[{"extern":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Generally, the motion of fluids is smooth and laminar at low speeds but becomes highly disordered and turbulent as the velocity increases. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow can involve a sequence of instabilities in which the system realizes progressively more complicated states, or it can occur suddenly. Once the transition has taken place, it is generally assumed that, under steady conditions, the turbulent state will persist indefinitely. The flow of a fluid down a straight pipe provides a ubiquitous example of a shear flow undergoing a sudden transition from laminar to turbulent motion. Extensive calculations and experimental studies have shown that, at relatively low flow rates, turbulence in pipes is transient, and is characterized by an exponential distribution of lifetimes. They also suggest that for Reynolds numbers exceeding a critical value the lifetime diverges (that is, becomes infinitely large), marking a change from transient to persistent turbulence. Here we present experimental data and numerical calculations covering more than two decades of lifetimes, showing that the lifetime does not in fact diverge but rather increases exponentially with the Reynolds number. This implies that turbulence in pipes is only a transient event (contrary to the commonly accepted view), and that the turbulent and laminar states remain dynamically connected, suggesting avenues for turbulence control.","lang":"eng"}],"publist_id":"4098","issue":"7107","type":"journal_article","date_updated":"2021-01-12T06:59:44Z","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:59:37Z","volume":443,"author":[{"full_name":"Björn Hof","orcid":"0000-0003-2057-2754","id":"3A374330-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hof","first_name":"Björn"},{"full_name":"Westerweel, Jerry","last_name":"Westerweel","first_name":"Jerry"},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Schneider","full_name":"Schneider, Tobias M"},{"first_name":"Bruno","last_name":"Eckhardt","full_name":"Eckhardt, Bruno"}],"publication_status":"published","status":"public","title":"Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows","intvolume":" 443","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","year":"2006","_id":"2791","month":"09","day":"07","date_published":"2006-09-07T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1038/nature05089","quality_controlled":0,"page":"59 - 62","publication":"Nature","citation":{"ista":"Hof B, Westerweel J, Schneider T, Eckhardt B. 2006. Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows. Nature. 443(7107), 59–62.","apa":"Hof, B., Westerweel, J., Schneider, T., & Eckhardt, B. (2006). Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows. Nature. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05089","ieee":"B. Hof, J. Westerweel, T. Schneider, and B. Eckhardt, “Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows,” Nature, vol. 443, no. 7107. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 59–62, 2006.","ama":"Hof B, Westerweel J, Schneider T, Eckhardt B. Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows. Nature. 2006;443(7107):59-62. doi:10.1038/nature05089","chicago":"Hof, Björn, Jerry Westerweel, Tobias Schneider, and Bruno Eckhardt. “Finite Lifetime of Turbulence in Shear Flows.” Nature. Nature Publishing Group, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05089.","mla":"Hof, Björn, et al. “Finite Lifetime of Turbulence in Shear Flows.” Nature, vol. 443, no. 7107, Nature Publishing Group, 2006, pp. 59–62, doi:10.1038/nature05089.","short":"B. Hof, J. Westerweel, T. Schneider, B. Eckhardt, Nature 443 (2006) 59–62."}},{"year":"2006","_id":"2792","intvolume":" 78","publisher":"Springer","title":"Observation of nonlinear travelling waves in turbulent pipe flow","publication_status":"published","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Björn","last_name":"Hof","id":"3A374330-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-2057-2754","full_name":"Björn Hof"},{"full_name":"van Doorne, Casimir W","first_name":"Casimir","last_name":"Van Doorne"},{"full_name":"Westerweel, Jerry","last_name":"Westerweel","first_name":"Jerry"},{"full_name":"Nieuwstadt, Frans T","last_name":"Nieuwstadt","first_name":"Frans"}],"volume":78,"date_updated":"2021-01-12T06:59:45Z","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:59:37Z","type":"journal_article","publist_id":"4097","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Transition to turbulence in pipe flow has posed a riddle in fluid dynamics since the pioneering experiments of Reynolds[1]. Although the laminar flow is linearly stable for all flow rates, practical pipe flows become turbulent at large enough flow speeds. Turbulence arises suddenly and fully without distinct steps and without a clear critical point. The complexity of this problem has puzzled mathematicians, physicists and engineers for more than a century and no satisfactory explanation of this problem has been given. In a very recent theoretical approach it has been suggested that unstable solutions of the Navier Stokes equations may hold the key to understanding this problem. In numerical studies such unstable states have been identified as exact solutions for the idealized case of a pipe with periodic boundary conditions[2, 3]. These solutions have the form of waves extending through the entire pipe and travelling in the streamwise direction at a phase speed close to the bulk velocity of the fluid. With the aid of a recently developed high-speed stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system, we were able to observe transients of such unstable solutions in turbulent pipe flow[4]."}],"extern":1,"citation":{"chicago":"Hof, Björn, Casimir Van Doorne, Jerry Westerweel, and Frans Nieuwstadt. “Observation of Nonlinear Travelling Waves in Turbulent Pipe Flow.” Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications. Springer, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4159-4_11.","mla":"Hof, Björn, et al. “Observation of Nonlinear Travelling Waves in Turbulent Pipe Flow.” Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, vol. 78, Springer, 2006, pp. 109–14, doi:10.1007/1-4020-4159-4_11.","short":"B. Hof, C. Van Doorne, J. Westerweel, F. Nieuwstadt, Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 78 (2006) 109–114.","ista":"Hof B, Van Doorne C, Westerweel J, Nieuwstadt F. 2006. Observation of nonlinear travelling waves in turbulent pipe flow. Fluid Mechanics and its Applications. 78, 109–114.","ieee":"B. Hof, C. Van Doorne, J. Westerweel, and F. Nieuwstadt, “Observation of nonlinear travelling waves in turbulent pipe flow,” Fluid Mechanics and its Applications, vol. 78. Springer, pp. 109–114, 2006.","apa":"Hof, B., Van Doorne, C., Westerweel, J., & Nieuwstadt, F. (2006). Observation of nonlinear travelling waves in turbulent pipe flow. Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4159-4_11","ama":"Hof B, Van Doorne C, Westerweel J, Nieuwstadt F. Observation of nonlinear travelling waves in turbulent pipe flow. Fluid Mechanics and its Applications. 2006;78:109-114. doi:10.1007/1-4020-4159-4_11"},"publication":"Fluid Mechanics and its Applications","page":"109 - 114","quality_controlled":0,"doi":"10.1007/1-4020-4159-4_11","date_published":"2006-01-18T00:00:00Z","day":"18","month":"01"},{"publication":"Journal of Immunology","citation":{"ama":"Calado D, Paixao T, Holmberg D, Haury M. Stochastic Monoallelic Expression of IL 10 in T Cells. Journal of Immunology. 2006;177(8):5358-5364. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5358 ","ieee":"D. Calado, T. Paixao, D. Holmberg, and M. Haury, “Stochastic Monoallelic Expression of IL 10 in T Cells,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 8. American Association of Immunologists, pp. 5358–5364, 2006.","apa":"Calado, D., Paixao, T., Holmberg, D., & Haury, M. (2006). Stochastic Monoallelic Expression of IL 10 in T Cells. Journal of Immunology. American Association of Immunologists. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5358 ","ista":"Calado D, Paixao T, Holmberg D, Haury M. 2006. Stochastic Monoallelic Expression of IL 10 in T Cells. Journal of Immunology. 177(8), 5358–5364.","short":"D. Calado, T. Paixao, D. Holmberg, M. Haury, Journal of Immunology 177 (2006) 5358–5364.","mla":"Calado, Dinis, et al. “Stochastic Monoallelic Expression of IL 10 in T Cells.” Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 8, American Association of Immunologists, 2006, pp. 5358–64, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5358 .","chicago":"Calado, Dinis, Tiago Paixao, Dan Holmberg, and Matthias Haury. “Stochastic Monoallelic Expression of IL 10 in T Cells.” Journal of Immunology. American Association of Immunologists, 2006. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5358 ."},"quality_controlled":0,"page":"5358 - 5364","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5358 ","date_published":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","day":"01","month":"01","_id":"2894","year":"2006","status":"public","title":"Stochastic Monoallelic Expression of IL 10 in T Cells","publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 177","publisher":"American Association of Immunologists","author":[{"last_name":"Calado","first_name":"Dinis","full_name":"Calado, Dinis P"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-2361-3953","id":"2C5658E6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Paixao","first_name":"Tiago","full_name":"Tiago Paixao"},{"full_name":"Holmberg, Dan","first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Holmberg"},{"last_name":"Haury","first_name":"Matthias","full_name":"Haury, Matthias"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:00:11Z","date_updated":"2021-01-12T07:00:32Z","volume":177,"type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine, exerting major effects in the degree and quality of the immune response. Using a newly generated IL-10 reporter mouse model, which easily allows the study of IL-10 expression from each allele in a single cell, we report here for the first time that IL-10 is predominantly monoallelic expressed in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we have compelling evidence that this expression pattern is not due to parental imprinting, allelic exclusion, or strong allelic bias. Instead, our results support a stochastic regulation mechanism, in which the probability to initiate allelic transcription depends on the strength of TCR signaling and subsequent capacity to overcome restrictions imposed by chromatin hypoacetylation. In vivo Ag-experienced T cells show a higher basal probability to transcribe IL-10 when compared with naive cells, yet still show mostly monoallelic IL-10 expression. Finally, statistical analysis on allelic expression data shows transcriptional independence between both alleles. We conclude that CD4+ T cells have a low probability for IL-10 allelic activation resulting in a predominantly monoallelic expression pattern, and that IL-10 expression appears to be stochastically regulated by controlling the frequency of expressing cells, rather than absolute protein levels per cell."}],"issue":"8","publist_id":"3864","extern":1},{"publist_id":"3816","abstract":[{"text":"Most binocular stereo algorithms assume that all scene elements are visible from both cameras. Scene elements that are visible from only one camera, known as occlusions, pose an important challenge for stereo. Occlusions are important for segmentation, because they appear near discontinuities. However, stereo algorithms tend to ignore occlusions because of their difficulty. One reason is that occlusions require the input images to be treated symmetrically, which complicates the problem formulation. Worse, certain depth maps imply physically impossible scene configurations, and must be excluded from the output. In this chapter we approach the problem of binocular stereo with occlusions from an energy minimization viewpoint. We begin by reviewing traditional stereo methods that do not handle occlusions. If occlusions are ignored, it is easy to formulate the stereo problem as a pixel labeling problem, which leads to an energy function that is common in early vision. This kind of energy function can he minimized using graph cuts, which is a combinatorial optimization technique that has proven to be very effective for low-level vision problems. Motivated by this, we have designed two graph cut stereo algorithms that are designed to handle occlusions. These algorithms produce promising experimental results on real data with ground truth.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":1,"type":"book_chapter","author":[{"id":"3D50B0BA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kolmogorov","first_name":"Vladimir","full_name":"Vladimir Kolmogorov"},{"full_name":"Zabih, Ramin","first_name":"Ramin","last_name":"Zabih"}],"date_updated":"2021-01-12T07:00:42Z","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:00:21Z","_id":"2921","year":"2006","publisher":"Springer","publication_status":"published","title":"Graph cut algorithms for binocular stereo with occlusions","status":"public","month":"01","day":"01","doi":"10.1007/0-387-28831-7_26","date_published":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","citation":{"ieee":"V. Kolmogorov and R. Zabih, “Graph cut algorithms for binocular stereo with occlusions,” in Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision, Springer, 2006, pp. 423–427.","apa":"Kolmogorov, V., & Zabih, R. (2006). Graph cut algorithms for binocular stereo with occlusions. In Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision (pp. 423–427). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28831-7_26","ista":"Kolmogorov V, Zabih R. 2006.Graph cut algorithms for binocular stereo with occlusions. In: Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision. , 423–427.","ama":"Kolmogorov V, Zabih R. Graph cut algorithms for binocular stereo with occlusions. In: Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision. Springer; 2006:423-427. doi:10.1007/0-387-28831-7_26","chicago":"Kolmogorov, Vladimir, and Ramin Zabih. “Graph Cut Algorithms for Binocular Stereo with Occlusions.” In Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision, 423–27. Springer, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28831-7_26.","short":"V. Kolmogorov, R. Zabih, in:, Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision, Springer, 2006, pp. 423–427.","mla":"Kolmogorov, Vladimir, and Ramin Zabih. “Graph Cut Algorithms for Binocular Stereo with Occlusions.” Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision, Springer, 2006, pp. 423–27, doi:10.1007/0-387-28831-7_26."},"publication":"Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision","page":"423 - 427","quality_controlled":0},{"publication":"Somatic Embryogenesis","citation":{"ama":"Sauer M, Friml J. In vitro culture of Arabidopsis embryos. In: Mujib A, Šamaj J, eds. Somatic Embryogenesis. Vol 2. Springer; 2006:343-354. doi:10.1007/7089_020","ieee":"M. Sauer and J. Friml, “In vitro culture of Arabidopsis embryos,” in Somatic Embryogenesis, vol. 2, A. Mujib and J. Šamaj, Eds. Springer, 2006, pp. 343–354.","apa":"Sauer, M., & Friml, J. (2006). In vitro culture of Arabidopsis embryos. In A. Mujib & J. Šamaj (Eds.), Somatic Embryogenesis (Vol. 2, pp. 343–354). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/7089_020","ista":"Sauer M, Friml J. 2006.In vitro culture of Arabidopsis embryos. In: Somatic Embryogenesis. Plant Cell Monographs, vol. 2, 343–354.","short":"M. Sauer, J. Friml, in:, A. Mujib, J. Šamaj (Eds.), Somatic Embryogenesis, Springer, 2006, pp. 343–354.","mla":"Sauer, Michael, and Jiří Friml. “In Vitro Culture of Arabidopsis Embryos.” Somatic Embryogenesis, edited by Abdul Mujib and Jozef Šamaj, vol. 2, Springer, 2006, pp. 343–54, doi:10.1007/7089_020.","chicago":"Sauer, Michael, and Jiří Friml. “In Vitro Culture of Arabidopsis Embryos.” In Somatic Embryogenesis, edited by Abdul Mujib and Jozef Šamaj, 2:343–54. Springer, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/7089_020."},"quality_controlled":0,"page":"343 - 354","date_published":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1007/7089_020","day":"01","month":"01","year":"2006","_id":"3002","title":"In vitro culture of Arabidopsis embryos","publication_status":"published","status":"public","intvolume":" 2","publisher":"Springer","editor":[{"full_name":"Mujib, Abdul","last_name":"Mujib","first_name":"Abdul"},{"full_name":"Šamaj, Jozef","last_name":"Šamaj","first_name":"Jozef"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Sauer, Michael","last_name":"Sauer","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Jirí Friml","orcid":"0000-0002-8302-7596","id":"4159519E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Friml","first_name":"Jirí"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:00:48Z","date_updated":"2021-01-12T07:40:23Z","volume":2,"type":"book_chapter","alternative_title":["Plant Cell Monographs"],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Arabidopsis thaliana is currently the most important model organism for basic molecular plant research. It is also a favourable model for developmental biology, as its embryogenesis follows a nearly invariant pattern of cell divisions and cell type specifications. Study of embryogenesis can involve genetic, physiological or biochemical approaches, but is always limited by the inaccessibility of the embryos which develop deep inside maternal tissue. Thus, for developmental studies, there is an increasing demand for methods which allow embryogenesis under artificial conditions, providing better accessibility to experimental manipulation. In this chapter, we address theoretical aspects of embryo culture, give some thoughts on which embryo culture system is suited best for which application and finally discuss three current methods which have been successfully used in Arabidopsis embryo culture. © 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."}],"publist_id":"3699","extern":1}]