@inproceedings{2090, author = {Bernd Bickel and Weyrich, Tim and Matusik, Wojciech and Pfister, Hanspeter and Donner, Craig and Tu, Chien and McAndless, Janet M and Lee, Jinho and Ngan, Addy and Jensen, Henrik W and Groß, Markus S}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Processing and editing of faces using a measurement-based skin reflectance model}}, doi = {10.1145/1179849.1180059}, year = {2006}, } @article{2134, abstract = {Predissociation of the N+2 C 2Σ+u(v') vibrational levels with v' ≥ 3 was observed via dispersed C 2Σ+u → X 2Σ+g fluorescence in the spectral range of 165–208 nm after resonant 1s−1π*(vr) excitation of N2 and its subsequent autoionization into the N+2 C state. This range is dominated by lines in atomic nitrogen, by overlapped C 2Σ+u(v') → X 2Σ+g(v'') vibrational band sequences with Δv = const and broad unresolved band systems (D, (2))2Πg(v') → A2Πu(v'') in the N+2 molecular ion. With very high fluorescence resolution of about 0.1 nm FWHM individual C 2Σ+u(v') → X 2Σ+g(v'') vibrational bands have been resolved. Calculation of the observed fluorescence spectra by taking into account predissociation and molecular rotation describes well the shape of both individual vibrational bands C 2Σ+u(v') → X 2Σ+g(v'') and the whole band system.}, author = {Ehresmann, Arno and Werner, Lutz and Klumpp, Stefan and Demekhin, Ph V and Mikhail Lemeshko and Sukhorukov, V. L and Schartner, Karl H and Schmoranzer, Hans P}, journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics}, number = {6}, pages = {L119 -- L126}, publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd.}, title = {{Predissociation of the N+2(C 2Σ+u) state observed via C 2Σ+u → X 2Σ+g fluorescence after resonant 1s−1π* excitation of N2 molecule}}, doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/39/6/L03}, volume = {39}, year = {2006}, } @article{213, abstract = {For any integers d,n ≥2, let X ⊂ Pn be a non‐singular hypersurface of degree d that is defined over the rational numbers. The main result in this paper is a proof that the number of rational points on X which have height at most B is O(Bn − 1 + ɛ), for any ɛ > 0. The implied constant in this estimate depends at most upon d, ɛ and n. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 11D45 (primary), 11G35, 14G05 (secondary).}, author = {Timothy Browning and Heath-Brown, Roger and Starr, Jason M}, journal = {Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society}, number = {2}, pages = {273 -- 303}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd}, title = {{The density of rational points on non-singular hypersurfaces, II}}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1112/S0024611506015784}, volume = {93}, year = {2006}, } @article{2144, abstract = {Temperature dependent preedge and extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements at the Zr K edge for the perovskite-type zirconates Pb Zr0.515 Ti0.485 O3 (PZT), PbZr O3 (PZ), and BaZr O3 are performed. To carry out a more accurate study of the weak reconstruction of the local atomic structure we employed a combination of two techniques: (i) analysis of the preedge fine structure, and (ii) analysis of the Fourier transform of the difference between χ (k) functions obtained at different temperatures. A detailed investigation of local atomic structure in the cubic phase for all the crystals is also performed. It is shown that neither the displacive nor the order-disorder model can describe correctly the changes of local atomic structure during phase transitions in PZ and PZT. A spherical model describing the local atomic structure of perovskite-type crystals suffering structural phase transitions is proposed.}, author = {Vedrinskiǐ, Rostislav V and Nazarenko, Elena S and Mikhail Lemeshko and Nassif, Vivian M and Proux, Olivier and Novakovich, Alexander A and Joly, Yves}, journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics}, number = {13}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Temperature dependent XAFS studies of local atomic structure of the perovskite-type zirconates}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.73.134109}, volume = {73}, year = {2006}, } @article{2142, abstract = {Fluorescence from fragments formed after the de-excitation of the N*2(1s−1π*) resonance has been measured in the spectral range of 135–190 nm. This range is dominated by lines in atomic nitrogen and lines formed by overlapping C2Σ+u(v') → X2Σ+g(v'') bands with Δv = const in the N+2 molecular ion which result from the spectator Auger decays of the N*2(1s−1π*(vr)) resonances. Ab initio calculations of the corresponding potential curves and transition probabilities showed that the observed irregular intensity dependence of the C2Σ+u(v') → X2Σ+g(v'')(Δv = const) fluorescence lines on the vibrational quantum number vr is due to transitions between vibrational levels during the reaction N2(v0 = 0)→ N*2(1s−1π*(vr)) Longrightarrow C2Σ+u(v') → X2Σ+g(v'').}, author = {Ehresmann, Arno and Werner, Lutz and Klumpp, Stefan and Lucht, S and Schmoranzer, Hans P and Mickat, Sascha and Schill, Rüdiger H and Schartner, Karl H and Demekhin, Philipp and Mikhail Lemeshko and Sukhorukov, Victor L}, journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics}, number = {2}, pages = {283 -- 304}, publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd.}, title = {{Studying the N+2(C2Σ+u → X2Σ+g) fluorescence excited via the 1s−1π* resonance}}, doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/39/2/006}, volume = {39}, year = {2006}, } @article{215, abstract = {For any n≥3, let F ∈ Z[X0,...,Xn ] be a form of degree d *≥5 that defines a non-singular hypersurface X ⊂ Pn . The main result in this paper is a proof of the fact that the number N (F ; B) of Q-rational points on X which have height at most B satisfiesN (F ; B) = Od,ε,n (Bn −1+ε ), for any ε > 0. The implied constant in this estimate depends at most upon d, ε and n. New estimates are also obtained for the number of representations of a positive integer as the sum of three dth powers, and for the paucity of integer solutions to equal sums of like polynomials.*}, author = {Timothy Browning and Heath-Brown, Roger}, journal = {Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society}, number = {3}, pages = {401 -- 410}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{The density of rational points on non-singular hypersurfaces, I}}, doi = {10.1112/S0024609305018412}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, } @article{216, abstract = {For any N ≥ 2, let Z ⊂ ℙN be a geometrically integral algebraic variety of degree d. This article is concerned with the number Nz(B) of ℚ-rational points on Z which have height at most B. For any ε > 0, we establish the estimate NZ(B) = O d,ε,N(Bdim Z+ε), provided that d ≥ 6. As indicated, the implied constant depends at most on d, ε, and N.}, author = {Timothy Browning and Heath-Brown, Roger and Salberger, Per}, journal = {Duke Mathematical Journal}, number = {3}, pages = {545 -- 578}, publisher = {Unknown}, title = {{Counting rational points on algebraic varieties}}, doi = {10.1215/S0012-7094-06-13236-2}, volume = {132}, year = {2006}, } @article{218, abstract = {This paper is concerned with the average order of certain arithmetic functions, as they range over the values taken by binary forms.}, author = {de la Bretèche, Régis and Timothy Browning}, journal = {Acta Arithmetica}, number = {3}, pages = {291 -- 304}, publisher = {Instytut Matematyczny}, title = {{Sums of arithmetic functions over values of binary forms}}, doi = {10.4064/aa125-3-6}, volume = {125}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{2333, author = {Lieb, Élliott H and Robert Seiringer and Solovej, Jan P}, pages = {239 -- 248}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, title = {{Ground-state energy of a dilute Fermi gas}}, doi = {10.1090/conm/412}, volume = {412}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{2334, author = {Robert Seiringer and Lieb, Élliott H and Yngvason, Jakob}, editor = {Zambrini, Jean-Claude}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{One-dimensional behavior of dilute, trapped Bose gases in traps}}, doi = {10.1007/s00220-003-0993-3}, year = {2006}, } @misc{2363, abstract = { We prove that the Gross-Pitaevskii equation correctly describes the ground state energy and corresponding one-particle density matrix of rotating, dilute, trapped Bose gases with repulsive two-body interactions. We also show that there is 100% Bose-Einstein condensation. While a proof that the GP equation correctly describes non-rotating or slowly rotating gases was known for some time, the rapidly rotating case was unclear because the Bose (i.e., symmetric) ground state is not the lowest eigenstate of the Hamiltonian in this case. We have been able to overcome this difficulty with the aid of coherent states. Our proof also conceptually simplifies the previous proof for the slowly rotating case. In the case of axially symmetric traps, our results show that the appearance of quantized vortices causes spontaneous symmetry breaking in the ground state. }, author = {Lieb, Élliott H and Robert Seiringer}, booktitle = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, number = {2}, pages = {505 -- 537}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Derivation of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for rotating Bose gases}}, doi = {10.1007/s00220-006-1524-9}, volume = {264}, year = {2006}, } @article{2364, abstract = {We present an inequality that gives a lower bound on the expectation value of certain two-body interaction potentials in a general state on Fock space in terms of the corresponding expectation value for thermal equilibrium states of non-interacting systems and the difference in the free energy. This bound can be viewed as a rigorous version of first-order perturbation theory for many-body systems at positive temperature. As an application, we give a proof of the first two terms in a high density (and high temperature) expansion of the free energy of jellium with Coulomb interactions, both in the fermionic and bosonic case. For bosons, our method works above the transition temperature (for the non-interacting gas) for Bose-Einstein condensation.}, author = {Robert Seiringer}, journal = {Reviews in Mathematical Physics}, number = {3}, pages = {233 -- 253}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{A correlation estimate for quantum many-body systems at positive temperature}}, doi = {10.1142/S0129055X06002632}, volume = {18}, year = {2006}, } @article{2365, abstract = {We consider a gas of fermions with non-zero spin at temperature T and chemical potential μ. We show that if the range of the interparticle interaction is small compared to the mean particle distance, the thermodynamic pressure differs to leading order from the corresponding expression for non-interacting particles by a term proportional to the scattering length of the interparticle interaction. This is true for any repulsive interaction, including hard cores. The result is uniform in the temperature as long as T is of the same order as the Fermi temperature, or smaller.}, author = {Robert Seiringer}, journal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, number = {3}, pages = {729 -- 757}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{The thermodynamic pressure of a dilute fermi gas}}, doi = {10.1007/s00220-005-1433-3}, volume = {261}, year = {2006}, } @article{2366, abstract = {Inequalities are derived for power sums of the real part and the modulus of the eigenvalues of a Schrödinger operator with a complex-valued potential.}, author = {Frank, Rupert L and Laptev, Ari and Lieb, Élliott H and Robert Seiringer}, journal = {Letters in Mathematical Physics}, number = {3}, pages = {309 -- 316}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Lieb-Thirring inequalities for Schrödinger operators with complex-valued potentials}}, doi = {10.1007/s11005-006-0095-1}, volume = {77}, year = {2006}, } @inbook{2368, abstract = {The recent experimental success in creating Bose-Einstein condensates of alkali atoms, honored by the Nobel prize awards in 2001 [1,5], led to renewed interest in the mathematical description of interacting Bose gases.}, author = {Robert Seiringer}, booktitle = {Large Coulomb Systems}, editor = {Dereziński, Jan and Siedentop, Heinz}, pages = {249 -- 274}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Dilute, trapped Bose gases and Bose-Einstein condensation}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-32579-4_6}, volume = {695}, year = {2006}, } @inbook{2369, abstract = {One of the most remarkable recent developments in the study of ultracold Bose gases is the observation of a reversible transition from a Bose Einstein condensate to a state composed of localized atoms as the strength of a periodic, optical trapping potential is varied. In [1] a model of this phenomenon has been analyzed rigorously. The gas is a hard core lattice gas and the optical lattice is modeled by a periodic potential of strength λ. For small λ and temperature Bose- Einstein condensation (BEC) is proved to occur, while at large λ BEC disappears, even in the ground state, which is a Mott-insulator state with a characteristic gap. The inter-particle interaction is essential for this effect. This contribution gives a pedagogical survey of these results.}, author = {Aizenman, Michael and Lieb, Élliott H and Robert Seiringer and Solovej, Jan P and Yngvason, Jakob}, booktitle = {Mathematical Physics of Quantum Mechanics}, editor = {Asch, Joachim and Joye, Alain}, pages = {199 -- 215}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Bose-Einstein condensation as a quantum phase transition in an optical lattice}}, doi = {10.1007/b11573432}, volume = {690}, year = {2006}, } @inbook{2416, author = {Bang-Jensen, Jørgen and Reed, Bruce and Schacht, Bruce and Šámal, Robert and Toft, Bjarne and Uli Wagner}, booktitle = {Topics in Discrete Mathematics}, pages = {613 -- 627}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{On six problems posed by Jarik Nešetřil}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-33700-8_30}, volume = {26}, year = {2006}, } @article{2430, abstract = {We consider an online version of the conflict-free coloring of a set of points on the line, where each newly inserted point must be assigned a color upon insertion, and at all times the coloring has to be conflict-free, in the sense that in every interval I there is a color that appears exactly once in I. We present deterministic and randomized algorithms for achieving this goal, and analyze their performance, that is, the maximum number of colors that they need to use, as a function of the number n of inserted points. We first show that a natural and simple (deterministic) approach may perform rather poorly, requiring Ω(√̃) colors in the worst case. We then derive two efficient variants of this simple algorithm. The first is deterministic and uses O(log 2 n) colors, and the second is randomized and uses O(log n) colors with high probability. We also show that the O(log 2 n) bound on the number of colors used by our deterministic algorithm is tight on the worst case. We also analyze the performance of the simplest proposed algorithm when the points are inserted in a random order and present an incomplete analysis that indicates that, with high probability, it uses only O(log n) colors. Finally, we show that in the extension of this problem to two dimensions, where the relevant ranges are disks, n colors may be required in the worst case.}, author = {Chent, Ke and Fiat, Amos and Kaplan, Haim and Levy, Meital B and Matoušek, Jiří and Mossel, Elchanan and Pach, János and Sharir, Micha and Smorodinsky, Shakhar and Uli Wagner and Welzl, Emo}, journal = {SIAM Journal on Computing}, number = {5}, pages = {1342 -- 1359}, publisher = {SIAM}, title = {{Online conflict-free coloring for intervals}}, doi = {10.1137/S0097539704446682}, volume = {36}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{2431, abstract = {We prove an upper bound, tight up to a factor of 2, for the number of vertices of level at most t in an arrangement of n halfspaces in R , for arbitrary n and d (in particular, the dimension d is not considered constant). This partially settles a conjecture of Eckhoff, Linhart, and Welzl. Up to the factor of 2, the result generalizes McMullen's Upper Bound Theorem for convex polytopes (the case ℓ = O) and extends a theorem of Linhart for the case d ≤ 4. Moreover, the bound sharpens asymptotic estimates obtained by Clarkson and Shor. The proof is based on the h-matrix of the arrangement (a generalization, introduced by Mulmuley, of the h-vector of a convex polytope). We show that bounding appropriate sums of entries of this matrix reduces to a lemma about quadrupels of sets with certain intersection properties, and we prove this lemma, up to a factor of 2, using tools from multilinear algebra. This extends an approach of Alon and Kalai, who used linear algebra methods for an alternative proof of the classical Upper Bound Theorem. The bounds for the entries of the h-matrix also imply bounds for the number of i-dimensional faces, i > 0, at level at most ℓ. Furthermore, we discuss a connection with crossing numbers of graphs that was one of the main motivations for investigating exact bounds that are valid for arbitrary dimensions.}, author = {Uli Wagner}, pages = {635 -- 645}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{On a geometric generalization of the Upper Bound Theorem}}, doi = {10.1109/FOCS.2006.53}, year = {2006}, } @article{2429, abstract = {We show, with an elementary proof, that the number of halving simplices in a set of n points in 4 in general position is O(n4-2/45). This improves the previous bound of O(n4-1/134). Our main new ingredient is a bound on the maximum number of halving simplices intersecting a fixed 2-plane. }, author = {Matoušek, Jiří and Sharir, Micha and Smorodinsky, Shakhar and Uli Wagner}, journal = {Discrete & Computational Geometry}, number = {2}, pages = {177 -- 191}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{K-sets in four dimensions}}, doi = {10.1007/s00454-005-1200-4}, volume = {35}, year = {2006}, } @article{2659, abstract = {Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs), including stargazin/γ-2, are associated with AMPA receptors and participate in their surface delivery and anchoring at the postsynaptic membrane. TARPs may also act as a positive modulator of the AMPA receptor ion channel function; however, little is known about other TARP members except for stargazin/γ-2. We examined the synaptic localization of stargazin/γ-2 and γ-8 by immunoelectron microscopy and biochemical analysis. The analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling revealed that stargazin/γ-2 was concentrated in the postsynaptic area, whereas γ-8 was distributed both in synaptic and extra-synaptic plasma membranes of the hippocampal neuron. When a synaptic plasma membrane-enriched brain fraction was treated with Triton X-100 and separated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, a large proportion of NMDA receptor and stargazin/γ-2 was accumulated in raft-enriched fractions, whereas AMPA receptor and γ-8 were distributed in both the raft-enriched fractions and other Triton-insoluble fractions. Phosphorylation of stargazin/γ-2 and γ-8 was regulated by different sets of kinases and phosphatases in cultured cortical neurons. These results suggested that stargazin/γ-2 and γ-8 have distinct roles in postsynaptic membranes under the regulation of different intracellular signaling pathways.}, author = {Inamura, Mihoko and Itakura, Makoto and Okamoto, Hirotsugu and Hoka, Sumio and Mizoguchi, Akira and Fukazawa, Yugo and Ryuichi Shigemoto and Yamamori, Saori and Takahashi, Masami}, journal = {Neuroscience Research}, number = {1}, pages = {45 -- 53}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{ Differential localization and regulation of stargazin-like protein, γ-8 and stargazin in the plasma membrane of hippocampal and cortical neurons}}, doi = {10.1016/j.neures.2006.01.004}, volume = {55}, year = {2006}, } @article{2657, abstract = {The highest densities of the two metabotropic GABA subunits, GABA B1 and GABAB2, have been reported as occurring around the glutamatergic synapses between Purkinje cell spines and parallel fibre varicosities. In order to determine how this distribution is achieved during development, we investigated the expression pattern and the cellular and subcellular localization of the GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits in the rat cerebellum during postnatal development. At the light microscopic level, immunoreactivity for the GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits was very prominent in the developing molecular layer, especially in Purkinje cells. Using double immunofluorescence, we demonstrated that GABAB1 was transiently expressed in glial cells. At the electron microscopic level, immunoreactivity for GABAB receptors was always detected both pre- and postsynaptically. Presynaptically, GABAB1 and GABAB2 were localized in the extrasynaptic membrane of parallel fibres at all ages, and only rarely in GABAergic axons. Postsynaptically, GABAB receptors were localized to the extrasynaptic and perisynaptic plasma membrane of Purkinje cell dendrites and spines throughout development. Quantitative analysis and three-dimensional reconstructions further revealed a progressive developmental movement of the GABAB1 subunit on the surface of Purkinje cells from dendritic shafts to its final destination, the dendritic spines. Together, these results indicate that GABAB receptors undergo dynamic regulation during cerebellar development in association with the establishment and maturation of glutamatergic synapses to Purkinje cells.}, author = {Luján, Rafael and Ryuichi Shigemoto}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {6}, pages = {1479 -- 1490}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Localization of metabotropic GABA receptor subunits GABAB1 and GABAB2 relative to synaptic sites in the rat developing cerebellum}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04669.x}, volume = {23}, year = {2006}, } @article{2663, abstract = {The rocker mice are hereditary ataxic mutants that carry a point mutation in the gene encoding the CaV2.1 (P/Q-type) Ca2+ channel α1 subunit, and show the mildest symptoms among the reported CaV2.1 mutant mice. We studied the basic characteristics of the rocker mutant Ca2+ channel and their impacts on excitatory synaptic transmission in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). In acutely dissociated PC somas, the rocker mutant channel showed a moderate reduction in Ca2+ channel current density, whereas its kinetics and voltage dependency of gating remained nearly normal. Despite the small changes in channel function, synaptic transmission in the parallel fiber (PF)-PC synapses was severely impaired. The climbing fiber inputs onto PCs showed a moderate impairment but could elicit normal complex spikes. Presynaptic function of the PF-PC synapses, however, was unexpectedly almost normal in terms of paired-pulse facilitation, sensitivity to extracellular Ca2+ concentration and glutamate concentration in synaptic clefts. Electron microscopic analyses including freeze-fracture replica labeling revealed that both the number and density of postsynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors substantially decreased without gross structural changes of the PF-PC synapses. We also observed an abnormal arborization of PC dendrites in young adult rocker mice (∼ 1 month old). These lines of evidence suggest that even a moderate dysfunction of CaV2.1 Ca2+ channel can cause substantial changes in postsynaptic molecular composition of the PF-PC synapses and dendritic structure of PCs.}, author = {Kodama, Takashi and Itsukaichi-Nishida, Yuko and Fukazawa, Yugo and Wakamori, Minoru and Miyata, Mariko and Molnár, Elek and Mori, Yasuo and Ryuichi Shigemoto and Imoto, Keiji}, journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {11}, pages = {2993 -- 3007}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{A CaV2.1 calcium channel mutation rocker reduces the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors in parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05191.x}, volume = {24}, year = {2006}, } @article{2661, abstract = {GABAB receptors are the G protein-coupled receptors for the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Molecular diversity in the GABAB system arises from the GABAB1a and GABAB1b subunit isoforms that solely differ in their ectodomains by a pair of sushi repeats that is unique to GABAB1a. Using a combined genetic, physiological, and morphological approach, we now demonstrate that GABAB1 isoforms localize to distinct synaptic sites and convey separate functions in vivo. At hippocampal CA3-to-CA1 synapses, GABAB1a assembles heteroreceptors inhibiting glutamate release, while predominantly GABAB1b mediates postsynaptic inhibition. Electron microscopy reveals a synaptic distribution of GABAB1 isoforms that agrees with the observed functional differences. Transfected CA3 neurons selectively express GABAB1a in distal axons, suggesting that the sushi repeats, a conserved protein interaction motif, specify heteroreceptor localization. The constitutive absence of GABAB1a but not GABAB1b results in impaired synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent memory, emphasizing molecular differences in synaptic GABAB functions.}, author = {Vigot, Réjan and Barbieri, Samuel and Bräuner-Osborne, Hans and Tureček, Rostislav and Ryuichi Shigemoto and Zhang, Yan Ping and Luján, Rafael and Jacobson, Laura H and Biermann, Barbara and Fritschy, Jean-Marc and Vacher, Claire-Marie and Müller, Matthias P and Sansig, Gilles and Guetg, Nicole and Cryan, John F and Kaupmann, Klemens and Gassmann, Martin and Oertner, Thomas G and Bettler, Bernhard}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {4}, pages = {589 -- 601}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Differential Compartmentalization and Distinct Functions of GABAB Receptor Variants}}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.014}, volume = {50}, year = {2006}, } @article{2662, abstract = {G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir3 channels) coupled to metabotropic GABAB receptors are essential for the control of neuronal excitation. To determine the distribution of Kir3 channels and their spatial relationship to GABAB receptors on hippocampal pyramidal cells, we used a high-resolution immunocytochemical approach. Immunoreactivity for the Kir3.2 subunit was most abundant postsynaptically and localized to the extrasynaptic plasma membrane of dendritic shafts and spines of principal cells. Quantitative analysis of immunogold particles for Kir3.2 revealed an enrichment of the protein around putative glutamatergic synapses on dendritic spines, similar to that of GABA B1. Consistent with this observation, a high degree of coclustering of Kir3.2 and GABAB1 was revealed around excitatory synapses by the highly sensitive SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica immunolabeling. In contrast, in dendritic shafts receptors and channels were found to be mainly segregated. These results suggest that Kir3.2-containing K+ channels on dendritic spines preferentially mediate the effect of GABA, whereas channels on dendritic shafts are likely to be activated by other neurotransmitters as well. Thus, Kir3 channels, localized to different subcellular compartments of hippocampal principal cells, appear to be differentially involved in synaptic integration in pyramidal cell dendrites.}, author = {Kulik, Ákos and Vida, Imre and Fukazawa, Yugo and Guetg, Nicole and Kasugai, Yu and Marker, Cheryl L and Rigato, Franck and Bettler, Bernhard and Wickman, Kevin D and Frotscher, Michael and Ryuichi Shigemoto}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {16}, pages = {4289 -- 4297}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Compartment-dependent colocalization of Kir3.2-containing K+ channels and GABAB receptors in hippocampal pyramidal cells}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4178-05.2006}, volume = {26}, year = {2006}, } @article{2660, abstract = {Pavlovian fear conditioning, a simple form of associative learning, is thought to involve the induction of associative, NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral amygdala. Using a combined genetic and electrophysiological approach, we show here that lack of a specific GABAB receptor subtype, GABAB(1a,2), unmasks a nonassociative, NMDA receptor-independent form of presynaptic LTP at cortico-amygdala afferents. Moreover, the level of presynaptic GABA B(1a,2) receptor activation, and hence the balance between associative and nonassociative forms of LTP, can be dynamically modulated by local inhibitory activity. At the behavioral level, genetic loss of GABA B(1a) results in a generalization of conditioned fear to nonconditioned stimuli. Our findings indicate that presynaptic inhibition through GABAB(1a,2) receptors serves as an activity-dependent constraint on the induction of homosynaptic plasticity, which may be important to prevent the generalization of conditioned fear.}, author = {Shaban, Hamdy and Humeau, Yann and Herry, Cyril and Cassasus, Guillaume and Ryuichi Shigemoto and Ciocchi, Stéphane and Barbieri, Samuel and Van Der Putten, Herman V and Kaupmann, Klemens and Bettler, Bernhard and Lüthi, Andreas}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, number = {8}, pages = {1028 -- 1035}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Generalization of amygdala LTP and conditioned fear in the absence of presynaptic inhibition}}, doi = {10.1038/nn1732}, volume = {9}, year = {2006}, } @misc{2664, abstract = {Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. Molecular cloning has revealed eight different subtypes (mGlu1-8) with distinct molecular and pharmacological properties. Multiplicity in this receptor family is further generated through alternative splicing. mGlus activate a multitude of signalling pathways important for modulating neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity and feedback regulation of neurotransmitter release. In this review, we summarize anatomical findings (from our work and that of other laboratories) describing their distribution in the central nervous system. Recent evidence regarding the localization of these receptors in peripheral tissues will also be examined. The distinct regional, cellular and subcellular distribution of mGlus in the brain will be discussed in view of their relationship to neurotransmitter release sites and of possible functional implications.}, author = {Ferraguti, Francesco and Ryuichi Shigemoto}, booktitle = {Cell and Tissue Research}, number = {2}, pages = {483 -- 504}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Metabotropic glutamate receptors}}, doi = {10.1007/s00441-006-0266-5}, volume = {326}, year = {2006}, } @article{2747, abstract = {Consider a system of N bosons on the three-dimensional unit torus interacting via a pair potential N 2V(N(x i - x j)) where x = (x i, . . ., x N) denotes the positions of the particles. Suppose that the initial data ψ N,0 satisfies the condition 〈ψ N,0, H 2 Nψ N,0) ≤ C N 2 where H N is the Hamiltonian of the Bose system. This condition is satisfied if ψ N,0 = W Nφ N,t where W N is an approximate ground state to H N and φ N,0 is regular. Let ψ N,t denote the solution to the Schrödinger equation with Hamiltonian H N. Gross and Pitaevskii proposed to model the dynamics of such a system by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation. The GP hierarchy is an infinite BBGKY hierarchy of equations so that if u t solves the GP equation, then the family of k-particle density matrices ⊗ k |u t?〉 〈 t | solves the GP hierarchy. We prove that as N → ∞ the limit points of the k-particle density matrices of ψ N,t are solutions of the GP hierarchy. Our analysis requires that the N-boson dynamics be described by a modified Hamiltonian that cuts off the pair interactions whenever at least three particles come into a region with diameter much smaller than the typical interparticle distance. Our proof can be extended to a modified Hamiltonian that only forbids at least n particles from coming close together for any fixed n.}, author = {László Erdös and Schlein, Benjamin and Yau, Horng-Tzer}, journal = {Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics}, number = {12}, pages = {1659 -- 1741}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Derivation of the Gross-Pitaevskii hierarchy for the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensate}}, doi = {10.1002/cpa.20123}, volume = {59}, year = {2006}, } @article{2745, abstract = {We consider the dynamics of N boson systems interacting through a pair potential N -1 V a (x i -x j ) where V a (x)=a -3 V(x/a). We denote the solution to the N-particle Schrödinger equation by Ψ N, t . Recall that the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation is a nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the GP hierarchy is an infinite BBGKY hierarchy of equations so that if u t solves the GP equation, then the family of k-particle density matrices [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] solves the GP hierarchy. Under the assumption that a = Nε for 0 < ε < 3/5, we prove that as N→∞ the limit points of the k-particle density matrices of Ψ N, t are solutions of the GP hierarchy with the coupling constant in the nonlinear term of the GP equation given by ∫ V (x)dx. The uniqueness of the solutions of this hierarchy remains an open question.}, author = {Elgart, Alexander and László Erdös and Schlein, Benjamin and Yau, Horng-Tzer}, journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis}, number = {2}, pages = {265 -- 283}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Gross-Pitaevskii equation as the mean field limit of weakly coupled bosons}}, doi = {10.1007/s00205-005-0388-z}, volume = {179}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{2746, abstract = {We consider random Schrödinger equations on Rd or Zd for d ≥ 3 with uncorrelated, identically distributed random potential. Denote by λ the coupling constant and ψt the solution with initial data ψ0.}, author = {László Erdös and Salmhofer, Manfred and Yau, Horng-Tzer}, pages = {233 -- 257}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{Towards the quantum Brownian motion}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-34273-7_18}, volume = {690}, year = {2006}, } @article{2791, abstract = {Generally, the motion of fluids is smooth and laminar at low speeds but becomes highly disordered and turbulent as the velocity increases. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow can involve a sequence of instabilities in which the system realizes progressively more complicated states, or it can occur suddenly. Once the transition has taken place, it is generally assumed that, under steady conditions, the turbulent state will persist indefinitely. The flow of a fluid down a straight pipe provides a ubiquitous example of a shear flow undergoing a sudden transition from laminar to turbulent motion. Extensive calculations and experimental studies have shown that, at relatively low flow rates, turbulence in pipes is transient, and is characterized by an exponential distribution of lifetimes. They also suggest that for Reynolds numbers exceeding a critical value the lifetime diverges (that is, becomes infinitely large), marking a change from transient to persistent turbulence. Here we present experimental data and numerical calculations covering more than two decades of lifetimes, showing that the lifetime does not in fact diverge but rather increases exponentially with the Reynolds number. This implies that turbulence in pipes is only a transient event (contrary to the commonly accepted view), and that the turbulent and laminar states remain dynamically connected, suggesting avenues for turbulence control.}, author = {Björn Hof and Westerweel, Jerry and Schneider, Tobias M and Eckhardt, Bruno}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7107}, pages = {59 -- 62}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows}}, doi = {10.1038/nature05089}, volume = {443}, year = {2006}, } @article{2792, abstract = {Transition to turbulence in pipe flow has posed a riddle in fluid dynamics since the pioneering experiments of Reynolds[1]. Although the laminar flow is linearly stable for all flow rates, practical pipe flows become turbulent at large enough flow speeds. Turbulence arises suddenly and fully without distinct steps and without a clear critical point. The complexity of this problem has puzzled mathematicians, physicists and engineers for more than a century and no satisfactory explanation of this problem has been given. In a very recent theoretical approach it has been suggested that unstable solutions of the Navier Stokes equations may hold the key to understanding this problem. In numerical studies such unstable states have been identified as exact solutions for the idealized case of a pipe with periodic boundary conditions[2, 3]. These solutions have the form of waves extending through the entire pipe and travelling in the streamwise direction at a phase speed close to the bulk velocity of the fluid. With the aid of a recently developed high-speed stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system, we were able to observe transients of such unstable solutions in turbulent pipe flow[4].}, author = {Björn Hof and van Doorne, Casimir W and Westerweel, Jerry and Nieuwstadt, Frans T}, journal = {Fluid Mechanics and its Applications}, pages = {109 -- 114}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Observation of nonlinear travelling waves in turbulent pipe flow}}, doi = {10.1007/1-4020-4159-4_11}, volume = {78}, year = {2006}, } @article{2894, abstract = {IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine, exerting major effects in the degree and quality of the immune response. Using a newly generated IL-10 reporter mouse model, which easily allows the study of IL-10 expression from each allele in a single cell, we report here for the first time that IL-10 is predominantly monoallelic expressed in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we have compelling evidence that this expression pattern is not due to parental imprinting, allelic exclusion, or strong allelic bias. Instead, our results support a stochastic regulation mechanism, in which the probability to initiate allelic transcription depends on the strength of TCR signaling and subsequent capacity to overcome restrictions imposed by chromatin hypoacetylation. In vivo Ag-experienced T cells show a higher basal probability to transcribe IL-10 when compared with naive cells, yet still show mostly monoallelic IL-10 expression. Finally, statistical analysis on allelic expression data shows transcriptional independence between both alleles. We conclude that CD4+ T cells have a low probability for IL-10 allelic activation resulting in a predominantly monoallelic expression pattern, and that IL-10 expression appears to be stochastically regulated by controlling the frequency of expressing cells, rather than absolute protein levels per cell.}, author = {Calado, Dinis P and Tiago Paixao and Holmberg, Dan and Haury, Matthias}, journal = {Journal of Immunology}, number = {8}, pages = {5358 -- 5364}, publisher = {American Association of Immunologists}, title = {{Stochastic Monoallelic Expression of IL 10 in T Cells}}, doi = {10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5358 }, volume = {177}, year = {2006}, } @inbook{2921, abstract = {Most binocular stereo algorithms assume that all scene elements are visible from both cameras. Scene elements that are visible from only one camera, known as occlusions, pose an important challenge for stereo. Occlusions are important for segmentation, because they appear near discontinuities. However, stereo algorithms tend to ignore occlusions because of their difficulty. One reason is that occlusions require the input images to be treated symmetrically, which complicates the problem formulation. Worse, certain depth maps imply physically impossible scene configurations, and must be excluded from the output. In this chapter we approach the problem of binocular stereo with occlusions from an energy minimization viewpoint. We begin by reviewing traditional stereo methods that do not handle occlusions. If occlusions are ignored, it is easy to formulate the stereo problem as a pixel labeling problem, which leads to an energy function that is common in early vision. This kind of energy function can he minimized using graph cuts, which is a combinatorial optimization technique that has proven to be very effective for low-level vision problems. Motivated by this, we have designed two graph cut stereo algorithms that are designed to handle occlusions. These algorithms produce promising experimental results on real data with ground truth.}, author = {Vladimir Kolmogorov and Zabih, Ramin}, booktitle = {Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision}, pages = {423 -- 427}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Graph cut algorithms for binocular stereo with occlusions}}, doi = {10.1007/0-387-28831-7_26}, year = {2006}, } @inbook{3002, abstract = {Arabidopsis thaliana is currently the most important model organism for basic molecular plant research. It is also a favourable model for developmental biology, as its embryogenesis follows a nearly invariant pattern of cell divisions and cell type specifications. Study of embryogenesis can involve genetic, physiological or biochemical approaches, but is always limited by the inaccessibility of the embryos which develop deep inside maternal tissue. Thus, for developmental studies, there is an increasing demand for methods which allow embryogenesis under artificial conditions, providing better accessibility to experimental manipulation. In this chapter, we address theoretical aspects of embryo culture, give some thoughts on which embryo culture system is suited best for which application and finally discuss three current methods which have been successfully used in Arabidopsis embryo culture. © 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.}, author = {Sauer, Michael and Jirí Friml}, booktitle = {Somatic Embryogenesis}, editor = {Mujib, Abdul and Šamaj, Jozef}, pages = {343 -- 354}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{In vitro culture of Arabidopsis embryos}}, doi = {10.1007/7089_020}, volume = {2}, year = {2006}, } @article{3012, abstract = {Intercellular flow of the phytohormone auxin underpins multiple developmental processes in plants. Plant-specific pin-formed (PIN) proteins and several phosphoglycoprotein (PGP) transporters are crucial factors in auxin transport-related development, yet the molecular function of PINs remains unknown. Here, we show that PINs mediate auxin efflux from mammalian and yeast cells without needing additional plant-specific factors. Conditional gain-of-function alleles and quantitative measurements of auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis and tobacco cultured cells revealed that the action of PINs in auxin efflux is distinct from PGP, rate-limiting, specific to auxins, and sensitive to auxin transport inhibitors. This suggests a direct involvement of PINs in catalyzing cellular auxin efflux.}, author = {Petrášek, Jan and Mravec, Jozef and Bouchard, Rodolphe and Blakeslee, Joshua and Melinda Abas and Seifertová, Daniela and Wiśniewska, Justyna and Tadele, Zerihun and Kubeš, Martin and Čovanová, Milada and Dhonukshe, Pankaj and Skůpa, Petr and Eva Benková and Perry, Lucie and Křeček, Pavel and Lee, Ok Ran and Fink, Gerald R and Geisler, Markus and Murphy, Angus S and Luschnig, Christian and Zažímalová, Eva and Jirí Friml}, journal = {Science}, number = {5775}, pages = {914 -- 918}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{PIN proteins perform a rate-limiting function in cellular auxin efflux}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1123542}, volume = {312}, year = {2006}, } @article{3010, abstract = {The formation of the leaf vascular pattern has fascinated biologists for centuries. In the early leaf primordium, complex networks of procambial cells emerge from homogeneous subepidermal tissue. The molecular nature of the underlying positional information is unknown, but various lines of evidence implicate gradually restricted transport routes of the plant hormone auxin in defining sites of procambium formation. Here we show that a crucial member of the AtPIN family of auxin-efflux-associated proteins, AtPIN1, is expressed prior to pre-procambial and procambial cell fate markers in domains that become restricted toward sites of procambium formation. Subcellular AtPIN1 polarity indicates that auxin is directed to distinct "convergence points" in the epidermis, from where it defines the positions of major veins. Integrated polarities in all emerging veins indicate auxin drainage toward pre-existing veins, but veins display divergent polarities as they become connected at both ends. Auxin application and transport inhibition reveal that convergence point positioning and AtPIN1 expression domain dynamics are self-organizing, auxin-transport-dependent processes. We derive a model for self-regulated, reiterative patterning of all vein orders and postulate at its onset a common epidermal auxin-focusing mechanism for major-vein positioning and phyllotactic patterning.}, author = {Scarpella, Enrico and Marcos, Danielle and Jirí Friml and Berleth, Thomas}, journal = {Genes and Development}, number = {8}, pages = {1015 -- 1027}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press}, title = {{Control of leaf vascular patterning by polar auxin transport}}, doi = {10.1101/gad.1402406}, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, } @article{3007, abstract = {Root gravitropism describes the orientation of root growth along the gravity vector and is mediated by differential cell elongation in the root meristem. This response requires the coordinated, asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin within the root meristem, and depends on the concerted activities of PIN proteins and AUX1 - members of the auxin transport pathway. Here, we show that intracellular trafficking and proteasome activity combine to control PIN2 degradation during root gravitropism. Following gravi-stimulation, proteasome-dependent variations in PIN2 localization and degradation at the upper and lower sides of the root result in asymmetric distribution of PIN2. Ubiquitination of PIN2 occurs in a proteasome-dependent manner, indicating that the proteasome is involved in the control of PIN2 turnover. Stabilization of PIN2 affects its abundance and distribution, and leads to defects in auxin distribution and gravitropic responses. We describe the effects of auxin on PIN2 localization and protein levels, indicating that redistribution of auxin during the gravitropic response may be involved in the regulation of PIN2 protein.}, author = {Abas, Lindy and Benjamins, René and Malenica, Nenad and Paciorek, Tomasz and Wiśniewska, Justyna and Moulinier-Anzola, Jeanette C and Sieberer, Tobias and Jirí Friml and Luschnig, Christian}, journal = {Nature Cell Biology}, number = {3}, pages = {249 -- 256}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Intracellular trafficking and proteolysis of the Arabidopsis auxin-efflux facilitator PIN2 are involved in root gravitropism}}, doi = {10.1038/ncb1369}, volume = {8}, year = {2006}, } @article{3006, abstract = {Dividing plant cells perform a remarkable task of building a new cell wall within the cytoplasm in a few minutes. A long-standing paradigm claims that this primordial cell wall, known as the cell plate, is generated by delivery of newly synthesized material from Golgi apparatus-originated secretory vesicles. Here, we show that, in diverse plant species, cell surface material, including plasma membrane proteins, cell wall components, and exogenously applied endocytic tracers, is rapidly delivered to the forming cell plate. Importantly, this occurs even when de novo protein synthesis is blocked. In addition, cytokinesis-specific syntaxin KNOLLE as well as plasma membrane (PM) resident proteins localize to endosomes that fuse to initiate the cell plate. The rate of endocytosis is strongly enhanced during cell plate formation, and its genetic or pharmacological inhibition leads to cytokinesis defects. Our results reveal that endocytic delivery of cell surface material significantly contributes to cell plate formation during plant cytokinesis. }, author = {Dhonukshe, Pankaj and Baluška, František and Schlicht, Markus and Hlavacka, Andrej and Šamaj, Jozef and Jirí Friml and Gadella, Theodorus W}, journal = {Developmental Cell}, number = {1}, pages = {137 -- 150}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Endocytosis of cell surface material mediates cell plate formation during plant cytokinesis}}, doi = {10.1016/j.devcel.2005.11.015}, volume = {10}, year = {2006}, } @article{3011, abstract = {Polar flow of the phytohormone auxin requires plasma membrane‐associated PIN proteins and underlies multiple developmental processes in plants. Here we address the importance of the polarity of subcellular PIN localization for the directionality of auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of different PINs in the root epidermis revealed the importance of PIN polar positions for directional auxin flow and root gravitropic growth. Interfering with sequence-embedded polarity signals directly demonstrates that PIN polarity is a primary factor in determining the direction of auxin flow in meristematic tissues. This finding provides a crucial piece in the puzzle of how auxin flow can be redirected via rapid changes in PIN polarity.}, author = {Wiśniewska, Justyna and Xu, Jian and Seifertová, Daniela and Brewer, Philip B and Růžička, Kamil and Blilou, Ikram and Rouquié, David and Eva Benková and Scheres, Ben and Jirí Friml}, journal = {Science}, number = {5775}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Polar PIN localization directs auxin flow in plants}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1121356}, volume = {312}, year = {2006}, } @article{3005, author = {Friml, Jirí and Benfey, Philip and Benková, Eva and Bennett, Malcolm and Berleth, Thomas and Geldner, Niko and Grebe, Markus and Heisler, Marcus and Hejátko, Jan and Jürgens, Gerd and Laux, Thomas and Lindsey, Keith and Lukowitz, Wolfgang and Luschnig, Christian and Offringa, Remko and Scheres, Ben and Swarup, Ranjan and Torres Ruiz, Ramón and Weijers, Dolf and Zažímalová, Eva}, journal = {Trends in Plant Science}, number = {1}, pages = {12 -- 14}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Apical-basal polarity: Why plant cells don't stand on their heads}}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2005.11.010}, volume = {11}, year = {2006}, } @article{3008, abstract = {Plants and some animals have a profound capacity to regenerate organs from adult tissues. Molecular mechanisms for regeneration have, however, been largely unexplored. Here we investigate a local regeneration response in Arabidopsis roots. Laser-induced wounding disrupts the flow of auxin-a cell-fate-instructive plant hormone-in root tips, and we demonstrate that resulting cell-fate changes require the PLETHORA, SHORTROOT, and SCARECROW transcription factors. These transcription factors regulate the expression and polar position of PIN auxin efflux-facilitating membrane proteins to reconstitute auxin transport in renewed root tips. Thus, a regeneration mechanism using embryonic root stem-cell patterning factors first responds to and subsequently stabilizes a new hormone distribution.}, author = {Xu, Jian and Hofhuis, Hugo and Heidstra, Renze and Sauer, Michael and Jirí Friml and Scheres, Ben}, journal = {Science}, number = {5759}, pages = {385 -- 388}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{A molecular framework for plant regeneration}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1121790}, volume = {311}, year = {2006}, } @article{3009, author = {Paciorek, Tomasz and Friml, Jirí}, journal = {Journal of Cell Science}, number = {7}, pages = {1199 -- 1202}, publisher = {Company of Biologists}, title = {{Auxin signaling}}, doi = {10.1242/jcs.02910}, volume = {119}, year = {2006}, } @article{3016, abstract = {Plant development is characterized by a profound ability to regenerate and form tissues with new axes of polarity. An unsolved question concerns how the position within a tissue and cues from neighboring cells are integrated to specify the polarity of individual cells. The canalization hypothesis proposes a feedback effect of the phytohormone auxin on the directionality of intercellular auxin flow as a means to polarize tissues. Here we identify a cellular and molecular mechanism for canalization. Local auxin application, wounding, or auxin accumulation during de novo organ formation lead to rearrangements in the subcellular polar localization of PIN auxin transport components. This auxin effect on PIN polarity is cell-specific, does not depend on PIN transcription, and involves the Aux/IAA-ARF (indole-3-acetic acid-auxin response factor) signaling pathway. Our data suggest that auxin acts as polarizing cue, which links individual cell polarity with tissue and organ polarity through control of PIN polar targeting. This feedback regulation provides a conceptual framework for polarization during multiple regenerative and patterning processes in plants.}, author = {Sauer, Michael and Balla, Jozef and Luschnig, Christian and Wiśniewska, Justyna and Reinöhl, Vilém and Friml, Jirí and Benková, Eva}, journal = {Genes and Development}, number = {20}, pages = {2902 -- 2911}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press}, title = {{Canalization of auxin flow by Aux/IAA-ARF-dependent feedback regulation of PIN polarity}}, doi = {10.1101/gad.390806}, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, } @article{3017, abstract = {The plant hormone auxin plays crucial roles in regulating plant growth development, including embryo and root patterning, organ formation, vascular tissue differentiation and growth responses to environmental stimuli. Asymmetric auxin distribution patterns have been observed within tissues, and these so-called auxin gradients change dynamically during different developmental processes. Most auxin is synthesized in the shoot and distributed directionally throughout the plant. This polar auxin transport is mediated by auxin influx and efflux facilitators, whose subcellular polar localizations guide the direction of auxin flow. The polar localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers changes in response to developmental and external cues in order to channel auxin flow in a regulated manner for organized growth. Auxin itself modulates the expression and subcellular localization of PIN proteins, contributing to a complex pattern of feedback regulation. Here we review the available information mainly from studies of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, on the generation of auxin gradients, the regulation of polar auxin transport and further downstream cellular events.}, author = {Tanaka, Hirokazu and Dhonukshe, Pankaj and Brewer, Philip and Friml, Jirí}, journal = {Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences}, number = {23}, pages = {2738 -- 2754}, publisher = {Birkhäuser}, title = {{Spatiotemporal asymmetric auxin distribution: A means to coordinate plant development}}, doi = {10.1007/s00018-006-6116-5}, volume = {63}, year = {2006}, } @article{3018, abstract = {The directional flow of the plant hormone auxin mediates multiple developmental processes, including patterning and tropisms. Apical and basal plasma membrane localization of AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1) and PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) auxin transport components underpins the directionality of intercellular auxin flow in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Here, we examined the mechanism of polar trafficking of AUX1. Real-time live cell analysis along with subcellular markers revealed that AUX1 resides at the apical plasma membrane of protophloem cells and at highly dynamic subpopulations of Golgi apparatus and endosomes in all cell types. Plasma membrane and intracellular pools of AUX1 are interconnected by actin-dependent constitutive trafficking, which is not sensitive to the vesicle trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A. AUX1 subcellular dynamics are not influenced by the auxin influx inhibitor NOA but are blocked by the auxin efflux inhibitors TIBA and PBA. Furthermore, auxin transport inhibitors and interference with the sterol composition of membranes disrupt polar AUX1 distribution at the plasma membrane. Compared with PIN1 trafficking, AUX1 dynamics display different sensitivities to trafficking inhibitors and are independent of the endosomal trafficking regulator ARF GEF GNOM. Hence, AUX1 uses a novel trafficking pathway in plants that is distinct from PIN trafficking, providing an additional mechanism for the fine regulation of auxin transport.}, author = {Kleine-Vehn, Jürgen and Dhonukshe, Pankaj and Swarup, Ranjan and Bennett, Malcolm and Jirí Friml}, journal = {Plant Cell}, number = {11}, pages = {3171 -- 3181}, publisher = {American Society of Plant Biologists}, title = {{Subcellular trafficking of the Arabidopsis auxin influx carrier AUX1 uses a novel pathway distinct from PIN1}}, doi = {10.1105/tpc.106.042770}, volume = {18}, year = {2006}, } @article{3020, abstract = {High throughput microarray transcription analyses provide us with the expression profiles for large amounts of plant genes. However, their tissue and cellular resolution is limited. Thus, for detailed functional analysis, it is still necessary to examine the expression pattern of selected candidate genes at a cellular level. Here, we present an in situ mRNA hybridization method that is routinely used for the analysis of plant gene expression patterns. The protocol is optimized for whole mount mRNA localizations in Arabidopsis seedling tissues including embryos, roots, hypocotyls and young primary leaves. It can also be used for comparable tissues in other species. Part of the protocol can also be automated and performed by a liquid handling robot. Here we present a detailed protocol, recommended controls and troubleshooting, along with examples of several applications. The total time to carry out the entire procedure is ∼7 d, depending on the tissue used.}, author = {Hejátko, Jan and Blilou, Ikram and Brewer, Philip B and Jirí Friml and Scheres, Ben and Eva Benková}, journal = {Nature Protocols}, number = {4}, pages = {1939 -- 1946}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{In situ hybridization technique for mRNA detection in whole mount Arabidopsis samples}}, doi = {10.1038/nprot.2006.333}, volume = {1}, year = {2006}, } @article{3015, abstract = {As the field of plant molecular biology is swiftly advancing, a need has been created for methods that allow rapid and reliable in situ localization of proteins in plant cells. Here we describe a whole-mount 'immunolocalization' technique for various plant tissues, including roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, young primary leaves and embryos of Arabidopsis thaliana and other species. The detailed protocol, recommended controls and troubleshooting are presented, along with examples of applications. The protocol consists of five main procedures: tissue fixation, tissue permeation, blocking, primary and secondary antibody incubation. Notably, the first procedure (tissue fixation) includes several steps (4-12) that are absolutely necessary for protein localization in hypocotyls, cotyledons and young primary leaves but should be omitted for other tissues. The protocol is usually done in 3 days, but could also be completed in 2 days.}, author = {Sauer, Michael and Paciorek, Tomasz and Eva Benková and Jirí Friml}, journal = {Nature Protocols}, number = {1}, pages = {98 -- 103}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Immunocytochemical techniques for whole mount in situ protein localization in plants}}, doi = {10.1038/nprot.2006.15}, volume = {1}, year = {2006}, } @article{3013, abstract = {There is a growing demand for methods that allow rapid and reliable in situ localization of proteins in plant cells. The immunocytochemistry protocol presented here can be used routinely to observe protein localization patterns in tissue sections of various plant species. This protocol is especially suitable for plant species with more-complex tissue architecture (such as maize, Zea mays), which makes it difficult to use an easier whole-mount procedure for protein localization. To facilitate the antibody-antigen reaction, it is necessary to include a wax-embedding and tissue-sectioning step. The protocol consists of the following procedures: chemical fixation of tissue, dehydration, wax embedding, sectioning, dewaxing, rehydration, blocking and antibody incubation. The detailed protocol, recommended controls and troubleshooting are presented here, along with examples of applications.}, author = {Paciorek, Tomasz and Sauer, Michael and Balla, Jozef and Wiśniewska, Justyna and Jirí Friml}, journal = {Nature Protocols}, number = {1}, pages = {104 -- 107}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Immunocytochemical technique for protein localization in sections of plant tissues}}, doi = {10.1038/nprot.2006.16}, volume = {1}, year = {2006}, } @article{3014, abstract = {Plant biology is currently confronted with an overflow of expression profile data provided by high-throughput microarray transcription analyses. However, the tissue and cellular resolution of these techniques is limited. Thus, it is still necessary to examine the expression pattern of selected candidate genes at a cellular level. Here we present an in situ mRNA hybridization method that is routinely used in the analysis of gene expression patterns. The protocol is optimized for mRNA localizations in sectioned tissue of Arabidopsis seedlings including embryos, roots, hypocotyls, young primary leaves and flowers. The detailed protocol, recommended controls and troubleshooting are presented along with examples of application. The total time for the process is 10 days.}, author = {Brewer, Philip B and Heisler, Marcus G and Hejátko, Jan and Jirí Friml and Eva Benková}, journal = {Nature Protocols}, number = {3}, pages = {1462 -- 1467}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{In situ hybridization for mRNA detection in Arabidopsis tissue sections}}, doi = {10.1038/nprot.2006.226}, volume = {1}, year = {2006}, }