1017/etds.2013.103}, volume = {35}, year = {2015}, } @inproceedings{1510, abstract = {The concept of well group in a special but important case captures homological properties of the zero set of a continuous map f from K to R^n on a compact space K that are invariant with respect to perturbations of f. The perturbations are arbitrary continuous maps within L_infty distance r from f for a given r > 0. The main drawback of the approach is that the computability of well groups was shown only when dim K = n or n = 1. Our contribution to the theory of well groups is twofold: on the one hand we improve on the computability issue, but on the other hand we present a range of examples where the well groups are incomplete invariants, that is, fail to capture certain important robust properties of the zero set. For the first part, we identify a computable subgroup of the well group that is obtained by cap product with the pullback of the orientation of R^n by f. In other words, well groups can be algorithmically approximated from below. When f is smooth and dim K < 2n-2, our approximation of the (dim K-n)th well group is exact. For the second part, we find examples of maps f, f' from K to R^n with all well groups isomorphic but whose perturbations have different zero sets. We discuss on a possible replacement of the well groups of vector valued maps by an invariant of a better descriptive power and computability status. }, author = {Franek, Peter and Krcál, Marek}, location = {Eindhoven, Netherlands}, pages = {842 -- 856}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik}, title = {{On computability and triviality of well groups}}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.SOCG.2015.842}, volume = {34}, year = {2015}, } @article{1505, abstract = {This paper is aimed at deriving the universality of the largest eigenvalue of a class of high-dimensional real or complex sample covariance matrices of the form W N =Σ 1/2XX∗Σ 1/2 . Here, X = (xij )M,N is an M× N random matrix with independent entries xij , 1 ≤ i M,≤ 1 ≤ j ≤ N such that Exij = 0, E|xij |2 = 1/N . On dimensionality, we assume that M = M(N) and N/M → d ε (0, ∞) as N ∞→. For a class of general deterministic positive-definite M × M matrices Σ , under some additional assumptions on the distribution of xij 's, we show that the limiting behavior of the largest eigenvalue of W N is universal, via pursuing a Green function comparison strategy raised in [Probab. Theory Related Fields 154 (2012) 341-407, Adv. Math. 229 (2012) 1435-1515] by Erd″os, Yau and Yin for Wigner matrices and extended by Pillai and Yin [Ann. Appl. Probab. 24 (2014) 935-1001] to sample covariance matrices in the null case (&Epsi = I ). Consequently, in the standard complex case (Ex2 ij = 0), combing this universality property and the results known for Gaussian matrices obtained by El Karoui in [Ann. Probab. 35 (2007) 663-714] (nonsingular case) and Onatski in [Ann. Appl. Probab. 18 (2008) 470-490] (singular case), we show that after an appropriate normalization the largest eigenvalue of W N converges weakly to the type 2 Tracy-Widom distribution TW2 . Moreover, in the real case, we show that whenΣ is spiked with a fixed number of subcritical spikes, the type 1 Tracy-Widom limit TW1 holds for the normalized largest eigenvalue of W N , which extends a result of Féral and Péché in [J. Math. Phys. 50 (2009) 073302] to the scenario of nondiagonal Σ and more generally distributed X . In summary, we establish the Tracy-Widom type universality for the largest eigenvalue of generally distributed sample covariance matrices under quite light assumptions on &Sigma . Applications of these limiting results to statistical signal detection and structure recognition of separable covariance matrices are also discussed.}, author = {Bao, Zhigang and Pan, Guangming and Zhou, Wang}, journal = {Annals of Statistics}, number = {1}, pages = {382 -- 421}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics}, title = {{Universality for the largest eigenvalue of sample covariance matrices with general population}}, doi = {10.1214/14-AOS1281}, volume = {43}, year = {2015}, } @article{1508, abstract = {We consider generalized Wigner ensembles and general β-ensembles with analytic potentials for any β ≥ 1. The recent universality results in particular assert that the local averages of consecutive eigenvalue gaps in the bulk of the spectrum are universal in the sense that they coincide with those of the corresponding Gaussian β-ensembles. In this article, we show that local averaging is not necessary for this result, i.e. we prove that the single gap distributions in the bulk are universal. In fact, with an additional step, our result can be extended to any C4(ℝ) potential.}, author = {Erdös, László and Yau, Horng}, journal = {Journal of the European Mathematical Society}, number = {8}, pages = {1927 -- 2036}, publisher = {European Mathematical Society}, title = {{Gap universality of generalized Wigner and β ensembles}}, doi = {10.4171/JEMS/548}, volume = {17}, year = {2015}, } @article{1506, abstract = {Consider the square random matrix An = (aij)n,n, where {aij:= a(n)ij , i, j = 1, . . . , n} is a collection of independent real random variables with means zero and variances one. Under the additional moment condition supn max1≤i,j ≤n Ea4ij <∞, we prove Girko's logarithmic law of det An in the sense that as n→∞ log | detAn| ? (1/2) log(n-1)! d/→√(1/2) log n N(0, 1).}, author = {Bao, Zhigang and Pan, Guangming and Zhou, Wang}, journal = {Bernoulli}, number = {3}, pages = {1600 -- 1628}, publisher = {Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability}, title = {{The logarithmic law of random determinant}}, doi = {10.3150/14-BEJ615}, volume = {21}, year = {2015}, } @article{1513, abstract = {Insects of the order Hemiptera (true bugs) use a wide range of mechanisms of sex determination, including genetic sex determination, paternal genome elimination, and haplodiploidy. Genetic sex determination, the prevalent mode, is generally controlled by a pair of XY sex chromosomes or by an XX/X0 system, but different configurations that include additional sex chromosomes are also present. Although this diversity of sex determining systems has been extensively studied at the cytogenetic level, only the X chromosome of the model pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum has been analyzed at the genomic level, and little is known about X chromosome biology in the rest of the order. In this study, we take advantage of published DNA- and RNA-seq data from three additional Hemiptera species to perform a comparative analysis of the gene content and expression of the X chromosome throughout this clade. We find that, despite showing evidence of dosage compensation, the X chromosomes of these species show female-biased expression, and a deficit of male-biased genes, in direct contrast to the pea aphid X. We further detect an excess of shared gene content between these very distant species, suggesting that despite the diversity of sex determining systems, the same chromosomal element is used as the X throughout a large portion of the order. }, author = {Pal, Arka and Vicoso, Beatriz}, journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution}, number = {12}, pages = {3259 -- 3268}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{The X chromosome of hemipteran insects: Conservation, dosage compensation and sex-biased expression}}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evv215}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, } @article{1517, abstract = {We study the large deviation rate functional for the empirical distribution of independent Brownian particles with drift. In one dimension, it has been shown by Adams, Dirr, Peletier and Zimmer that this functional is asymptotically equivalent (in the sense of Γ-convergence) to the Jordan-Kinderlehrer-Otto functional arising in the Wasserstein gradient flow structure of the Fokker-Planck equation. In higher dimensions, part of this statement (the lower bound) has been recently proved by Duong, Laschos and Renger, but the upper bound remained open, since the proof of Duong et al relies on regularity properties of optimal transport maps that are restricted to one dimension. In this note we present a new proof of the upper bound, thereby generalising the result of Adams et al to arbitrary dimensions. }, author = {Erbar, Matthias and Maas, Jan and Renger, Michiel}, journal = {Electronic Communications in Probability}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics}, title = {{From large deviations to Wasserstein gradient flows in multiple dimensions}}, doi = {10.1214/ECP.v20-4315}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, } @article{1515, abstract = {Type 1 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu1) receptors play a pivotal role in different forms of synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex, e.g. long-term depression at glutamatergic synapses and rebound potentiation at GABAergic synapses. These various forms of plasticity might depend on the subsynaptic arrangement of the receptor in Purkinje cells that can be regulated by protein-protein interactions. This study investigated, by means of the freeze-fracture replica immunogold labelling method, the subcellular localization of mGlu1 receptors in the rodent cerebellum and whether Homer proteins regulate their subsynaptic distribution. We observed a widespread extrasynaptic localization of mGlu1 receptors and confirmed their peri-synaptic enrichment at glutamatergic synapses. Conversely, we detected mGlu1 receptors within the main body of GABAergic synapses onto Purkinje cell dendrites. Although Homer proteins are known to interact with the mGlu1 receptor C-terminus, we could not detect Homer3, the most abundant Homer protein in the cerebellar cortex, at GABAergic synapses by pre-embedding and post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. We then hypothesized a critical role for Homer proteins in the peri-junctional localization of mGlu1 receptors at glutamatergic synapses. To disrupt Homer-associated protein complexes, mice were tail-vein injected with the membrane-permeable dominant-negative TAT-Homer1a. Freeze-fracture replica immunogold labelling analysis showed no significant alteration in the mGlu1 receptor distribution pattern at parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses, suggesting that other scaffolding proteins are involved in the peri-synaptic confinement. The identification of interactors that regulate the subsynaptic localization of the mGlu1 receptor at neurochemically distinct synapses may offer new insight into its trafficking and intracellular signalling.}, author = {Mansouri, Mahnaz and Kasugai, Yu and Fukazawa, Yugo and Bertaso, Federica and Raynaud, Fabrice and Perroy, Julie and Fagni, Laurent and Walter Kaufmann and Watanabe, Masahiko and Ryuichi Shigemoto and Ferraguti, Francesco}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {2}, pages = {157 -- 167}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Distinct subsynaptic localization of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors at glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses in the rodent cerebellar cortex}}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.12779}, volume = {41}, year = {2015}, } @article{1514, abstract = {Endocannabinoids (eCBs) play key roles in brain function, acting as modulatory signals in synaptic transmission and plasticity. They are recognized as retrograde messengers that mediate long-term synaptic depression (LTD), but their ability to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) is poorly known. We show that eCBs induce the long-term enhancement of transmitter release at single hippocampal synapses through stimulation of astrocytes when coincident with postsynaptic activity. This LTP requires the coordinated activity of the 3 elements of the tripartite synapse: 1) eCB-evoked astrocyte calcium signal that stimulates glutamate release; 2) postsynaptic nitric oxide production; and 3) activation of protein kinase C and presynaptic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, whose location at presynaptic sites was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Hence, while eCBs act as retrograde signals to depress homoneuronal synapses, they serve as lateral messengers to induce LTP in distant heteroneuronal synapses through stimulation of astrocytes. Therefore, eCBs can trigger LTP through stimulation of astrocyte-neuron signaling, revealing novel cellular mechanisms of eCB effects on synaptic plasticity.}, author = {Gómez-Gonzalo, Marta and Navarrete, Marta and Perea, Gertrudis and Covelo, Ana and Martín-Fernández, Mario and Ryuichi Shigemoto and Luján, Rafael and Araque, Alfonso}, journal = {Cerebral Cortex}, number = {10}, pages = {3699 -- 3712}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Endocannabinoids induce lateral long term potentiation of transmitter release by stimulation of gliotransmission}}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhu231}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, } @article{1519, abstract = {Evolutionary biologists have an array of powerful theoretical techniques that can accurately predict changes in the genetic composition of populations. Changes in gene frequencies and genetic associations between loci can be tracked as they respond to a wide variety of evolutionary forces. However, it is often less clear how to decompose these various forces into components that accurately reflect the underlying biology. Here, we present several issues that arise in the definition and interpretation of selection and selection coefficients, focusing on insights gained through the examination of selection coefficients in multilocus notation. Using this notation, we discuss how its flexibility-which allows different biological units to be identified as targets of selection-is reflected in the interpretation of the coefficients that the notation generates. In many situations, it can be difficult to agree on whether loci can be considered to be under "direct" versus "indirect" selection, or to quantify this selection. We present arguments for what the terms direct and indirect selection might best encompass, considering a range of issues, from viability and sexual selection to kin selection. We show how multilocus notation can discriminate between direct and indirect selection, and describe when it can do so.}, author = {Barton, Nicholas H and Servedio, Maria}, journal = {Evolution}, number = {5}, pages = {1101 -- 1112}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{The interpretation of selection coefficients}}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12641}, volume = {69}, year = {2015}, } @article{1525, abstract = {Based on 16 recommendations, efforts should be made to achieve the following goal: By 2025, all scholarly publication activity in Austria should be Open Access. In other words, the final versions of all scholarly publications resulting from the support of public resources must be freely accessible on the Internet without delay (Gold Open Access). The resources required to meet this obligation shall be provided to the authors, or the cost of the publication venues shall be borne directly by the research organisations.}, author = {Bauer, Bruno and Blechl, Guido and Bock, Christoph and Danowski, Patrick and Ferus, Andreas and Graschopf, Anton and König, Thomas and Mayer, Katja and Reckling, Falk and Rieck, Katharina and Seitz, Peter and Stöger, Herwig and Welzig, Elvira}, journal = {VÖB Mitteilungen}, number = {3}, pages = {580 -- 607}, publisher = {Verein Österreichischer Bibliothekare}, title = {{Arbeitsgruppe „Nationale Strategie“ des Open Access Network Austria OANA}}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.33178}, volume = {68}, year = {2015}, } @inproceedings{1520, abstract = {Creating mechanical automata that can walk in stable and pleasing manners is a challenging task that requires both skill and expertise. We propose to use computational design to offset the technical difficulties of this process. A simple drag-and-drop interface allows casual users to create personalized walking toys from a library of pre-defined template mechanisms. Provided with this input, our method leverages physical simulation and evolutionary optimization to refine the mechanical designs such that the resulting toys are able to walk. The optimization process is guided by an intuitive set of objectives that measure the quality of the walking motions. We demonstrate our approach on a set of simulated mechanical toys with different numbers of legs and various distinct gaits. Two fabricated prototypes showcase the feasibility of our designs.}, author = {Bharaj, Gaurav and Coros, Stelian and Thomaszewski, Bernhard and Tompkin, James and Bickel, Bernd and Pfister, Hanspeter}, isbn = {978-1-4503-3496-9}, location = {Los Angeles, CA, United States}, pages = {93 -- 100}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Computational design of walking automata}}, doi = {10.1145/2786784.2786803}, year = {2015}, } @article{1532, abstract = {Ammonium is the major nitrogen source in some plant ecosystems but is toxic at high concentrations, especially when available as the exclusive nitrogen source. Ammonium stress rapidly leads to various metabolic and hormonal imbalances that ultimately inhibit root and shoot growth in many plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. To identify molecular and genetic factors involved in seedling survival with prolonged exclusive NH4+ nutrition, a transcriptomic analysis with microarrays was used. Substantial transcriptional differences were most pronounced in (NH4)2SO4-grown seedlings, compared with plants grown on KNO3 or NH4NO3. Consistent with previous physiological analyses, major differences in the expression modules of photosynthesis-related genes, an altered mitochondrial metabolism, differential expression of the primary NH4+ assimilation, alteration of transporter gene expression and crucial changes in cell wall biosynthesis were found. A major difference in plant hormone responses, particularly of auxin but not cytokinin, was striking. The activity of the DR5::GUS reporter revealed a dramatically decreased auxin response in (NH4)2SO4-grown primary roots. The impaired root growth on (NH4)2SO4 was partially rescued by exogenous auxin or in specific mutants in the auxin pathway. The data suggest that NH4+-induced nutritional and metabolic imbalances can be partially overcome by elevated auxin levels.}, author = {Yang, Huaiyu and Von Der Fecht Bartenbach, Jenny and Friml, Jirí and Lohmann, Jan and Neuhäuser, Benjamin and Ludewig, Uwe}, issn = {1445-4408}, journal = {Functional Plant Biology}, number = {3}, pages = {239 -- 251}, publisher = {CSIRO}, title = {{Auxin-modulated root growth inhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with ammonium as the sole nitrogen source}}, doi = {10.1071/FP14171}, volume = {42}, year = {2015}, } @inbook{1531, abstract = {The Heat Kernel Signature (HKS) is a scalar quantity which is derived from the heat kernel of a given shape. Due to its robustness, isometry invariance, and multiscale nature, it has been successfully applied in many geometric applications. From a more general point of view, the HKS can be considered as a descriptor of the metric of a Riemannian manifold. Given a symmetric positive definite tensor field we may interpret it as the metric of some Riemannian manifold and thereby apply the HKS to visualize and analyze the given tensor data. In this paper, we propose a generalization of this approach that enables the treatment of indefinite tensor fields, like the stress tensor, by interpreting them as a generator of a positive definite tensor field. To investigate the usefulness of this approach we consider the stress tensor from the two-point-load model example and from a mechanical work piece.}, author = {Zobel, Valentin and Reininghaus, Jan and Hotz, Ingrid}, booktitle = {Visualization and Processing of Higher Order Descriptors for Multi-Valued Data}, editor = {Hotz, Ingrid and Schultz, Thomas}, isbn = {978-3-319-15089-5}, pages = {257 -- 267}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Visualizing symmetric indefinite 2D tensor fields using The Heat Kernel Signature}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-15090-1_13}, volume = {40}, year = {2015}, } @article{1530, abstract = {In growing cells, protein synthesis and cell growth are typically not synchronous, and, thus, protein concentrations vary over the cell division cycle. We have developed a theoretical description of genetic regulatory systems in bacteria that explicitly considers the cell division cycle to investigate its impact on gene expression. We calculate the cell-to-cell variations arising from cells being at different stages in the division cycle for unregulated genes and for basic regulatory mechanisms. These variations contribute to the extrinsic noise observed in single-cell experiments, and are most significant for proteins with short lifetimes. Negative autoregulation buffers against variation of protein concentration over the division cycle, but the effect is found to be relatively weak. Stronger buffering is achieved by an increased protein lifetime. Positive autoregulation can strongly amplify such variation if the parameters are set to values that lead to resonance-like behaviour. For cooperative positive autoregulation, the concentration variation over the division cycle diminishes the parameter region of bistability and modulates the switching times between the two stable states. The same effects are seen for a two-gene mutual-repression toggle switch. By contrast, an oscillatory circuit, the repressilator, is only weakly affected by the division cycle.}, author = {Bierbaum, Veronika and Klumpp, Stefan}, journal = {Physical Biology}, number = {6}, publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd.}, title = {{Impact of the cell division cycle on gene circuits}}, doi = {10.1088/1478-3975/12/6/066003}, volume = {12}, year = {2015}, } @article{1539, abstract = {Many stochastic models of biochemical reaction networks contain some chemical species for which the number of molecules that are present in the system can only be finite (for instance due to conservation laws), but also other species that can be present in arbitrarily large amounts. The prime example of such networks are models of gene expression, which typically contain a small and finite number of possible states for the promoter but an infinite number of possible states for the amount of mRNA and protein. One of the main approaches to analyze such models is through the use of equations for the time evolution of moments of the chemical species. Recently, a new approach based on conditional moments of the species with infinite state space given all the different possible states of the finite species has been proposed. It was argued that this approach allows one to capture more details about the full underlying probability distribution with a smaller number of equations. Here, I show that the result that less moments provide more information can only stem from an unnecessarily complicated description of the system in the classical formulation. The foundation of this argument will be the derivation of moment equations that describe the complete probability distribution over the finite state space but only low-order moments over the infinite state space. I will show that the number of equations that is needed is always less than what was previously claimed and always less than the number of conditional moment equations up to the same order. To support these arguments, a symbolic algorithm is provided that can be used to derive minimal systems of unconditional moment equations for models with partially finite state space. }, author = {Ruess, Jakob}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics}, number = {24}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, title = {{Minimal moment equations for stochastic models of biochemical reaction networks with partially finite state space}}, doi = {10.1063/1.4937937}, volume = {143}, year = {2015}, } @article{1534, abstract = {PIN proteins are auxin export carriers that direct intercellular auxin flow and in turn regulate many aspects of plant growth and development including responses to environmental changes. The Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factor FOUR LIPS (FLP) and its paralogue MYB88 regulate terminal divisions during stomatal development, as well as female reproductive development and stress responses. Here we show that FLP and MYB88 act redundantly but differentially in regulating the transcription of PIN3 and PIN7 in gravity-sensing cells of primary and lateral roots. On the one hand, FLP is involved in responses to gravity stimulation in primary roots, whereas on the other, FLP and MYB88 function complementarily in establishing the gravitropic set-point angles of lateral roots. Our results support a model in which FLP and MYB88 expression specifically determines the temporal-spatial patterns of PIN3 and PIN7 transcription that are closely associated with their preferential functions during root responses to gravity.}, author = {Wang, Hongzhe and Yang, Kezhen and Zou, Junjie and Zhu, Lingling and Xie, Zidian and Morita, Miyoterao and Tasaka, Masao and Friml, Jirí and Grotewold, Erich and Beeckman, Tom and Vanneste, Steffen and Sack, Fred and Le, Jie}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Transcriptional regulation of PIN genes by FOUR LIPS and MYB88 during Arabidopsis root gravitropism}}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms9822}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, } @article{1538, abstract = {Systems biology rests on the idea that biological complexity can be better unraveled through the interplay of modeling and experimentation. However, the success of this approach depends critically on the informativeness of the chosen experiments, which is usually unknown a priori. Here, we propose a systematic scheme based on iterations of optimal experiment design, flow cytometry experiments, and Bayesian parameter inference to guide the discovery process in the case of stochastic biochemical reaction networks. To illustrate the benefit of our methodology, we apply it to the characterization of an engineered light-inducible gene expression circuit in yeast and compare the performance of the resulting model with models identified from nonoptimal experiments. In particular, we compare the parameter posterior distributions and the precision to which the outcome of future experiments can be predicted. Moreover, we illustrate how the identified stochastic model can be used to determine light induction patterns that make either the average amount of protein or the variability in a population of cells follow a desired profile. Our results show that optimal experiment design allows one to derive models that are accurate enough to precisely predict and regulate the protein expression in heterogeneous cell populations over extended periods of time.}, author = {Ruess, Jakob and Parise, Francesca and Milias Argeitis, Andreas and Khammash, Mustafa and Lygeros, John}, journal = {PNAS}, number = {26}, pages = {8148 -- 8153}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Iterative experiment design guides the characterization of a light-inducible gene expression circuit}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1423947112}, volume = {112}, year = {2015}, } @article{1535, abstract = {Neuronal and neuroendocrine L-type calcium channels (Cav1.2, Cav1.3) open readily at relatively low membrane potentials and allow Ca2+ to enter the cells near resting potentials. In this way, Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 shape the action potential waveform, contribute to gene expression, synaptic plasticity, neuronal differentiation, hormone secretion and pacemaker activity. In the chromaffin cells (CCs) of the adrenal medulla, Cav1.3 is highly expressed and is shown to support most of the pacemaking current that sustains action potential (AP) firings and part of the catecholamine secretion. Cav1.3 forms Ca2+-nanodomains with the fast inactivating BK channels and drives the resting SK currents. These latter set the inter-spike interval duration between consecutive spikes during spontaneous firing and the rate of spike adaptation during sustained depolarizations. Cav1.3 plays also a primary role in the switch from “tonic” to “burst” firing that occurs in mouse CCs when either the availability of voltage-gated Na channels (Nav) is reduced or the β2 subunit featuring the fast inactivating BK channels is deleted. Here, we discuss the functional role of these “neuronlike” firing modes in CCs and how Cav1.3 contributes to them. The open issue is to understand how these novel firing patterns are adapted to regulate the quantity of circulating catecholamines during resting condition or in response to acute and chronic stress.}, author = {Vandael, David H and Marcantoni, Andrea and Carbone, Emilio}, journal = {Current Molecular Pharmacology}, number = {2}, pages = {149 -- 161}, publisher = {Bentham Science Publishers}, title = {{Cav1.3 channels as key regulators of neuron-like firings and catecholamine release in chromaffin cells}}, doi = {10.2174/1874467208666150507105443}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, } @article{1536, abstract = {Strigolactones, first discovered as germination stimulants for parasitic weeds [1], are carotenoid-derived phytohormones that play major roles in inhibiting lateral bud outgrowth and promoting plant-mycorrhizal symbiosis [2-4]. Furthermore, strigolactones are involved in the regulation of lateral and adventitious root development, root cell division [5, 6], secondary growth [7], and leaf senescence [8]. Recently, we discovered the strigolactone transporter Petunia axillaris PLEIOTROPIC DRUG RESISTANCE 1 (PaPDR1), which is required for efficient mycorrhizal colonization and inhibition of lateral bud outgrowth [9]. However, how strigolactones are transported through the plant remained unknown. Here we show that PaPDR1 exhibits a cell-type-specific asymmetric localization in different root tissues. In root tips, PaPDR1 is co-expressed with the strigolactone biosynthetic gene DAD1 (CCD8), and it is localized at the apical membrane of root hypodermal cells, presumably mediating the shootward transport of strigolactone. Above the root tip, in the hypodermal passage cells that form gates for the entry of mycorrhizal fungi, PaPDR1 is present in the outer-lateral membrane, compatible with its postulated function as strigolactone exporter from root to soil. Transport studies are in line with our localization studies since (1) a papdr1 mutant displays impaired transport of strigolactones out of the root tip to the shoot as well as into the rhizosphere and (2) DAD1 expression and PIN1/PIN2 levels change in plants deregulated for PDR1 expression, suggestive of variations in endogenous strigolactone contents. In conclusion, our results indicate that the polar localizations of PaPDR1 mediate directional shootward strigolactone transport as well as localized exudation into the soil.}, author = {Sasse, Joëlle and Simon, Sibu and Gübeli, Christian and Liu, Guowei and Cheng, Xi and Friml, Jirí and Bouwmeester, Harro and Martinoia, Enrico and Borghi, Lorenzo}, journal = {Current Biology}, number = {5}, pages = {647 -- 655}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Asymmetric localizations of the ABC transporter PaPDR1 trace paths of directional strigolactone transport}}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.015}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, } @article{1533, abstract = {This paper addresses the problem of semantic segmentation, where the possible class labels are from a predefined set. We exploit top-down guidance, i.e., the coarse localization of the objects and their class labels provided by object detectors. For each detected bounding box, figure-ground segmentation is performed and the final result is achieved by merging the figure-ground segmentations. The main idea of the proposed approach, which is presented in our preliminary work, is to reformulate the figure-ground segmentation problem as sparse reconstruction pursuing the object mask in a nonparametric manner. The latent segmentation mask should be coherent subject to sparse error caused by intra-category diversity; thus, the object mask is inferred by making use of sparse representations over the training set. To handle local spatial deformations, local patch-level masks are also considered and inferred by sparse representations over the spatially nearby patches. The sparse reconstruction coefficients and the latent mask are alternately optimized by applying the Lasso algorithm and the accelerated proximal gradient method. The proposed formulation results in a convex optimization problem; thus, the global optimal solution is achieved. In this paper, we provide theoretical analysis of the convergence and optimality. We also give an extended numerical analysis of the proposed algorithm and a comprehensive comparison with the related semantic segmentation methods on the challenging PASCAL visual object class object segmentation datasets and the Weizmann horse dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a competitive performance when compared with the state of the arts.}, author = {Xia, Wei and Domokos, Csaba and Xiong, Junjun and Cheong, Loongfah and Yan, Shuicheng}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology}, number = {8}, pages = {1295 -- 1308}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{Segmentation over detection via optimal sparse reconstructions}}, doi = {10.1109/TCSVT.2014.2379972}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, } @article{1542, abstract = {The theory of population genetics and evolutionary computation have been evolving separately for nearly 30 years. Many results have been independently obtained in both fields and many others are unique to its respective field. We aim to bridge this gap by developing a unifying framework for evolutionary processes that allows both evolutionary algorithms and population genetics models to be cast in the same formal framework. The framework we present here decomposes the evolutionary process into its several components in order to facilitate the identification of similarities between different models. In particular, we propose a classification of evolutionary operators based on the defining properties of the different components. We cast several commonly used operators from both fields into this common framework. Using this, we map different evolutionary and genetic algorithms to different evolutionary regimes and identify candidates with the most potential for the translation of results between the fields. This provides a unified description of evolutionary processes and represents a stepping stone towards new tools and results to both fields. }, author = {Paixao, Tiago and Badkobeh, Golnaz and Barton, Nicholas H and Çörüş, Doğan and Dang, Duccuong and Friedrich, Tobias and Lehre, Per and Sudholt, Dirk and Sutton, Andrew and Trubenova, Barbora}, journal = { Journal of Theoretical Biology}, pages = {28 -- 43}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Toward a unifying framework for evolutionary processes}}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.011}, volume = {383}, year = {2015}, } @article{1546, abstract = {Synaptic efficacy and precision are influenced by the coupling of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) to vesicles. But because the topography of VGCCs and their proximity to vesicles is unknown, a quantitative understanding of the determinants of vesicular release at nanometer scale is lacking. To investigate this, we combined freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling of Cav2.1 channels, local [Ca2+] imaging, and patch pipette perfusion of EGTA at the calyx of Held. Between postnatal day 7 and 21, VGCCs formed variable sized clusters and vesicular release became less sensitive to EGTA, whereas fixed Ca2+ buffer properties remained constant. Experimentally constrained reaction-diffusion simulations suggest that Ca2+ sensors for vesicular release are located at the perimeter of VGCC clusters (<30nm) and predict that VGCC number per cluster determines vesicular release probability without altering release time course. This "perimeter release model" provides a unifying framework accounting for developmental changes in both synaptic efficacy and time course.}, author = {Nakamura, Yukihiro and Harada, Harumi and Kamasawa, Naomi and Matsui, Ko and Rothman, Jason and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Silver, R Angus and Digregorio, David and Takahashi, Tomoyuki}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {1}, pages = {145 -- 158}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Nanoscale distribution of presynaptic Ca2+ channels and its impact on vesicular release during development}}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.019}, volume = {85}, year = {2015}, } @inproceedings{1541, abstract = {We present XSpeed a parallel state-space exploration algorithm for continuous systems with linear dynamics and nondeterministic inputs. The motivation of having parallel algorithms is to exploit the computational power of multi-core processors to speed-up performance. The parallelization is achieved on two fronts. First, we propose a parallel implementation of the support function algorithm by sampling functions in parallel. Second, we propose a parallel state-space exploration by slicing the time horizon and computing the reachable states in the time slices in parallel. The second method can be however applied only to a class of linear systems with invertible dynamics and fixed input. A GP-GPU implementation is also presented following a lazy evaluation strategy on support functions. The parallel algorithms are implemented in the tool XSpeed. We evaluated the performance on two benchmarks including an 28 dimension Helicopter model. Comparison with the sequential counterpart shows a maximum speed-up of almost 7× on a 6 core, 12 thread Intel Xeon CPU E5-2420 processor. Our GP-GPU implementation shows a maximum speed-up of 12× over the sequential implementation and 53× over SpaceEx (LGG scenario), the state of the art tool for reachability analysis of linear hybrid systems. Experiments illustrate that our parallel algorithm with time slicing not only speeds-up performance but also improves precision.}, author = {Ray, Rajarshi and Gurung, Amit and Das, Binayak and Bartocci, Ezio and Bogomolov, Sergiy and Grosu, Radu}, location = {Haifa, Israel}, pages = {3 -- 18}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{XSpeed: Accelerating reachability analysis on multi-core processors}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-26287-1_1}, volume = {9434}, year = {2015}, } @article{1543, abstract = {A plethora of diverse programmed cell death (PCD) processes has been described in living organisms. In animals and plants, different forms of PCD play crucial roles in development, immunity, and responses to the environment. While the molecular control of some animal PCD forms such as apoptosis is known in great detail, we still know comparatively little about the regulation of the diverse types of plant PCD. In part, this deficiency in molecular understanding is caused by the lack of reliable reporters to detect PCD processes. Here, we addressed this issue by using a combination of bioinformatics approaches to identify commonly regulated genes during diverse plant PCD processes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Our results indicate that the transcriptional signatures of developmentally controlled cell death are largely distinct from the ones associated with environmentally induced cell death. Moreover, different cases of developmental PCD share a set of cell death-associated genes. Most of these genes are evolutionary conserved within the green plant lineage, arguing for an evolutionary conserved core machinery of developmental PCD. Based on this information, we established an array of specific promoter-reporter lines for developmental PCD in Arabidopsis. These PCD indicators represent a powerful resource that can be used in addition to established morphological and biochemical methods to detect and analyze PCD processes in vivo and in planta.}, author = {Olvera Carrillo, Yadira and Van Bel, Michiel and Van Hautegem, Tom and Fendrych, Matyas and Huysmans, Marlies and Šimášková, Mária and Van Durme, Matthias and Buscaill, Pierre and Rivas, Susana and Coll, Núria and Coppens, Frederik and Maere, Steven and Nowack, Moritz}, journal = {Plant Physiology}, number = {4}, pages = {2684 -- 2699}, publisher = {American Society of Plant Biologists}, title = {{A conserved core of programmed cell death indicator genes discriminates developmentally and environmentally induced programmed cell death in plants}}, doi = {10.1104/pp.15.00769}, volume = {169}, year = {2015}, } @inbook{1544, abstract = {Cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is commonly initiated by the well-controlled binding of proteins to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane. However, a precise characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane-bound proteins is often difficult to achieve in vivo. Here, we present protocols for the use of supported lipid bilayers to rebuild the cytokinetic machineries of cells with greatly different dimensions: the bacterium Escherichia coli and eggs of the vertebrate Xenopus laevis. Combined with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, these experimental setups allow for precise quantitative analyses of membrane-bound proteins. The protocols described to obtain glass-supported membranes from bacterial and vertebrate lipids can be used as starting points for other reconstitution experiments. We believe that similar biochemical assays will be instrumental to study the biochemistry and biophysics underlying a variety of complex cellular tasks, such as signaling, vesicle trafficking, and cell motility.}, author = {Nguyen, Phuong and Field, Christine and Groen, Aaron and Mitchison, Timothy and Loose, Martin}, booktitle = {Building a Cell from its Components Parts}, pages = {223 -- 241}, publisher = {Academic Press}, title = {{Using supported bilayers to study the spatiotemporal organization of membrane-bound proteins}}, doi = {10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.007}, volume = {128}, year = {2015}, } @article{1540, abstract = {Plant sexual reproduction involves highly structured and specialized organs: stamens (male) and gynoecia (female, containing ovules). These organs synchronously develop within protective flower buds, until anthesis, via tightly coordinated mechanisms that are essential for effective fertilization and production of viable seeds. The phytohormone auxin is one of the key endogenous signalling molecules controlling initiation and development of these, and other, plant organs. In particular, its uneven distribution, resulting from tightly controlled production, metabolism and directional transport, is an important morphogenic factor. In this review we discuss how developmentally controlled and localized auxin biosynthesis and transport contribute to the coordinated development of plants' reproductive organs, and their fertilized derivatives (embryos) via the regulation of auxin levels and distribution within and around them. Current understanding of the links between de novo local auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and/or signalling is presented to highlight the importance of the non-cell autonomous action of auxin production on development and morphogenesis of reproductive organs and embryos. An overview of transcription factor families, which spatiotemporally define local auxin production by controlling key auxin biosynthetic enzymes, is also presented.}, author = {Robert, Hélène and Crhák Khaitová, Lucie and Mroue, Souad and Benková, Eva}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany}, number = {16}, pages = {5029 -- 5042}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{The importance of localized auxin production for morphogenesis of reproductive organs and embryos in Arabidopsis}}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erv256}, volume = {66}, year = {2015}, } @article{1551, abstract = {Reciprocal coevolution between host and pathogen is widely seen as a major driver of evolution and biological innovation. Yet, to date, the underlying genetic mechanisms and associated trait functions that are unique to rapid coevolutionary change are generally unknown. We here combined experimental evolution of the bacterial biocontrol agent Bacillus thuringiensis and its nematode host Caenorhabditis elegans with large-scale phenotyping, whole genome analysis, and functional genetics to demonstrate the selective benefit of pathogen virulence and the underlying toxin genes during the adaptation process. We show that: (i) high virulence was specifically favoured during pathogen–host coevolution rather than pathogen one-sided adaptation to a nonchanging host or to an environment without host; (ii) the pathogen genotype BT-679 with known nematocidal toxin genes and high virulence specifically swept to fixation in all of the independent replicate populations under coevolution but only some under one-sided adaptation; (iii) high virulence in the BT-679-dominated populations correlated with elevated copy numbers of the plasmid containing the nematocidal toxin genes; (iv) loss of virulence in a toxin-plasmid lacking BT-679 isolate was reconstituted by genetic reintroduction or external addition of the toxins.We conclude that sustained coevolution is distinct from unidirectional selection in shaping the pathogen's genome and life history characteristics. To our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the pathogen genes involved in coevolutionary adaptation in an animal host–pathogen interaction system.}, author = {El Masri, Leila and Branca, Antoine and Sheppard, Anna and Papkou, Andrei and Laehnemann, David and Guenther, Patrick and Prahl, Swantje and Saebelfeld, Manja and Hollensteiner, Jacqueline and Liesegang, Heiko and Brzuszkiewicz, Elzbieta and Daniel, Rolf and Michiels, Nico and Schulte, Rebecca and Kurtz, Joachim and Rosenstiel, Philip and Telschow, Arndt and Bornberg Bauer, Erich and Schulenburg, Hinrich}, journal = {PLoS Biology}, number = {6}, pages = {1 -- 30}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {{Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes}}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169}, volume = {13}, year = {2015}, } @inbook{1549, abstract = {Nature has incorporated small photochromic molecules, colloquially termed 'photoswitches', in photoreceptor proteins to sense optical cues in photo-taxis and vision. While Nature's ability to employ light-responsive functionalities has long been recognized, it was not until recently that scientists designed, synthesized and applied synthetic photochromes to manipulate many of which open rapidly and locally in their native cell types, biological processes with the temporal and spatial resolution of light. Ion channels in particular have come to the forefront of proteins that can be put under the designer control of synthetic photochromes. Photochromic ion channel controllers are comprised of three classes, photochromic soluble ligands (PCLs), photochromic tethered ligands (PTLs) and photochromic crosslinkers (PXs), and in each class ion channel functionality is controlled through reversible changes in photochrome structure. By acting as light-dependent ion channel agonists, antagonist or modulators, photochromic controllers effectively converted a wide range of ion channels, including voltage-gated ion channels, 'leak channels', tri-, tetra- and pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, and temperaturesensitive ion channels, into man-made photoreceptors. Control by photochromes can be reversible, unlike in the case of 'caged' compounds, and non-invasive with high spatial precision, unlike pharmacology and electrical manipulation. Here, we introduce design principles of emerging photochromic molecules that act on ion channels and discuss the impact that these molecules are beginning to have on ion channel biophysics and neuronal physiology.}, author = {Mckenzie, Catherine and Sanchez Romero, Inmaculada and Janovjak, Harald L}, booktitle = {Novel chemical tools to study ion channel biology}, isbn = {978-1-4939-2844-6}, pages = {101 -- 117}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Flipping the photoswitch: Ion channels under light control}}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6}, volume = {869}, year = {2015}, } @article{1548, abstract = {Reproduction within a host and transmission to the next host are crucial for the virulence and fitness of pathogens. Nevertheless, basic knowledge about such parameters is often missing from the literature, even for well-studied bacteria, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, an endospore-forming insect pathogen, which infects its hosts via the oral route. To characterize bacterial replication success, we made use of an experimental oral infection system for the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum and developed a flow cytometric assay for the quantification of both spore ingestion by the individual beetle larvae and the resulting spore load after bacterial replication and resporulation within cadavers. On average, spore numbers increased 460-fold, showing that Bacillus thuringiensis grows and replicates successfully in insect cadavers. By inoculating cadaver-derived spores and spores from bacterial stock cultures into nutrient medium, we next investigated outgrowth characteristics of vegetative cells and found that cadaver- derived bacteria showed reduced growth compared to bacteria from the stock cultures. Interestingly, this reduced growth was a consequence of inhibited spore germination, probably originating from the host and resulting in reduced host mortality in subsequent infections by cadaver-derived spores. Nevertheless, we further showed that Bacillus thuringiensis transmission was possible via larval cannibalism when no other food was offered. These results contribute to our understanding of the ecology of Bacillus thuringiensis as an insect pathogen.}, author = {Milutinovic, Barbara and Höfling, Christina and Futo, Momir and Scharsack, Jörn and Kurtz, Joachim}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, number = {23}, pages = {8135 -- 8144}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, title = {{Infection of Tribolium castaneum with Bacillus thuringiensis: Quantification of bacterial replication within cadavers, transmission via cannibalism, and inhibition of spore germination}}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02051-15}, volume = {81}, year = {2015}, } @article{1553, abstract = {Cell movement has essential functions in development, immunity, and cancer. Various cell migration patterns have been reported, but no general rule has emerged so far. Here, we show on the basis of experimental data in vitro and in vivo that cell persistence, which quantifies the straightness of trajectories, is robustly coupled to cell migration speed. We suggest that this universal coupling constitutes a generic law of cell migration, which originates in the advection of polarity cues by an actin cytoskeleton undergoing flows at the cellular scale. Our analysis relies on a theoretical model that we validate by measuring the persistence of cells upon modulation of actin flow speeds and upon optogenetic manipulation of the binding of an actin regulator to actin filaments. Beyond the quantitative prediction of the coupling, the model yields a generic phase diagram of cellular trajectories, which recapitulates the full range of observed migration patterns.}, author = {Maiuri, Paolo and Rupprecht, Jean and Wieser, Stefan and Ruprecht, Verena and Bénichou, Olivier and Carpi, Nicolas and Coppey, Mathieu and De Beco, Simon and Gov, Nir and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Lage Crespo, Carolina and Lautenschlaeger, Franziska and Le Berre, Maël and Lennon Duménil, Ana and Raab, Matthew and Thiam, Hawa and Piel, Matthieu and Sixt, Michael K and Voituriez, Raphaël}, journal = {Cell}, number = {2}, pages = {374 -- 386}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Actin flows mediate a universal coupling between cell speed and cell persistence}}, doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.056}, volume = {161}, year = {2015}, } @article{1550, abstract = {The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) gives rise to the majority of mouse forebrain interneurons. Here, we examine the lineage relationship among MGE-derived interneurons using a replication-defective retroviral library containing a highly diverse set of DNA barcodes. Recovering the barcodes from the mature progeny of infected progenitor cells enabled us to unambiguously determine their respective lineal relationship. We found that clonal dispersion occurs across large areas of the brain and is not restricted by anatomical divisions. As such, sibling interneurons can populate the cortex, hippocampus striatum, and globus pallidus. The majority of interneurons appeared to be generated from asymmetric divisions of MGE progenitor cells, followed by symmetric divisions within the subventricular zone. Altogether, our findings uncover that lineage relationships do not appear to determine interneuron allocation to particular regions. As such, it is likely that clonally related interneurons have considerable flexibility as to the particular forebrain circuits to which they can contribute.}, author = {Mayer, Christian and Jaglin, Xavier and Cobbs, Lucy and Bandler, Rachel and Streicher, Carmen and Cepko, Constance and Hippenmeyer, Simon and Fishell, Gord}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {5}, pages = {989 -- 998}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Clonally related forebrain interneurons disperse broadly across both functional areas and structural boundaries}}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.011}, volume = {87}, year = {2015}, } @article{1547, abstract = {Let G be a graph on the vertex set V(G) = {x1,…,xn} with the edge set E(G), and let R = K[x1,…, xn] be the polynomial ring over a field K. Two monomial ideals are associated to G, the edge ideal I(G) generated by all monomials xixj with {xi,xj} ∈ E(G), and the vertex cover ideal IG generated by monomials ∏xi∈Cxi for all minimal vertex covers C of G. A minimal vertex cover of G is a subset C ⊂ V(G) such that each edge has at least one vertex in C and no proper subset of C has the same property. Indeed, the vertex cover ideal of G is the Alexander dual of the edge ideal of G. In this paper, for an unmixed bipartite graph G we consider the lattice of vertex covers LG and we explicitly describe the minimal free resolution of the ideal associated to LG which is exactly the vertex cover ideal of G. Then we compute depth, projective dimension, regularity and extremal Betti numbers of R/I(G) in terms of the associated lattice.}, author = {Mohammadi, Fatemeh and Moradi, Somayeh}, issn = {2234-3016}, journal = {Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society}, number = {3}, pages = {977 -- 986}, publisher = {Korean Mathematical Society}, title = {{Resolution of unmixed bipartite graphs}}, doi = {10.4134/BKMS.2015.52.3.977}, volume = {52}, year = {2015}, } @article{1556, abstract = {The elongator complex subunit 2 (ELP2) protein, one subunit of an evolutionarily conserved histone acetyltransferase complex, has been shown to participate in leaf patterning, plant immune and abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, its role in root development was explored. Compared to the wild type, the elp2 mutant exhibited an accelerated differentiation of its root stem cells and cell division was more active in its quiescent centre (QC). The key transcription factors responsible for maintaining root stem cell and QC identity, such as AP2 transcription factors PLT1 (PLETHORA1) and PLT2 (PLETHORA2), GRAS transcription factors such as SCR (SCARECROW) and SHR (SHORT ROOT) and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 transcription factor WOX5, were all strongly down-regulated in the mutant. On the other hand, expression of the G2/M transition activator CYCB1 was substantially induced in elp2. The auxin efflux transporters PIN1 and PIN2 showed decreased protein levels and PIN1 also displayed mild polarity alterations in elp2, which resulted in a reduced auxin content in the root tip. Either the acetylation or methylation level of each of these genes differed between the mutant and the wild type, suggesting that the ELP2 regulation of root development involves the epigenetic modification of a range of transcription factors and other developmental regulators.}, author = {Jia, Yuebin and Tian, Huiyu and Li, Hongjiang and Yu, Qianqian and Wang, Lei and Friml, Jirí and Ding, Zhaojun}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany}, number = {15}, pages = {4631 -- 4642}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{The Arabidopsis thaliana elongator complex subunit 2 epigenetically affects root development}}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erv230}, volume = {66}, year = {2015}, } @article{1555, abstract = {We show that incorporating spatial dispersal of individuals into a simple vaccination epidemic model may give rise to a model that exhibits rich dynamical behavior. Using an SIVS (susceptible-infected-vaccinated-susceptible) model as a basis, we describe the spread of an infectious disease in a population split into two regions. In each subpopulation, both forward and backward bifurcations can occur. This implies that for disconnected regions the two-patch system may admit several steady states. We consider traveling between the regions and investigate the impact of spatial dispersal of individuals on the model dynamics. We establish conditions for the existence of multiple nontrivial steady states in the system, and we study the structure of the equilibria. The mathematical analysis reveals an unusually rich dynamical behavior, not normally found in the simple epidemic models. In addition to the disease-free equilibrium, eight endemic equilibria emerge from backward transcritical and saddle-node bifurcation points, forming an interesting bifurcation diagram. Stability of steady states, their bifurcations, and the global dynamics are investigated with analytical tools, numerical simulations, and rigorous set-oriented numerical computations.}, author = {Knipl, Diána and Pilarczyk, Pawel and Röst, Gergely}, issn = {1536-0040}, journal = {SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems}, number = {2}, pages = {980 -- 1017}, publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics }, title = {{Rich bifurcation structure in a two patch vaccination model}}, doi = {10.1137/140993934}, volume = {14}, year = {2015}, } @article{1558, abstract = {CyclophilinAis a conserved peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) best known as the cellular receptor of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A. Despite significant effort, evidence of developmental functions of cyclophilin A in non-plant systems has remained obscure. Mutations in a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cyclophilin A ortholog, DIAGEOTROPICA (DGT), have been shown to abolish the organogenesis of lateral roots; however, a mechanistic explanation of the phenotype is lacking. Here, we show that the dgt mutant lacks auxin maxima relevant to priming and specification of lateral root founder cells. DGT is expressed in shoot and root, and localizes to both the nucleus and cytoplasm during lateral root organogenesis. Mutation of ENTIRE/ IAA9, a member of the auxin-responsive Aux/IAA protein family of transcriptional repressors, partially restores the inability of dgt to initiate lateral root primordia but not the primordia outgrowth. By comparison, grafting of a wild-type scion restores the process of lateral root formation, consistent with participation of a mobile signal. Antibodies do not detect movement of the DGT protein into the dgt rootstock; however, experiments with radiolabeled auxin and an auxin-specific microelectrode demonstrate abnormal auxin fluxes. Functional studies of DGT in heterologous yeast and tobacco-leaf auxin-transport systems demonstrate that DGT negatively regulates PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters by affecting their plasma membrane localization. Studies in tomato support complex effects of the dgt mutation on PIN expression level, expression domain and plasma membrane localization. Our data demonstrate that DGT regulates auxin transport in lateral root formation.}, author = {Ivanchenko, Maria and Zhu, Jinsheng and Wang, Bangjun and Medvecka, Eva and Du, Yunlong and Azzarello, Elisa and Mancuso, Stefano and Megraw, Molly and Filichkin, Sergei and Dubrovsky, Joseph and Friml, Jirí and Geisler, Markus}, journal = {Development}, number = {4}, pages = {712 -- 721}, publisher = {Company of Biologists}, title = {{The cyclophilin a DIAGEOTROPICA gene affects auxin transport in both root and shoot to control lateral root formation}}, doi = {10.1242/dev.113225}, volume = {142}, year = {2015}, } @article{1557, abstract = {γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and glycine-mediated hyperpolarizing inhibition is associated with a chloride influx that depends on the inwardly directed chloride electrochemical gradient. In neurons, the extrusion of chloride from the cytosol primarily depends on the expression of an isoform of potassium-chloride cotransporters (KCC2s). KCC2 is crucial in the regulation of the inhibitory tone of neural circuits, including pain processing neural assemblies. Thus we investigated the cellular distribution of KCC2 in neurons underlying pain processing in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of rats by using high-resolution immunocytochemical methods. We demonstrated that perikarya and dendrites widely expressed KCC2, but axon terminals proved to be negative for KCC2. In single ultrathin sections, silver deposits labeling KCC2 molecules showed different densities on the surface of dendritic profiles, some of which were negative for KCC2. In freeze fracture replicas and tissue sections double stained for the β3-subunit of GABAA receptors and KCC2, GABAA receptors were revealed on dendritic segments with high and also with low KCC2 densities. By measuring the distances between spots immunoreactive for gephyrin (a scaffolding protein of GABAA and glycine receptors) and KCC2 on the surface of neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor-immunoreactive dendrites, we found that gephyrin-immunoreactive spots were located at various distances from KCC2 cotransporters; 5.7 % of them were recovered in the middle of 4-10-μm-long dendritic segments that were free of KCC2 immunostaining. The variable local densities of KCC2 may result in variable postsynaptic potentials evoked by the activation of GABAA and glycine receptors along the dendrites of spinal neurons.}, author = {Javdani, Fariba and Holló, Krisztina and Hegedűs, Krisztina and Kis, Gréta and Hegyi, Zoltán and Dócs, Klaudia and Kasugai, Yu and Fukazawa, Yugo and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Antal, Miklós}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {13}, pages = {1967 -- 1983}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Differential expression patterns of K+Cl- cotransporter 2 in neurons within the superficial spinal dorsal horn of rats}}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23774}, volume = {523}, year = {2015}, } @article{1559, abstract = {There are deep, yet largely unexplored, connections between computer science and biology. Both disciplines examine how information proliferates in time and space. Central results in computer science describe the complexity of algorithms that solve certain classes of problems. An algorithm is deemed efficient if it can solve a problem in polynomial time, which means the running time of the algorithm is a polynomial function of the length of the input. There are classes of harder problems for which the fastest possible algorithm requires exponential time. Another criterion is the space requirement of the algorithm. There is a crucial distinction between algorithms that can find a solution, verify a solution, or list several distinct solutions in given time and space. The complexity hierarchy that is generated in this way is the foundation of theoretical computer science. Precise complexity results can be notoriously difficult. The famous question whether polynomial time equals nondeterministic polynomial time (i.e., P = NP) is one of the hardest open problems in computer science and all of mathematics. Here, we consider simple processes of ecological and evolutionary spatial dynamics. The basic question is: What is the probability that a new invader (or a new mutant)will take over a resident population?We derive precise complexity results for a variety of scenarios. We therefore show that some fundamental questions in this area cannot be answered by simple equations (assuming that P is not equal to NP).}, author = {Ibsen-Jensen, Rasmus and Chatterjee, Krishnendu and Nowak, Martin}, journal = {PNAS}, number = {51}, pages = {15636 -- 15641}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Computational complexity of ecological and evolutionary spatial dynamics}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1511366112}, volume = {112}, year = {2015}, } @article{1561, abstract = {Replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses are potent vectors for the efficient transient expression of exogenous genes in resting immune cells. However, most leukocytes are refractory to efficient adenoviral transduction as they lack expression of the coxsackie/adenovirus receptor (CAR). To circumvent this obstacle, we generated the R26/CAG-CARΔ1StopF (where R26 is ROSA26 and CAG is CMV early enhancer/chicken β actin promoter) knock-in mouse line. This strain allows monitoring of in situ Cre recombinase activity through expression of CARΔ1. Simultaneously, CARΔ1 expression permits selective and highly efficient adenoviral transduction of immune cell populations, such as mast cells or T cells, directly ex vivo in bulk cultures without prior cell purification or activation. Furthermore, we show that CARΔ1 expression dramatically improves adenoviral infection of in vitro differentiated conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs), basophils, mast cells, as well as Hoxb8-immortalized hematopoietic progenitor cells. This novel dual function mouse strain will hence be a valuable tool to rapidly dissect the function of specific genes in leukocyte physiology.}, author = {Heger, Klaus and Kober, Maike and Rieß, David and Drees, Christoph and De Vries, Ingrid and Bertossi, Arianna and Roers, Axel and Sixt, Michael K and Schmidt Supprian, Marc}, journal = {European Journal of Immunology}, number = {6}, pages = {1614 -- 1620}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{A novel Cre recombinase reporter mouse strain facilitates selective and efficient infection of primary immune cells with adenoviral vectors}}, doi = {10.1002/eji.201545457}, volume = {45}, year = {2015}, } @article{1554, abstract = {The visualization of hormonal signaling input and output is key to understanding how multicellular development is regulated. The plant signaling molecule auxin triggers many growth and developmental responses, but current tools lack the sensitivity or precision to visualize these. We developed a set of fluorescent reporters that allow sensitive and semiquantitative readout of auxin responses at cellular resolution in Arabidopsis thaliana. These generic tools are suitable for any transformable plant species.}, author = {Liao, Cheyang and Smet, Wouter and Brunoud, Géraldine and Yoshida, Saiko and Vernoux, Teva and Weijers, Dolf}, journal = {Nature Methods}, number = {3}, pages = {207 -- 210}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Reporters for sensitive and quantitative measurement of auxin response}}, doi = {10.1038/nmeth.3279}, volume = {12}, year = {2015}, } @article{1560, abstract = {Stromal cells in the subcapsular sinus of the lymph node 'decide' which cells and molecules are allowed access to the deeper parenchyma. The glycoprotein PLVAP is a crucial component of this selector function.}, author = {Hons, Miroslav and Sixt, Michael K}, journal = {Nature Immunology}, number = {4}, pages = {338 -- 340}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{The lymph node filter revealed}}, doi = {10.1038/ni.3126}, volume = {16}, year = {2015}, } @article{1565, abstract = {Leptin is an adipokine produced by the adipose tissue regulating body weight through its appetite-suppressing effect. Besides being expressed in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, leptin receptors (ObRs) are also present in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. In the present study, we report the effect of leptin on mouse chromaffin cell (MCC) functionality, focusing on cell excitability and catecholamine secretion. Acute application of leptin (1 nm) on spontaneously firing MCCs caused a slowly developing membrane hyperpolarization followed by complete blockade of action potential (AP) firing. This inhibitory effect at rest was abolished by the BK channel blocker paxilline (1 μm), suggesting the involvement of BK potassium channels. Single-channel recordings in 'perforated microvesicles' confirmed that leptin increased BK channel open probability without altering its unitary conductance. BK channel up-regulation was associated with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling cascade because the PI3K specific inhibitor wortmannin (100 nm) fully prevented BK current increase. We also tested the effect of leptin on evoked AP firing and Ca2+-driven exocytosis. Although leptin preserves well-adapted AP trains of lower frequency, APs are broader and depolarization-evoked exocytosis is increased as a result of the larger size of the ready-releasable pool and higher frequency of vesicle release. The kinetics and quantal size of single secretory events remained unaltered. Leptin had no effect on firing and secretion in db-/db- mice lacking the ObR gene, confirming its specificity. In conclusion, leptin exhibits a dual action on MCC activity. It dampens AP firing at rest but preserves AP firing and increases catecholamine secretion during sustained stimulation, highlighting the importance of the adipo-adrenal axis in the leptin-mediated increase of sympathetic tone and catecholamine release.}, author = {Gavello, Daniela and Vandael, David H and Gosso, Sara and Carbone, Emilio and Carabelli, Valentina}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, number = {22}, pages = {4835 -- 4853}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Dual action of leptin on rest-firing and stimulated catecholamine release via phosphoinositide 3-kinase-riven BK channel up-regulation in mouse chromaffin cells}}, doi = {10.1113/JP271078}, volume = {593}, year = {2015}, } @article{1562, abstract = {The plant hormone auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Auxin levels are sensed and interpreted by distinct receptor systems that activate a broad range of cellular responses. The Auxin-Binding Protein1 (ABP1) that has been identified based on its ability to bind auxin with high affinity is a prime candidate for the extracellular receptor responsible for mediating a range of auxin effects, in particular, the fast non-transcriptional ones. Contradictory genetic studies suggested prominent or no importance of ABP1 in many developmental processes. However, how crucial the role of auxin binding to ABP1 is for its functions has not been addressed. Here, we show that the auxin-binding pocket of ABP1 is essential for its gain-of-function cellular and developmental roles. In total, 16 different abp1 mutants were prepared that possessed substitutions in the metal core or in the hydrophobic amino acids of the auxin-binding pocket as well as neutral mutations. Their analysis revealed that an intact auxin-binding pocket is a prerequisite for ABP1 to activate downstream components of the ABP1 signalling pathway, such as Rho of Plants (ROPs) and to mediate the clathrin association with membranes for endocytosis regulation. In planta analyses demonstrated the importance of the auxin binding pocket for all known ABP1-mediated postembryonic developmental processes, including morphology of leaf epidermal cells, root growth and root meristem activity, and vascular tissue differentiation. Taken together, these findings suggest that auxin binding to ABP1 is central to its function, supporting the role of ABP1 as auxin receptor.}, author = {Grones, Peter and Chen, Xu and Simon, Sibu and Kaufmann, Walter and De Rycke, Riet and Nodzyński, Tomasz and Zažímalová, Eva and Friml, Jirí}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany}, number = {16}, pages = {5055 -- 5065}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Auxin-binding pocket of ABP1 is crucial for its gain-of-function cellular and developmental roles}}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erv177}, volume = {66}, year = {2015}, } @article{1564, author = {Gilson, Matthieu and Savin, Cristina and Zenke, Friedemann}, journal = {Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience}, number = {11}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, title = {{Editorial: Emergent neural computation from the interaction of different forms of plasticity}}, doi = {10.3389/fncom.2015.00145}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, } @inproceedings{1568, abstract = {Aiming at the automatic diagnosis of tumors from narrow band imaging (NBI) magnifying endoscopy (ME) images of the stomach, we combine methods from image processing, computational topology, and machine learning to classify patterns into normal, tubular, vessel. Training the algorithm on a small number of images of each type, we achieve a high rate of correct classifications. The analysis of the learning algorithm reveals that a handful of geometric and topological features are responsible for the overwhelming majority of decisions.}, author = {Dunaeva, Olga and Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Lukyanov, Anton and Machin, Michael and Malkova, Daria}, booktitle = {Proceedings - 16th International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing}, location = {Timisoara, Romania}, pages = {7034731}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{The classification of endoscopy images with persistent homology}}, doi = {10.1109/SYNASC.2014.81}, year = {2015}, } @inproceedings{1567, abstract = {My personal journey to the fascinating world of geometric forms started more than 30 years ago with the invention of alpha shapes in the plane. It took about 10 years before we generalized the concept to higher dimensions, we produced working software with a graphics interface for the three-dimensional case. At the same time, we added homology to the computations. Needless to say that this foreshadowed the inception of persistent homology, because it suggested the study of filtrations to capture the scale of a shape or data set. Importantly, this method has fast algorithms. The arguably most useful result on persistent homology is the stability of its diagrams under perturbations.}, author = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert}, booktitle = {23rd International Symposium}, location = {Los Angeles, CA, United States}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Shape, homology, persistence, and stability}}, volume = {9411}, year = {2015}, } @article{1563, abstract = {For a given self-map $f$ of $M$, a closed smooth connected and simply-connected manifold of dimension $m\geq 4$, we provide an algorithm for estimating the values of the topological invariant $D^m_r[f]$, which equals the minimal number of $r$-periodic points in the smooth homotopy class of $f$. Our results are based on the combinatorial scheme for computing $D^m_r[f]$ introduced by G. Graff and J. Jezierski [J. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 13 (2013), 63-84]. An open-source implementation of the algorithm programmed in C++ is publicly available at {\tt http://www.pawelpilarczyk.com/combtop/}.}, author = {Graff, Grzegorz and Pilarczyk, Pawel}, journal = {Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis}, number = {1}, pages = {273 -- 286}, publisher = {Juliusz Schauder Center for Nonlinear Studies}, title = {{An algorithmic approach to estimating the minimal number of periodic points for smooth self-maps of simply-connected manifolds}}, doi = {10.12775/TMNA.2015.014}, volume = {45}, year = {2015}, } @article{1574, abstract = {Multiple plant developmental processes, such as lateral root development, depend on auxin distribution patterns that are in part generated by the PIN-formed family of auxin-efflux transporters. Here we propose that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7) and the ARF7-regulated FOUR LIPS/MYB124 (FLP) transcription factors jointly form a coherent feed-forward motif that mediates the auxin-responsive PIN3 transcription in planta to steer the early steps of lateral root formation. This regulatory mechanism might endow the PIN3 circuitry with a temporal 'memory' of auxin stimuli, potentially maintaining and enhancing the robustness of the auxin flux directionality during lateral root development. The cooperative action between canonical auxin signalling and other transcription factors might constitute a general mechanism by which transcriptional auxin-sensitivity can be regulated at a tissue-specific level.}, author = {Chen, Qian and Liu, Yang and Maere, Steven and Lee, Eunkyoung and Van Isterdael, Gert and Xie, Zidian and Xuan, Wei and Lucas, Jessica and Vassileva, Valya and Kitakura, Saeko and Marhavy, Peter and Wabnik, Krzysztof T and Geldner, Niko and Benková, Eva and Le, Jie and Fukaki, Hidehiro and Grotewold, Erich and Li, Chuanyou and Friml, Jirí and Sack, Fred and Beeckman, Tom and Vanneste, Steffen}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{A coherent transcriptional feed-forward motif model for mediating auxin-sensitive PIN3 expression during lateral root development}}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms9821}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, } @article{1575, abstract = {The immune response relies on the migration of leukocytes and on their ability to stop in precise anatomical locations to fulfil their task. How leukocyte migration and function are coordinated is unknown. Here we show that in immature dendritic cells, which patrol their environment by engulfing extracellular material, cell migration and antigen capture are antagonistic. This antagonism results from transient enrichment of myosin IIA at the cell front, which disrupts the back-to-front gradient of the motor protein, slowing down locomotion but promoting antigen capture. We further highlight that myosin IIA enrichment at the cell front requires the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii). Thus, by controlling myosin IIA localization, Ii imposes on dendritic cells an intermittent antigen capture behaviour that might facilitate environment patrolling. We propose that the requirement for myosin II in both cell migration and specific cell functions may provide a general mechanism for their coordination in time and space.}, author = {Chabaud, Mélanie and Heuzé, Mélina and Bretou, Marine and Vargas, Pablo and Maiuri, Paolo and Solanes, Paola and Maurin, Mathieu and Terriac, Emmanuel and Le Berre, Maël and Lankar, Danielle and Piolot, Tristan and Adelstein, Robert and Zhang, Yingfan and Sixt, Michael K and Jacobelli, Jordan and Bénichou, Olivier and Voituriez, Raphaël and Piel, Matthieu and Lennon Duménil, Ana}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Cell migration and antigen capture are antagonistic processes coupled by myosin II in dendritic cells}}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms8526}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, }