@article{3803, abstract = {Mossy fiber (MF) synapses are key stations for flow of information through the hippocampal formation. A major component of the output of the MF system is directed towards inhibitory interneurons. Recent studies have revealed that the functional properties of MF-interneuron synapses differ substantially from those of MF-CA3 pyramidal neuron synapses. Mossy-fiber-interneuron synapses in the stratum lucidum represent a continuum of functional subtypes, in which the subunit composition of postsynaptic AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors appears to be regulated in a coordinated manner.}, author = {Bischofberger, Josef and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0166-2236}, journal = {Trends in Neurosciences}, number = {12}, pages = {600 -- 603}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{TwoB or not twoB: differential transmission at glutamatergic mossy fiber-interneuron synapses in the hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02259-2}, volume = {25}, year = {2002}, } @article{3801, abstract = {To examine possible interactions between fast depression and modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, we recorded from pairs of synaptically connected basket cells (BCs) and granule cells (GCs) in the dentate gyrus of rat brain slices at 34 degrees C. Multiple-pulse depression (MPD) was examined in trains of 5 or 10 inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked at frequencies of 10-100 Hz under several conditions that inhibit transmitter release: block of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels by Cd2+ (10 microM), activation of gamma-amino-butyric acid type B receptors (GABA(B)Rs) by baclofen (10 microM) and activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchRs) by carbachol (2 microM). All manipulations led to a substantial inhibition of synaptic transmission, reducing the amplitude of the first IPSC in the train (IPSC1) by 72%, 61% and 29%, respectively. However, MPD was largely preserved under these conditions (0.34 in control versus 0.31, 0.50 and 0.47 in the respective conditions at 50 Hz). Similarly, a theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocol reduced IPSC1 by 54%, but left MPD unchanged (0.40 in control and 0.39 during TBS). Analysis of both fractions of transmission failures and coefficients of variation (CV) of IPSC peak amplitudes suggested that MPD had a presynaptic expression site, independent of release probability. In conclusion, different types of presynaptic modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission converge on a reduction of synaptic strength, while short-term dynamics are largely unchanged.}, author = {Hefft, Stefan and Kraushaar, Udo and Geiger, Jörg and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0022-3751}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {201 -- 8}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Presynaptic short-term depression is maintained during regulation of transmitter release at a GABAergic synapse in rat hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013455}, volume = {539}, year = {2002}, } @article{3799, abstract = {GABAergic interneurones are diverse in their morphological and functional properties. Perisomatic inhibitory cells show fast spiking during sustained current injection, whereas dendritic inhibitory cells fire action potentials with lower frequency. We examined functional and molecular properties of K(+) channels in interneurones with horizontal dendrites in stratum oriens-alveus (OA) of the hippocampal CA1 region, which mainly comprise somatostatin-positive dendritic inhibitory cells. Voltage-gated K(+) currents in nucleated patches isolated from OA interneurones consisted of three major components: a fast delayed rectifier K(+) current component that was highly sensitive to external 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) (half-maximal inhibitory concentrations < 0.1 mM for both blockers), a slow delayed rectifier K(+) current component that was sensitive to high concentrations of TEA, but insensitive to 4-AP, and a rapidly inactivating A-type K(+) current component that was blocked by high concentrations of 4-AP, but resistant to TEA. The relative contributions of these components to the macroscopic K(+) current were estimated as 57 +/- 5, 25 +/- 6, and 19 +/- 2 %, respectively. Dendrotoxin, a selective blocker of Kv1 channels had only minimal effects on K(+) currents in nucleated patches. Coapplication of the membrane-permeant cAMP analogue 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cpt-cAMP) and the phosphodiesterase blocker isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX) resulted in a selective inhibition of the fast delayed rectifier K(+) current component. This inhibition was absent in the presence of the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89, implying the involvement of PKA-mediated phosphorylation. Single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed a high abundance of Kv3.2 mRNA in OA interneurones, whereas the expression level of Kv3.1 mRNA was markedly lower. Similarly, RT-PCR analysis showed a high abundance of Kv4.3 mRNA, whereas Kv4.2 mRNA was undetectable. This suggests that the fast delayed rectifier K(+) current and the A-type K(+) current component are mediated predominantly by homomeric Kv3.2 and Kv4.3 channels. Selective modulation of Kv3.2 channels in OA interneurones by cAMP is likely to be an important factor regulating the activity of dendritic inhibitory cells in principal neurone-interneurone microcircuits.}, author = {Lien, Cheng and Martina, Marco and Schultz, Jobst and Ehmke, Heimo and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0022-3751}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {405 -- 419}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Gating, modulation and subunit composition of voltage-gated K(+) channels in dendritic inhibitory interneurones of rat hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013066}, volume = {538}, year = {2002}, } @article{3621, abstract = {In 1991, Barton and Turelli developed recursions to describe the evolution of multilocus systems under arbitrary forms of selection. This article generalizes their approach to allow for arbitrary modes of inheritance, including diploidy, polyploidy, sex linkage, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. The framework is also extended to allow for other deterministic evolutionary forces, including migration and mutation. Exact recursions that fully describe the state of the population are presented; these are implemented in a computer algebra package (available on the Web at http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/evolgen). Despite the generality of our framework, it can describe evolutionary dynamics exactly by just two equations. These recursions can be further simplified using a "quasi-linkage equilibrium" (QLE) approximation. We illustrate the methods by finding the effect of natural selection, sexual selection, mutation, and migration on the genetic composition of a population.}, author = {Kirkpatrick, Mark and Johnson, Toby and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0016-6731}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {4}, pages = {1727 -- 1750}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{General models of multilocus evolution}}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727}, volume = {161}, year = {2002}, } @article{3757, abstract = {A central problem in biology is determining how genes interact as parts of functional networks. Creation and analysis of synthetic networks, composed of well-characterized genetic elements, provide a framework for theoretical modeling. Here, with the use of a combinatorial method, a library of networks with varying connectivity was generated in Escherichia coli. These networks were composed of genes encoding the transcriptional regulators Lacl, TetR, and lambda Cl, as well as the corresponding promoters. They displayed phenotypic behaviors resembling binary logical circuits, with two chemical “inputs” and a fluorescent protein “output.” Within this simple system, diverse computational functions arose through changes in network connectivity. Combinatorial synthesis provides an alternative approach for studying biological networks, as well as an efficient method for producing diverse phenotypes in vivo.}, author = {Guet, Calin C and Elowitz, Michael and Hsing, Weihong and Leibler, Stanislas}, issn = {0036-8075}, journal = {Science}, number = {5572}, pages = {1466 -- 1470}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Combinatorial synthesis of genetic networks}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1067407}, volume = {296}, year = {2002}, } @article{3497, abstract = {The use of advanced patch-clamp recording techniques in brain slices, such as simultaneous recording from multiple neurons and recording from dendrites or presynaptic terminals, demands slices of the highest quality. In this context the mechanics of the tissue slicer are an important factor. Ideally, a tissue slicer should generate large-amplitude and high-frequency movements of the cutting blade in a horizontal axis, with minimal vibrations in the vertical axis. We developed a vibroslicer that fulfils these in part conflicting requirements. The oscillator is a permanent-magnet-coil-leaf-spring system. Using an auto-resonant mechano-electrical feedback circuit, large horizontal oscillations (up to 3 mm peak-to-peak) with high frequency (,90 Hz) are generated. To minimize vertical vibrations, an adjustment mechanism was employed that allowed alignment of the cutting edge of the blade with the major axis of the oscillation. A vibroprobe device was used to monitor vertical vibrations during adjustment. The system is based on the shading of the light path between a light-emitting diode (LED) and a photodiode. Vibroprobe monitoring revealed that the vibroslicer, after appropriate adjustment, generated vertical vibrations of <1 µm, significantly less than many commercial tissue slicers. Light- and electron-microscopic analysis of surface layers of slices cut with the vibroslicer showed that cellular elements, dendritic processes and presynaptic terminals are well preserved under these conditions, as required for patch-clamp recording from these structures.}, author = {Geiger, Jörg and Bischofberger, Joseph and Vida, Imre and Fröbe, Ulrich and Pfitzinger, S and Weber, H. and Haverkampf, Klaus and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0031-6768}, journal = {Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology}, number = {3}, pages = {491 -- 501}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Patch-clamp recording in brain slices with improved slicer technology}}, doi = {10.1007/s00424-001-0735-3}, volume = {443}, year = {2002}, } @article{3533, abstract = {Information in neuronal networks is thought to be represented by the rate of discharge and the temporal relationship between the discharging neurons. The discharge frequency of neurons is affected by their afferents and intrinsic properties, and shows great individual variability. The temporal coordination of neurons is greatly facilitated by network oscillations. In the hippocampus, population synchrony fluctuates during theta and gamma oscillations (10-100 ms scale) and can increase almost 10-fold during sharp wave bursts. Despite these large changes in excitability in the sub-second scale, longer-term (minute-scale) firing rates of individual neurons are relatively constant in an unchanging environment. As a result, mean hippocampal output remains stable over time. To understand the mechanisms responsible for this homeostasis, we address the following issues: (i) Can firing rates of single cells be modified? (ii) Once modified, what mechanism(s) can maintain the changes? We show that firing rates of hippocampal pyramidal cells can be altered in a novel environment and by Hebbian pairing of physiological input patterns with postsynaptic burst discharge. We also illustrate a competition between single spikes and the occurrence of spike bursts. Since spike-inducing (suprathreshold) inputs decrease the ability of strong ('teaching') inputs to induce a burst discharge, we propose that the single spike versus burst competition presents a homeostatic regulatory mechanism to maintain synaptic strength and, consequently, firing rate in pyramidal cells.}, author = {Buzsáki, György and Csicsvari, Jozsef L and Dragoi, George and Harris, Kenneth and Henze, D. and Hirase, Hajima}, issn = {1047-3211}, journal = {Cerebral Cortex}, number = {9}, pages = {893 -- 899}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Homeostatic maintenance of neuronal excitability by burst discharges in vivo}}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/12.9.893}, volume = {12}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{3424, abstract = {We give a brief overview of the current understanding of the explosion mechanism of core collapse supernovae. Our main focus is the impact of rotation on the explosion. Recent observations of the polarization of the light emitted by supernova explosions indicate that there are large deviations from spherical symmetry in the very heart of the explosion the origin of which is unknown. We use the new approach of a three dimensional test particle based simulation to simulate the infall phase of a supernova event. The underlying microphysics is simplified to make this computationally possible. A systematic study of the influence of rotation mainly during the infall phase of the collapse of a typical iron core is performed. Indications for significant deviations from spherical symmetry are found in our very rapidly rotating models. © 2002 American Institute of Physics }, author = {Bollenbach, Mark Tobias and Bauer, Wolfgang}, isbn = {9781510832008}, location = {Catania, Italy}, pages = {219 -- 232}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, title = {{3d supernovae collapse calculations}}, doi = {10.1063/1.1523196 }, volume = {644}, year = {2002}, } @article{2988, abstract = {Coordination of cell and tissue polarity commonly involves directional signaling [1]. In the Arabidopsis root epidermis, cell polarity is revealed by basal, root tip-oriented, hair outgrowth from hair-forming cells (trichoblasts) [2]. The plant hormone auxin displays polar movements [1, 3] and accumulates at maximum concentration in the root tip [4, 5]. The application of polar auxin transport inhibitors [3] evokes changes in trichoblast polarity only at high concentrations and after long-term application [2, 4]. Thus, it remains open whether components of the auxin transport machinery mediate establishment of trichoblast polarity. Here we report that the presumptive auxin influx carrier AUX1 [6, 7] contributes to apical-basal hair cell polarity. AUX1 function is required for polarity changes induced by exogenous application of the auxin 2,4-D, a preferential influx carrier substrate. Similar to aux1 mutants, the vesicle trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) interferes with polar hair initiation, and AUX1 function is required for BFA-mediated polarity changes. Consistently, BFA inhibits membrane trafficking of AUX1, trichoblast hyperpolarization induced by 2,4-D, and alters the distal auxin maximum. Our results identify AUX1 as one component of a novel BFA-sensitive auxin transport pathway polarizing cells toward a hormone maximum.}, author = {Grebe, Markus and Friml, Jirí and Swarup, Ranjan and Ljung, Karin and Sandberg, Göran and Terlou, Maarten and Palme, Klaus and Bennett, Malcolm and Scheres, Ben}, issn = {0960-9822}, journal = {Current Biology}, number = {4}, pages = {329 -- 334}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Cell polarity signaling in Arabidopsis involves a BFA sensitive auxin influx pathway}}, doi = {10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00654-1}, volume = {12}, year = {2002}, } @article{3421, abstract = {Single molecule experiments provide insight into the individuality of biological macromolecules, their unique function, reaction pathways, trajectories and molecular interactions. The exceptional signal-to-noise ratio of the atomic force microscope allows individual proteins to be imaged under physiologically relevant conditions at a lateral resolution of 0.5–1 nm and a vertical resolution of 0.1–0.2 nm. Recently, it has become possible to observe single molecule events using this technique. This capability is reviewed on various water-soluble and membrane proteins. Examples of the observation of function, variability, and assembly of single proteins are discussed. Statistical analysis is important to extend conclusions derived from single molecule experiments to protein species. Such approaches allow the classification of protein conformations and movements. Recent developments of probe microscopy techniques allow simultaneous measurement of multiple signals on individual macromolecules, and greatly extend the range of experiments possible for probing biological systems at the molecular level. Biologists exploring molecular mechanisms will benefit from a burgeoning of scanning probe microscopes and of their future combination with molecular biological experiments.}, author = {Mueller, Daniel and Janovjak, Harald L and Lehto, Tiina and Kuerschner, Lars and Anderson, Kurt}, issn = {0079-6107}, journal = {Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology}, number = {1-3}, pages = {1 -- 43}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Observing structure, function and assembly of single proteins by AFM}}, doi = {10.1016/S0079-6107(02)00009-3}, volume = {79}, year = {2002}, } @article{2989, abstract = {In contrast to animals, little is known about pattern formation in plants. Physiological and genetic data suggest the involvement of the phytohormone auxin in this process. Here, we characterize a novel member of the PIN family of putative auxin efflux carriers, Arabidopsis PIN4, that is localized in developing and mature root meristems. Atpin4 mutants are defective in establishment and maintenance of endogenous auxin gradients, fail to canalize externally applied auxin, and display various patterning defects in both embryonic and seedling roots. We propose a role for AtPIN4 in generating a sink for auxin below the quiescent center of the root meristem that is essential for auxin distribution and patterning.}, author = {Friml, Jirí and Benková, Eva and Blilou, Ikram and Wiśniewska, Justyna and Hamann, Thorsten and Ljung, Karin and Woody, Scott and Sandberg, Göran and Scheres, Ben and Jürgens, Gerd and Palme, Klaus}, issn = {0092-8674}, journal = {Cell}, number = {5}, pages = {661 -- 673}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{AtPIN4 mediates sink-driven auxin gradients and root patterning in Arabidopsis}}, doi = {10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00656-6}, volume = {108}, year = {2002}, } @article{3422, abstract = {Quantitative real-time PCR represents a highly sensitive and powerful technique for the quantitation of nucleic acids. It has a tremendous potential for the high-throughput analysis of gene expression in research and routine diagnostics. However, the major hurdle is not the practical performance of the experiments themselves but rather the efficient evaluation and the mathematical and statistical analysis of the enormous amount of data gained by this technology, as these functions are not included in the software provided by the manufacturers of the detection systems. In this work, we focus on the mathematical evaluation and analysis of the data generated by quantitative real-time PCR, the calculation of the final results, the propagation of experimental variation of the measured values to the final results, and the statistical analysis. We developed a Microsoft Excel-based software application coded in Visual Basic for Applications, called Q-Gene, which addresses these points. Q-Gene manages and expedites the planning, performance, and evaluation of quantitative real-time PCR experiments, as well as the mathematical and statistical analysis, storage, and graphical presentation of the data. The Q-Gene software application is a tool to cope with complex quantitative real-time PCR experiments at a high-throughput scale and considerably expedites and rationalizes the experimental setup, data analysis, and data management while ensuring highest reproducibility.}, author = {Müller, Patrick and Janovjak, Harald L and Miserez, Andre and Dobbie, Zuzana}, issn = {0736-6205}, journal = {Biotechniques}, number = {6}, pages = {1372 -- 1379}, publisher = {Informa Healthcare}, title = {{Processing of gene expression data generated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR}}, volume = {32}, year = {2002}, } @article{3140, abstract = {The maturation of synaptic structures depends on inductive interactions between axons and their prospective targets. One example of such an interaction is the influence of proprioceptive sensory axons on the differentiation of muscle spindles. We have monitored the expression of three transcription factors, Egr3, Pea3, and Erm, that delineate early muscle spindle development in an assay of muscle spindle-inducing signals. We provide genetic evidence that Neuregulin1 (Nrg1) is required for proprioceptive afferent-evoked induction of muscle spindle differentiation in the mouse. Ig-Nrg1 isoforms are preferentially expressed by proprioceptive sensory neurons and are sufficient to induce muscle spindle differentiation in vivo, whereas CRD-Nrg1 isoforms are broadly expressed in sensory and motor neurons but are not required for muscle spindle induction.}, author = {Hippenmeyer, Simon and Shneider, Neil and Birchmeier, Carmen and Burden, Steven and Jessell, Thomas and Arber, Silvia}, issn = {0896-6273}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {6}, pages = {1035 -- 1049}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{A role for Neuregulin1 signaling in muscle spindle differentiation}}, doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01101-7}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{3423, author = {Bauer, Wolfgang and Bollenbach, Mark Tobias and Kleine Berkenbusch, Marko and Harreis, Holger}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics}, location = {Nassau, Bahamas}, pages = {111 -- 118}, publisher = {EP Systema}, title = {{The percolation interpretation of the nuclear fragmentation phase transition}}, year = {2002}, } @article{2986, abstract = {Long-standing models propose that plant growth responses to light or gravity are mediated by asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin. Physiological studies implicated a specific transport system that relocates auxin laterally, thereby effecting differential growth; however, neither the molecular components of this system nor the cellular mechanism of auxin redistribution on light or gravity perception have been identified. Here, we show that auxin accumulates asymmetrically during differential growth in an efflux-dependent manner. Mutations in the Arabidopsis gene PIN3, a regulator of auxin efflux, alter differential growth. PIN3 is expressed in gravity-sensing tissues, with PIN3 protein accumulating predominantly at the lateral cell surface. PIN3 localizes to the plasma membrane and to vesicles that cycle in an actin-dependent manner. In the root columella, PIN3 is positioned symmetrically at the plasma membrane but rapidly relocalizes laterally on gravity stimulation. Our data indicate that PIN3 is a component of the lateral auxin transport system regulating tropic growth. In addition, actin-dependent relocalization of PIN3 in response to gravity provides a mechanism for redirecting auxin flux to trigger asymmetric growth.}, author = {Friml, Jirí and Wiśniewska, Justyna and Benková, Eva and Mendgen, Kurt and Palme, Klaus}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {6873}, pages = {806 -- 809}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis}}, doi = {10.1038/415806a}, volume = {415}, year = {2002}, } @article{2987, abstract = {The hydra mutants of Arabidopsis are characterized by a pleiotropic phenotype that shows defective embryonic and seedling cell patterning, morphogenesis, and root growth. We demonstrate that the HYDRA1 gene encodes a Δ8-Δ7 sterol isomerase, whereas HYDRA2 encodes a sterol C14 reductase, previously identified as the FACKEL gene product. Seedlings mutant for each gene are similarly defective in the concentrations of the three major Arabidopsis sterols. Promoter::reporter gene analysis showed misexpression of the auxin-regulated DR5 and ACS1 promoters and of the epidermal cell file-specific GL2 promoter in the mutants. The mutants exhibit enhanced responses to auxin. The phenotypes can be rescued partially by inhibition of auxin and ethylene signaling but not by exogenous sterols or brassinosteroids. We propose a model in which correct sterol profiles are required for regulated auxin and ethylene signaling through effects on membrane function.}, author = {Souter, Martin and Topping, Jennifer and Pullen, Margaret and Friml, Jirí and Palme, Klaus and Hackett, Rachel and Grierson, Don and Lindsey, Keith}, issn = {1040-4651}, journal = {Plant Cell}, number = {5}, pages = {1017 -- 1031}, publisher = {American Society of Plant Biologists}, title = {{Hydra mutants of Arabidopsis are defective in sterol profiles and auxin and ethylene signaling}}, doi = {10.1105/tpc.001248}, volume = {14}, year = {2002}, } @article{2866, abstract = {Developmental responses to the plant hormone auxin are thought to be mediated by interacting pairs from two protein families: short-lived inhibitory IAA proteins and ARF transcription factors binding to auxin-response elements. Monopteros mutants lacking activating ARF5 and the auxin-insensitive mutant bodenlos fail to initiate the root meristem during early embryogenesis. Here we show that the bodenlos phenotype results from an amino-acid exchange in the conserved degradation domain of IAA12. BODENLOS and MONOPTEROS interact in the yeast two-hybrid assay and the two genes are coexpressed in early embryogenesis, suggesting that BODENLOS inhibits MONOPTEROS action in root meristem initiation.}, author = {Hamann, Thorsten and Benková, Eva and Bäurle, Isabel and Kientz, Marika and Jürgens, Gerd}, issn = {0890-9369}, journal = {Genes and Development}, number = {13}, pages = {1610 -- 1615}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press}, title = {{The Arabidopsis BODENLOS gene encodes an auxin response protein inhibiting MONOPTEROS-mediated embryo patterning}}, doi = {10.1101/gad.229402}, volume = {16}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{2927, abstract = {In the last few years, several new algorithms based on graph cuts have been developed to solve energy minimization problems in computer vision. Each of these techniques constructs a graph such that the minimum cut on the graph also minimizes the energy. Yet because these graph constructions are complex and highly specific to a particular energy function, graph cuts have seen limited application to date. In this paper we characterize the energy functions that can be minimized by graph cuts. Our results are restricted to energy functions with binary variables. However, our work generalizes many previous constructions, and is easily applicable to vision problems that involve large numbers of labels, such as stereo, motion, image restoration and scene reconstruction. We present three main results: a necessary condition for any energy function that can be minimized by graph cuts; a sufficient condition for energy functions that can be written as a sum of functions of up to three variables at a time; and a general-purpose construction to minimize such an energy function. Researchers who are considering the use of graph cuts to optimize a particular energy function can use our results to determine if this is possible, and then follow our construction to create the appropriate graph.}, author = {Kolmogorov, Vladimir and Zabih, Ramin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision}, isbn = {9783540437468}, location = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, pages = {65 -- 81}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Multi-camera scene reconstruction via graph cuts}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-47977-5_5}, year = {2002}, } @article{2739, abstract = {We define the two dimensional Pauli operator and identify its core for magnetic fields that are regular Borel measures. The magnetic field is generated by a scalar potential hence we bypass the usual A L 2loc condition on the vector potential, which does not allow to consider such singular fields. We extend the Aharonov-Casher theorem for magnetic fields that are measures with finite total variation and we present a counterexample in case of infinite total variation. One of the key technical tools is a weighted L 2 estimate on a singular integral operator.}, author = {Erdös, László and Vougalter, Vitali}, issn = {0010-3616}, journal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, number = {2}, pages = {399 -- 421}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Pauli operator and Aharonov–Casher theorem¶ for measure valued magnetic fields}}, doi = {10.1007/s002200100585}, volume = {225}, year = {2002}, } @article{2738, abstract = {We consider the long time evolution of a quantum particle weakly interacting with a phonon field. We show that in the weak coupling limit the Wigner distribution of the electron density matrix converges to the solution of the linear Boltzmann equation globally in time. The collision kernel is identified as the sum of an emission and an absorption term that depend on the equilibrium distribution of the free phonon modes.}, author = {Erdös, László}, issn = {0022-4715}, journal = {Journal of Statistical Physics}, number = {5-6}, pages = {1043 -- 1127}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Linear Boltzmann equation as the long time dynamics of an electron weakly coupled to a phonon field}}, doi = {10.1023/A:1015157624384}, volume = {107}, year = {2002}, }