@article{9673, abstract = {Current strategies of computational crystal plasticity that focus on individual atoms or dislocations are impractical for real-scale, large-strain problems even with today’s computing power. Dislocation-density based approaches are a way forward but a critical issue to address is a realistic description of the interactions between dislocations. In this paper, a new scheme for computational dynamics of dislocation-density functions is proposed, which takes full consideration of the mutual elastic interactions between dislocations based on the Hirth–Lothe formulation. Other features considered include (i) the continuity nature of the movements of dislocation densities, (ii) forest hardening, (iii) generation according to high spatial gradients in dislocation densities, and (iv) annihilation. Numerical implementation by the finite-volume method, which is well suited for flow problems with high gradients, is discussed. Numerical examples performed for a single-crystal aluminum model show typical strength anisotropy behavior comparable to experimental observations. Furthermore, a detailed case study on small-scale crystal plasticity successfully captures a number of key experimental features, including power-law relation between strength and size, low dislocation storage and jerky deformation.}, author = {Leung, H.S. and Leung, P.S.S. and Cheng, Bingqing and Ngan, A.H.W.}, issn = {0749-6419}, journal = {International Journal of Plasticity}, pages = {1--25}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{A new dislocation-density-function dynamics scheme for computational crystal plasticity by explicit consideration of dislocation elastic interactions}}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijplas.2014.09.009}, volume = {67}, year = {2015}, } @article{9688, abstract = {The properties of the interface between solid and melt are key to solidification and melting, as the interfacial free energy introduces a kinetic barrier to phase transitions. This makes solidification happen below the melting temperature, in out-of-equilibrium conditions at which the interfacial free energy is ill defined. Here we draw a connection between the atomistic description of a diffuse solid-liquid interface and its thermodynamic characterization. This framework resolves the ambiguities in defining the solid-liquid interfacial free energy above and below the melting temperature. In addition, we introduce a simulation protocol that allows solid-liquid interfaces to be reversibly created and destroyed at conditions relevant for experiments. We directly evaluate the value of the interfacial free energy away from the melting point for a simple but realistic atomic potential, and find a more complex temperature dependence than the constant positive slope that has been generally assumed based on phenomenological considerations and that has been used to interpret experiments. This methodology could be easily extended to the study of other phase transitions, from condensation to precipitation. Our analysis can help reconcile the textbook picture of classical nucleation theory with the growing body of atomistic studies and mesoscale models of solidification.}, author = {Cheng, Bingqing and Tribello, Gareth A. and Ceriotti, Michele}, issn = {1550-235X}, journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics}, number = {18}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Solid-liquid interfacial free energy out of equilibrium}}, doi = {10.1103/physrevb.92.180102}, volume = {92}, year = {2015}, } @misc{9711, author = {Chevereau, Guillaume and Lukacisinova, Marta and Batur, Tugce and Guvenek, Aysegul and Ayhan, Dilay Hazal and Toprak, Erdal and Bollenbach, Mark Tobias}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {{Excel file containing the raw data for all figures}}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1002299.s001}, year = {2015}, } @article{1855, abstract = {Summary: Declining populations of bee pollinators are a cause of concern, with major repercussions for biodiversity loss and food security. RNA viruses associated with honeybees represent a potential threat to other insect pollinators, but the extent of this threat is poorly understood. This study aims to attain a detailed understanding of the current and ongoing risk of emerging infectious disease (EID) transmission between managed and wild pollinator species across a wide range of RNA viruses. Within a structured large-scale national survey across 26 independent sites, we quantify the prevalence and pathogen loads of multiple RNA viruses in co-occurring managed honeybee (Apis mellifera) and wild bumblebee (Bombus spp.) populations. We then construct models that compare virus prevalence between wild and managed pollinators. Multiple RNA viruses associated with honeybees are widespread in sympatric wild bumblebee populations. Virus prevalence in honeybees is a significant predictor of virus prevalence in bumblebees, but we remain cautious in speculating over the principle direction of pathogen transmission. We demonstrate species-specific differences in prevalence, indicating significant variation in disease susceptibility or tolerance. Pathogen loads within individual bumblebees may be high and in the case of at least one RNA virus, prevalence is higher in wild bumblebees than in managed honeybee populations. Our findings indicate widespread transmission of RNA viruses between managed and wild bee pollinators, pointing to an interconnected network of potential disease pressures within and among pollinator species. In the context of the biodiversity crisis, our study emphasizes the importance of targeting a wide range of pathogens and defining host associations when considering potential drivers of population decline.}, author = {Mcmahon, Dino and Fürst, Matthias and Caspar, Jesicca and Theodorou, Panagiotis and Brown, Mark and Paxton, Robert}, journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology}, number = {3}, pages = {615 -- 624}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{A sting in the spit: Widespread cross-infection of multiple RNA viruses across wild and managed bees}}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12345}, volume = {84}, year = {2015}, } @article{1830, abstract = {To prevent epidemics, insect societies have evolved collective disease defences that are highly effective at curing exposed individuals and limiting disease transmission to healthy group members. Grooming is an important sanitary behaviour—either performed towards oneself (self-grooming) or towards others (allogrooming)—to remove infectious agents from the body surface of exposed individuals, but at the risk of disease contraction by the groomer. We use garden ants (Lasius neglectus) and the fungal pathogen Metarhizium as a model system to study how pathogen presence affects self-grooming and allogrooming between exposed and healthy individuals. We develop an epidemiological SIS model to explore how experimentally observed grooming patterns affect disease spread within the colony, thereby providing a direct link between the expression and direction of sanitary behaviours, and their effects on colony-level epidemiology. We find that fungus-exposed ants increase self-grooming, while simultaneously decreasing allogrooming. This behavioural modulation seems universally adaptive and is predicted to contain disease spread in a great variety of host–pathogen systems. In contrast, allogrooming directed towards pathogen-exposed individuals might both increase and decrease disease risk. Our model reveals that the effect of allogrooming depends on the balance between pathogen infectiousness and efficiency of social host defences, which are likely to vary across host–pathogen systems.}, author = {Theis, Fabian and Ugelvig, Line V and Marr, Carsten and Cremer, Sylvia}, issn = {1471-2970}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences}, number = {1669}, publisher = {Royal Society, The}, title = {{Opposing effects of allogrooming on disease transmission in ant societies}}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2014.0108}, volume = {370}, year = {2015}, }