[{"month":"03","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0962-1083"],"eissn":["1365-294X"]},"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"project":[{"name":"The maintenance of alternative adaptive peaks in snapdragons","grant_number":"P32166","_id":"05959E1C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E"},{"_id":"25F42A32-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"Z211","name":"The Wittgenstein Prize","call_identifier":"FWF"},{"_id":"bd6958e0-d553-11ed-ba76-86eba6a76c00","grant_number":"101055327","name":"Understanding the evolution of continuous genomes"}],"oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"pmid":["36433653"],"isi":["000900762000001"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1111/mec.16793","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","file_date_updated":"2023-08-16T08:15:41Z","publication_status":"published","publisher":"Wiley","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"year":"2023","acknowledgement":"We thank the Barton group for useful discussion and feedback during the writing of this article. Comments from Roger Butlin, Molly Schumer's Group, the tskit development team, editors and three reviewers greatly improved the manuscript. Funding was provided by SCAS (Natural Sciences Programme, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation), an FWF Wittgenstein grant (PT1001Z211), an FWF standalone grant (grant P 32166), and an ERC Advanced Grant. YFC was supported by the Max Planck Society and an ERC Proof of Concept Grant #101069216 (HAPLOTAGGING).","pmid":1,"date_updated":"2023-08-16T08:18:47Z","date_created":"2023-01-12T12:09:17Z","volume":32,"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-1145-9226","id":"428A94B0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Shipilina","first_name":"Daria","full_name":"Shipilina, Daria"},{"id":"6AAB2240-CA9A-11E9-9C1A-D9D1E5697425","orcid":"0000-0002-4530-8469","first_name":"Arka","last_name":"Pal","full_name":"Pal, Arka"},{"last_name":"Stankowski","first_name":"Sean","id":"43161670-5719-11EA-8025-FABC3DDC885E","full_name":"Stankowski, Sean"},{"first_name":"Yingguang Frank","last_name":"Chan","full_name":"Chan, Yingguang Frank"},{"first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"}],"keyword":["Genetics","Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics"],"scopus_import":"1","day":"01","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","has_accepted_license":"1","article_type":"original","page":"1441-1457","publication":"Molecular Ecology","citation":{"ama":"Shipilina D, Pal A, Stankowski S, Chan YF, Barton NH. 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Barton, Molecular Ecology 32 (2023) 1441–1457.","mla":"Shipilina, Daria, et al. “On the Origin and Structure of Haplotype Blocks.” Molecular Ecology, vol. 32, no. 6, Wiley, 2023, pp. 1441–57, doi:10.1111/mec.16793.","chicago":"Shipilina, Daria, Arka Pal, Sean Stankowski, Yingguang Frank Chan, and Nicholas H Barton. “On the Origin and Structure of Haplotype Blocks.” Molecular Ecology. Wiley, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16793."},"date_published":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"The term “haplotype block” is commonly used in the developing field of haplotype-based inference methods. We argue that the term should be defined based on the structure of the Ancestral Recombination Graph (ARG), which contains complete information on the ancestry of a sample. We use simulated examples to demonstrate key features of the relationship between haplotype blocks and ancestral structure, emphasizing the stochasticity of the processes that generate them. Even the simplest cases of neutrality or of a “hard” selective sweep produce a rich structure, often missed by commonly used statistics. We highlight a number of novel methods for inferring haplotype structure, based on the full ARG, or on a sequence of trees, and illustrate how they can be used to define haplotype blocks using an empirical data set. While the advent of new, computationally efficient methods makes it possible to apply these concepts broadly, they (and additional new methods) could benefit from adding features to explore haplotype blocks, as we define them. Understanding and applying the concept of the haplotype block will be essential to fully exploit long and linked-read sequencing technologies.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"6","ddc":["570"],"status":"public","title":"On the origin and structure of haplotype blocks","intvolume":" 32","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"12159","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":7144607,"creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2023_MolecularEcology_Shipilina.pdf","checksum":"b10e0f8fa3dc4d72aaf77a557200978a","success":1,"date_created":"2023-08-16T08:15:41Z","date_updated":"2023-08-16T08:15:41Z","relation":"main_file","file_id":"14062"}]},{"status":"public","ddc":["570"],"title":"Slower-X: Reduced efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution","intvolume":" 7","_id":"12521","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:43:33Z","date_created":"2023-08-16T11:43:33Z","success":1,"checksum":"a240a041cb9b9b7c8ba93a4706674a3f","file_id":"14068","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":2592189,"file_name":"2023_EvLetters_Mrnjavac.pdf","access_level":"open_access"}],"type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"Differentiated X chromosomes are expected to have higher rates of adaptive divergence than autosomes, if new beneficial mutations are recessive (the “faster-X effect”), largely because these mutations are immediately exposed to selection in males. The evolution of X chromosomes after they stop recombining in males, but before they become hemizygous, has not been well explored theoretically. We use the diffusion approximation to infer substitution rates of beneficial and deleterious mutations under such a scenario. Our results show that selection is less efficient on diploid X loci than on autosomal and hemizygous X loci under a wide range of parameters. This “slower-X” effect is stronger for genes affecting primarily (or only) male fitness, and for sexually antagonistic genes. These unusual dynamics suggest that some of the peculiar features of X chromosomes, such as the differential accumulation of genes with sex-specific functions, may start arising earlier than previously appreciated.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"1","article_type":"original","publication":"Evolution Letters","citation":{"mla":"Mrnjavac, Andrea, et al. “Slower-X: Reduced Efficiency of Selection in the Early Stages of X Chromosome Evolution.” Evolution Letters, vol. 7, no. 1, qrac004, Oxford University Press, 2023, doi:10.1093/evlett/qrac004.","short":"A. Mrnjavac, K. Khudiakova, N.H. Barton, B. Vicoso, Evolution Letters 7 (2023).","chicago":"Mrnjavac, Andrea, Kseniia Khudiakova, Nicholas H Barton, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Slower-X: Reduced Efficiency of Selection in the Early Stages of X Chromosome Evolution.” Evolution Letters. Oxford University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004.","ama":"Mrnjavac A, Khudiakova K, Barton NH, Vicoso B. 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Oxford University Press, 2023."},"date_published":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","keyword":["Genetics","Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics"],"scopus_import":"1","day":"01","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"BeVi"}],"publisher":"Oxford University Press","acknowledgement":"We thank the Vicoso and Barton groups and ISTA Scientific Computing Unit. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. This work was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreements no. 715257 and no. 716117).","year":"2023","pmid":1,"date_created":"2023-02-06T13:59:12Z","date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:44:32Z","volume":7,"author":[{"full_name":"Mrnjavac, Andrea","id":"353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425","first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Mrnjavac"},{"full_name":"Khudiakova, Kseniia","id":"4E6DC800-AE37-11E9-AC72-31CAE5697425","orcid":"0000-0002-6246-1465","first_name":"Kseniia","last_name":"Khudiakova"},{"first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"},{"full_name":"Vicoso, Beatriz","last_name":"Vicoso","first_name":"Beatriz","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"article_number":"qrac004","file_date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:43:33Z","ec_funded":1,"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"project":[{"name":"Optimal Transport and Stochastic Dynamics","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"256E75B8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"716117"},{"name":"Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"715257","_id":"250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"external_id":{"isi":["001021692200001"],"pmid":["37065438"]},"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrac004","month":"02","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2056-3744"]}},{"type":"journal_article","issue":"2","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The classical infinitesimal model is a simple and robust model for the inheritance of quantitative traits. In this model, a quantitative trait is expressed as the sum of a genetic and an environmental component, and the genetic component of offspring traits within a family follows a normal distribution around the average of the parents’ trait values, and has a variance that is independent of the parental traits. In previous work, we showed that when trait values are determined by the sum of a large number of additive Mendelian factors, each of small effect, one can justify the infinitesimal model as a limit of Mendelian inheritance. In this paper, we show that this result extends to include dominance. We define the model in terms of classical quantities of quantitative genetics, before justifying it as a limit of Mendelian inheritance as the number, M, of underlying loci tends to infinity. As in the additive case, the multivariate normal distribution of trait values across the pedigree can be expressed in terms of variance components in an ancestral population and probabilities of identity by descent determined by the pedigree. Now, with just first-order dominance effects, we require two-, three-, and four-way identities. We also show that, even if we condition on parental trait values, the “shared” and “residual” components of trait values within each family will be asymptotically normally distributed as the number of loci tends to infinity, with an error of order 1/M−−√. We illustrate our results with some numerical examples."}],"intvolume":" 225","ddc":["570"],"title":"The infinitesimal model with dominance","status":"public","_id":"14452","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2023_Genetics_Barton.pdf","file_size":1439032,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","file_id":"14469","checksum":"3f65b1fbe813e2f4dbb5d2b5e891844a","success":1,"date_updated":"2023-10-30T12:57:53Z","date_created":"2023-10-30T12:57:53Z"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","has_accepted_license":"1","day":"01","article_type":"original","citation":{"ieee":"N. H. Barton, A. M. Etheridge, and A. Véber, “The infinitesimal model with dominance,” Genetics, vol. 225, no. 2. Oxford Academic, 2023.","apa":"Barton, N. H., Etheridge, A. M., & Véber, A. (2023). The infinitesimal model with dominance. Genetics. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad133","ista":"Barton NH, Etheridge AM, Véber A. 2023. The infinitesimal model with dominance. Genetics. 225(2), iyad133.","ama":"Barton NH, Etheridge AM, Véber A. The infinitesimal model with dominance. Genetics. 2023;225(2). doi:10.1093/genetics/iyad133","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H, Alison M. Etheridge, and Amandine Véber. “The Infinitesimal Model with Dominance.” Genetics. Oxford Academic, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad133.","short":"N.H. Barton, A.M. Etheridge, A. Véber, Genetics 225 (2023).","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H., et al. “The Infinitesimal Model with Dominance.” Genetics, vol. 225, no. 2, iyad133, Oxford Academic, 2023, doi:10.1093/genetics/iyad133."},"publication":"Genetics","date_published":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","article_number":"iyad133","ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2023-10-30T12:57:53Z","publisher":"Oxford Academic","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"2023","acknowledgement":"NHB was supported in part by ERC Grants 250152 and 101055327. AV was partly supported by the chaire Modélisation Mathématique et Biodiversité of Veolia Environment—Ecole Polytechnique—Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle—Fondation X.","volume":225,"date_updated":"2023-10-30T13:04:11Z","date_created":"2023-10-29T23:01:15Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"12949"}]},"author":[{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"},{"full_name":"Etheridge, Alison M.","last_name":"Etheridge","first_name":"Alison M."},{"full_name":"Véber, Amandine","first_name":"Amandine","last_name":"Véber"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1943-2631"],"issn":["0016-6731"]},"month":"10","project":[{"grant_number":"250152","_id":"25B07788-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Limits to selection in biology and in evolutionary computation","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"name":"Understanding the evolution of continuous genomes","grant_number":"101055327","_id":"bd6958e0-d553-11ed-ba76-86eba6a76c00"}],"quality_controlled":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2211.03515"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad133"},{"keyword":["Quantitative genetics","infinitesimal model"],"has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","month":"05","day":"13","citation":{"apa":"Barton, N. H. (2023). The infinitesimal model with dominance. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12949","ieee":"N. H. Barton, “The infinitesimal model with dominance.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","ista":"Barton NH. 2023. The infinitesimal model with dominance, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 10.15479/AT:ISTA:12949.","ama":"Barton NH. The infinitesimal model with dominance. 2023. doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:12949","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “The Infinitesimal Model with Dominance.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12949.","short":"N.H. Barton, (2023).","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. The Infinitesimal Model with Dominance. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:12949."},"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"project":[{"name":"Understanding the evolution of continuous genomes","grant_number":"101055327","_id":"bd6958e0-d553-11ed-ba76-86eba6a76c00"}],"doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:12949","date_published":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","type":"research_data","file_date_updated":"2023-05-16T04:09:08Z","abstract":[{"text":"The classical infinitesimal model is a simple and robust model for the inheritance of quantitative traits. In this model, a quantitative trait is expressed as the sum of a genetic and a non-genetic (environmental) component and the genetic component of offspring traits within a family follows a normal distribution around the average of the parents’ trait values, and has a variance that is independent of the trait values of the parents. Although the trait distribution across the whole population can be far from normal, the trait distributions within families are normally distributed with a variance-covariance matrix that is determined entirely by that in the ancestral population and the probabilities of identity determined by the pedigree. Moreover, conditioning on some of the trait values within the pedigree has predictable effects on the mean and variance within and between families. In previous work, Barton et al. (2017), we showed that when trait values are determined by the sum of a large number of Mendelian factors, each of small effect, one can justify the infinitesimal model as limit of Mendelian inheritance. It was also shown that under some forms of epistasis, trait values within a family are still normally distributed.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2023","_id":"12949","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"title":"The infinitesimal model with dominance","ddc":["576"],"status":"public","contributor":[{"contributor_type":"researcher","last_name":"Veber","first_name":"Amandine"},{"contributor_type":"researcher","last_name":"Etheridge","first_name":"Alison"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"14452","status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"author":[{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/octet-stream","file_size":13662,"creator":"nbarton","file_name":"Neutral identities 16th 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Brian","last_name":"Charlesworth","first_name":"Brian"},{"last_name":"Faria","first_name":"Rui","full_name":"Faria, Rui"},{"full_name":"Fragata, Inês","first_name":"Inês","last_name":"Fragata"},{"full_name":"Gilbert, Kimberly J.","first_name":"Kimberly J.","last_name":"Gilbert"},{"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Jay","full_name":"Jay, Paul"},{"full_name":"Kapun, Martin","first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Kapun"},{"last_name":"Lotterhos","first_name":"Katie E.","full_name":"Lotterhos, Katie E."},{"full_name":"Mérot, Claire","first_name":"Claire","last_name":"Mérot"},{"full_name":"Durmaz Mitchell, Esra","first_name":"Esra","last_name":"Durmaz Mitchell"},{"last_name":"Pascual","first_name":"Marta","full_name":"Pascual, Marta"},{"first_name":"Catherine L.","last_name":"Peichel","full_name":"Peichel, Catherine L."},{"first_name":"Marina","last_name":"Rafajlović","full_name":"Rafajlović, Marina"},{"full_name":"Westram, Anja M","last_name":"Westram","first_name":"Anja M","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969","id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Stephen W.","last_name":"Schaeffer","full_name":"Schaeffer, Stephen W."},{"full_name":"Johannesson, Kerstin","last_name":"Johannesson","first_name":"Kerstin"},{"full_name":"Flatt, Thomas","last_name":"Flatt","first_name":"Thomas"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publisher":"Wiley","publication_status":"epub_ahead","year":"2023","acknowledgement":"We are grateful to two referees and Luke Holman for valuable comments on a previous version of our manuscript. This paper was conceived at the ESEB Progress Meeting ‘Disentangling neutral versus adaptive evolution in chromosomal inversions’, organized by ELB, KJ and TF and held at Tjärnö Marine Laboratory (Sweden) between 28 February and 3 March 2022. We are indebted to ESEB for sponsoring our workshop and to the following funding bodies for supporting our research: ERC AdG 101055327 to NHB; Swedish Research Council (VR) 2018-03695 and Leverhulme Trust RPG-2021-141 to RKB; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) contract 2020.00275.CEECIND and research project PTDC/BIA-1232 EVL/1614/2021 to RF; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) junior researcher contract CEECIND/02616/2018 to IF; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Ambizione #PZ00P3_185952 to KJG; National Science Foundation NSF-OCE 2043905 and NSF-DEB 1655701 to KEL; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) 310030_204681 to CLP; Swedish Research Council (VR) 2021-05243 to MR; Norwegian Research Council grant 315287 to AMW; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) 31003A-182262 and FZEB-0-214654 to TF. We also thank Luca Ferretti for the discussion and Eliane Zinn (Flatt lab) for help with reference formatting.","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","article_number":"14242","date_published":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","article_type":"review","citation":{"chicago":"Berdan, Emma L., Nicholas H Barton, Roger Butlin, Brian Charlesworth, Rui Faria, Inês Fragata, Kimberly J. Gilbert, et al. “How Chromosomal Inversions Reorient the Evolutionary Process.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14242.","mla":"Berdan, Emma L., et al. “How Chromosomal Inversions Reorient the Evolutionary Process.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14242, Wiley, 2023, doi:10.1111/jeb.14242.","short":"E.L. Berdan, N.H. Barton, R. Butlin, B. Charlesworth, R. Faria, I. Fragata, K.J. Gilbert, P. Jay, M. Kapun, K.E. Lotterhos, C. Mérot, E. Durmaz Mitchell, M. Pascual, C.L. Peichel, M. Rafajlović, A.M. Westram, S.W. Schaeffer, K. Johannesson, T. Flatt, Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2023).","ista":"Berdan EL, Barton NH, Butlin R, Charlesworth B, Faria R, Fragata I, Gilbert KJ, Jay P, Kapun M, Lotterhos KE, Mérot C, Durmaz Mitchell E, Pascual M, Peichel CL, Rafajlović M, Westram AM, Schaeffer SW, Johannesson K, Flatt T. 2023. How chromosomal inversions reorient the evolutionary process. Journal of Evolutionary Biology., 14242.","apa":"Berdan, E. L., Barton, N. H., Butlin, R., Charlesworth, B., Faria, R., Fragata, I., … Flatt, T. (2023). How chromosomal inversions reorient the evolutionary process. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14242","ieee":"E. L. Berdan et al., “How chromosomal inversions reorient the evolutionary process,” Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley, 2023.","ama":"Berdan EL, Barton NH, Butlin R, et al. How chromosomal inversions reorient the evolutionary process. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2023. doi:10.1111/jeb.14242"},"publication":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","day":"08","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","title":"How chromosomal inversions reorient the evolutionary process","ddc":["570"],"status":"public","_id":"14556","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Inversions are structural mutations that reverse the sequence of a chromosome segment and reduce the effective rate of recombination in the heterozygous state. They play a major role in adaptation, as well as in other evolutionary processes such as speciation. Although inversions have been studied since the 1920s, they remain difficult to investigate because the reduced recombination conferred by them strengthens the effects of drift and hitchhiking, which in turn can obscure signatures of selection. Nonetheless, numerous inversions have been found to be under selection. Given recent advances in population genetic theory and empirical study, here we review how different mechanisms of selection affect the evolution of inversions. A key difference between inversions and other mutations, such as single nucleotide variants, is that the fitness of an inversion may be affected by a larger number of frequently interacting processes. This considerably complicates the analysis of the causes underlying the evolution of inversions. We discuss the extent to which these mechanisms can be disentangled, and by which approach."}],"type":"journal_article"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2122147119","quality_controlled":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"pmid":["35858408"]},"oa":1,"month":"07","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1091-6490"],"issn":["0027-8424"]},"date_created":"2022-07-31T22:01:47Z","date_updated":"2022-08-01T11:00:25Z","volume":119,"author":[{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"publication_status":"published","publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"acknowledgement":"I thank Laura Hayward, Jitka Polechova, and Anja Westram for discussions and comments.","year":"2022","pmid":1,"file_date_updated":"2022-08-01T10:58:28Z","article_number":"e2122147119","date_published":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","citation":{"chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “The ‘New Synthesis.’” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122147119.","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “The ‘New Synthesis.’” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 119, no. 30, e2122147119, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022, doi:10.1073/pnas.2122147119.","short":"N.H. Barton, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (2022).","ista":"Barton NH. 2022. The ‘New Synthesis’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119(30), e2122147119.","apa":"Barton, N. H. (2022). The “New Synthesis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122147119","ieee":"N. H. Barton, “The ‘New Synthesis,’” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 119, no. 30. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022.","ama":"Barton NH. The “New Synthesis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2022;119(30). doi:10.1073/pnas.2122147119"},"day":"18","article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":"1","file":[{"success":1,"checksum":"06c866196a8957f0c37b8a121771c885","date_created":"2022-08-01T10:58:28Z","date_updated":"2022-08-01T10:58:28Z","file_id":"11716","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","file_size":848511,"content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2022_PNAS_Barton.pdf"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","title":"The \"New Synthesis\"","ddc":["570"],"status":"public","intvolume":" 119","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"11702","abstract":[{"text":"When Mendel’s work was rediscovered in 1900, and extended to establish classical genetics, it was initially seen in opposition to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection on continuous variation, as represented by the biometric research program that was the foundation of quantitative genetics. As Fisher, Haldane, and Wright established a century ago, Mendelian inheritance is exactly what is needed for natural selection to work efficiently. Yet, the synthesis remains unfinished. We do not understand why sexual reproduction and a fair meiosis predominate in eukaryotes, or how far these are responsible for their diversity and complexity. Moreover, although quantitative geneticists have long known that adaptive variation is highly polygenic, and that this is essential for efficient selection, this is only now becoming appreciated by molecular biologists—and we still do not have a good framework for understanding polygenic variation or diffuse function.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"30","type":"journal_article"},{"file_date_updated":"2022-07-29T06:59:10Z","publisher":"Wiley","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"2022","acknowledgement":"We thank S. O'Neill, C. Simmons, and the World Mosquito Project for providing access to unpublished data. S. Ritchie provided valuable insights into Aedes aegypti biology and the literature describing A. aegypti populations near Cairns. We thank B. Cooper for help with the figures and D. Shropshire, S. O'Neill, S. Ritchie, A. Hoffmann, B. Cooper, and members of the Cooper lab for comments on an earlier draft. Comments from three reviewers greatly improved our presentation.","volume":6,"date_updated":"2023-08-02T13:50:09Z","date_created":"2022-01-09T09:45:17Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","status":"public","id":"11686"}]},"author":[{"full_name":"Turelli, Michael","last_name":"Turelli","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2056-3744"]},"month":"02","isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","external_id":{"isi":["000754412600008"]},"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1002/evl3.270","type":"journal_article","issue":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Maternally inherited Wolbachia transinfections are being introduced into natural mosquito populations to reduce the transmission of dengue, Zika, and other arboviruses. Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility provides a frequency-dependent reproductive advantage to infected females that can spread transinfections within and among populations. However, because transinfections generally reduce host fitness, they tend to spread within populations only after their frequency exceeds a critical threshold. This produces bistability with stable equilibrium frequencies at both 0 and 1, analogous to the bistability produced by underdominance between alleles or karyotypes and by population dynamics under Allee effects. Here, we analyze how stochastic frequency variation produced by finite population size can facilitate the local spread of variants with bistable dynamics into areas where invasion is unexpected from deterministic models. Our exemplar is the establishment of wMel Wolbachia in the Aedes aegypti population of Pyramid Estates (PE), a small community in far north Queensland, Australia. In 2011, wMel was stably introduced into Gordonvale, separated from PE by barriers to A. aegypti dispersal. After nearly 6 years during which wMel was observed only at low frequencies in PE, corresponding to an apparent equilibrium between immigration and selection, wMel rose to fixation by 2018. Using analytic approximations and statistical analyses, we demonstrate that the observed fixation of wMel at PE is consistent with both stochastic transition past an unstable threshold frequency and deterministic transformation produced by steady immigration at a rate just above the threshold required for deterministic invasion. The indeterminacy results from a delicate balance of parameters needed to produce the delayed transition observed. Our analyses suggest that once Wolbachia transinfections are established locally through systematic introductions, stochastic “threshold crossing” is likely to only minimally enhance spatial spread, providing a local ratchet that slightly—but systematically—aids area-wide transformation of disease-vector populations in heterogeneous landscapes.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":" 6","title":"Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics, and disease control","status":"public","ddc":["570"],"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","_id":"10604","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"file_size":2435185,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2022_EvolutionLetters_Turelli.pdf","checksum":"7e9a37e3b65b480cd7014a6a4a7e460a","success":1,"date_updated":"2022-07-29T06:59:10Z","date_created":"2022-07-29T06:59:10Z","relation":"main_file","file_id":"11689"}],"keyword":["genetics","ecology","evolution","behavior and systematics"],"article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","day":"01","page":"92-105","article_type":"original","citation":{"short":"M. Turelli, N.H. Barton, Evolution Letters 6 (2022) 92–105.","mla":"Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Why Did the Wolbachia Transinfection Cross the Road? Drift, Deterministic Dynamics, and Disease Control.” Evolution Letters, vol. 6, no. 1, Wiley, 2022, pp. 92–105, doi:10.1002/evl3.270.","chicago":"Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H Barton. “Why Did the Wolbachia Transinfection Cross the Road? Drift, Deterministic Dynamics, and Disease Control.” Evolution Letters. Wiley, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.270.","ama":"Turelli M, Barton NH. Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics, and disease control. Evolution Letters. 2022;6(1):92-105. doi:10.1002/evl3.270","ieee":"M. Turelli and N. H. Barton, “Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics, and disease control,” Evolution Letters, vol. 6, no. 1. Wiley, pp. 92–105, 2022.","apa":"Turelli, M., & Barton, N. H. (2022). Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics, and disease control. Evolution Letters. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.270","ista":"Turelli M, Barton NH. 2022. Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics, and disease control. Evolution Letters. 6(1), 92–105."},"publication":"Evolution Letters","date_published":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z"},{"day":"06","month":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","keyword":["Biological sciences"],"doi":"10.25338/B81931","date_published":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","citation":{"ista":"Turelli M, Barton NH. 2022. Wolbachia frequency data from: Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics and disease control, Dryad, 10.25338/B81931.","ieee":"M. Turelli and N. H. Barton, “Wolbachia frequency data from: Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics and disease control.” Dryad, 2022.","apa":"Turelli, M., & Barton, N. H. (2022). Wolbachia frequency data from: Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics and disease control. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.25338/B81931","ama":"Turelli M, Barton NH. Wolbachia frequency data from: Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics and disease control. 2022. doi:10.25338/B81931","chicago":"Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H Barton. “Wolbachia Frequency Data from: Why Did the Wolbachia Transinfection Cross the Road? Drift, Deterministic Dynamics and Disease Control.” Dryad, 2022. https://doi.org/10.25338/B81931.","mla":"Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H. Barton. Wolbachia Frequency Data from: Why Did the Wolbachia Transinfection Cross the Road? Drift, Deterministic Dynamics and Disease Control. Dryad, 2022, doi:10.25338/B81931.","short":"M. Turelli, N.H. Barton, (2022)."},"tmp":{"short":"CC0 (1.0)","image":"/images/cc_0.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0)"},"oa":1,"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.25338/B81931","open_access":"1"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Maternally inherited Wolbachia transinfections are being introduced into natural mosquito populations to reduce the transmission of dengue, Zika and other arboviruses. Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility provides a frequency-dependent reproductive advantage to infected females that can spread transinfections within and among populations. However, because transinfections generally reduce host fitness, they tend to spread within populations only after their frequency exceeds a critical threshold. This produces bistability with stable equilibrium frequencies at both 0 and 1, analogous to the bistability produced by underdominance between alleles or karyotypes and by population dynamics under Allee effects. Here, we analyze how stochastic frequency variation produced by finite population size can facilitate the local spread of variants with bistable dynamics into areas where invasion is unexpected from deterministic models. Our exemplar is the establishment of wMel Wolbachia in the Aedes aegypti population of Pyramid Estates (PE), a small community in far north Queensland, Australia. In 2011, wMel was stably introduced into Gordonvale, separated from PE by barriers to Ae. aegypti dispersal. After nearly six years during which wMel was observed only at low frequencies in PE, corresponding to an apparent equilibrium between immigration and selection, wMel rose to fixation by 2018. Using analytic approximations and statistical analyses, we demonstrate that the observed fixation of wMel at PE is consistent with both stochastic transition past an unstable threshold frequency and deterministic transformation produced by steady immigration at a rate just above the threshold required for deterministic invasion. The indeterminacy results from a delicate balance of parameters needed to produce the delayed transition observed. Our analyses suggest that once Wolbachia transinfections are established locally through systematic introductions, stochastic “threshold crossing” is likely to only minimally enhance spatial spread, providing a local ratchet that slightly – but systematically – aids area-wide transformation of disease-vector populations in heterogeneous landscapes."}],"license":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","type":"research_data_reference","author":[{"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Turelli","full_name":"Turelli, Michael"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"10604","status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"date_updated":"2023-08-02T13:50:08Z","date_created":"2022-07-29T06:45:41Z","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf","_id":"11686","year":"2022","acknowledgement":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Award: OPP1180815","status":"public","title":"Wolbachia frequency data from: Why did the Wolbachia transinfection cross the road? Drift, deterministic dynamics and disease control","ddc":["570"],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publisher":"Dryad"},{"keyword":["General Agricultural and Biological Sciences","General Biochemistry","Genetics and Molecular Biology"],"scopus_import":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","has_accepted_license":"1","day":"01","article_type":"original","citation":{"ama":"Westram AM, Faria R, Johannesson K, Butlin R, Barton NH. Inversions and parallel evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2022;377(1856). doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0203","ieee":"A. M. Westram, R. Faria, K. Johannesson, R. Butlin, and N. H. Barton, “Inversions and parallel evolution,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 377, no. 1856. Royal Society of London, 2022.","apa":"Westram, A. M., Faria, R., Johannesson, K., Butlin, R., & Barton, N. H. (2022). Inversions and parallel evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Royal Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0203","ista":"Westram AM, Faria R, Johannesson K, Butlin R, Barton NH. 2022. Inversions and parallel evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 377(1856), 20210203.","short":"A.M. Westram, R. Faria, K. Johannesson, R. Butlin, N.H. Barton, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 377 (2022).","mla":"Westram, Anja M., et al. “Inversions and Parallel Evolution.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 377, no. 1856, 20210203, Royal Society of London, 2022, doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0203.","chicago":"Westram, Anja M, Rui Faria, Kerstin Johannesson, Roger Butlin, and Nicholas H Barton. “Inversions and Parallel Evolution.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Royal Society of London, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0203."},"publication":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","date_published":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","issue":"1856","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Local adaptation leads to differences between populations within a species. In many systems, similar environmental contrasts occur repeatedly, sometimes driving parallel phenotypic evolution. Understanding the genomic basis of local adaptation and parallel evolution is a major goal of evolutionary genomics. It is now known that by preventing the break-up of favourable combinations of alleles across multiple loci, genetic architectures that reduce recombination, like chromosomal inversions, can make an important contribution to local adaptation. However, little is known about whether inversions also contribute disproportionately to parallel evolution. Our aim here is to highlight this knowledge gap, to showcase existing studies, and to illustrate the differences between genomic architectures with and without inversions using simple models. We predict that by generating stronger effective selection, inversions can sometimes speed up the parallel adaptive process or enable parallel adaptation where it would be impossible otherwise, but this is highly dependent on the spatial setting. We highlight that further empirical work is needed, in particular to cover a broader taxonomic range and to understand the relative importance of inversions compared to genomic regions without inversions."}],"intvolume":" 377","status":"public","ddc":["570"],"title":"Inversions and parallel evolution","_id":"11546","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"12479","checksum":"49f69428f3dcf5ce3ff281f7d199e9df","success":1,"date_updated":"2023-02-02T08:20:29Z","date_created":"2023-02-02T08:20:29Z","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2022_PhilosophicalTransactionsB_Westram.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":920304,"creator":"dernst"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1471-2970"],"issn":["0962-8436"]},"month":"08","project":[{"name":"The maintenance of alternative adaptive peaks in snapdragons","_id":"05959E1C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","grant_number":"P32166"}],"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"isi":["000812317300005"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1098/rstb.2021.0203","article_number":"20210203","file_date_updated":"2023-02-02T08:20:29Z","department":[{"_id":"BeVi"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publisher":"Royal Society of London","publication_status":"published","acknowledgement":"We thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful and interesting comments on this manuscript.","year":"2022","volume":377,"date_updated":"2023-08-03T11:55:42Z","date_created":"2022-07-08T11:41:56Z","author":[{"full_name":"Westram, Anja M","last_name":"Westram","first_name":"Anja M","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969","id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Faria, Rui","first_name":"Rui","last_name":"Faria"},{"full_name":"Johannesson, Kerstin","last_name":"Johannesson","first_name":"Kerstin"},{"full_name":"Butlin, Roger","first_name":"Roger","last_name":"Butlin"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"}]},{"month":"09","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1420-9101"],"issn":["1010-061X"]},"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"project":[{"name":"The maintenance of alternative adaptive peaks in snapdragons","_id":"05959E1C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","grant_number":"P32166"}],"oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"isi":["000849851100002"],"pmid":["36063156"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1111/jeb.14005","file_date_updated":"2023-01-30T10:05:31Z","publication_status":"published","publisher":"Wiley","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"year":"2022","acknowledgement":"We are grateful to the participants of the ESEB satellite symposium ‘Understanding reproductive isolation: bridging conceptual barriers in speciation research’ in 2021 for the interesting discussions that helped us clarify the thoughts presented in this article. We thank Roger Butlin, Michael Turelli and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments on this manuscript. We are also very grateful to Roger Butlin and the Barton Group for the continued conversa-tions about RI. In addition, we thank all participants of the speciation survey. Part of this work was funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF (grant P 32166)","pmid":1,"date_updated":"2023-08-04T09:53:40Z","date_created":"2023-01-16T09:59:24Z","volume":35,"author":[{"full_name":"Westram, Anja M","last_name":"Westram","first_name":"Anja M","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969","id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Stankowski, Sean","last_name":"Stankowski","first_name":"Sean","id":"43161670-5719-11EA-8025-FABC3DDC885E"},{"first_name":"Parvathy","last_name":"Surendranadh","id":"455235B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Surendranadh, Parvathy"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"12265","relation":"other","status":"public"}]},"keyword":["Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics"],"scopus_import":"1","day":"01","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","has_accepted_license":"1","article_type":"review","page":"1143-1164","publication":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","citation":{"chicago":"Westram, Anja M, Sean Stankowski, Parvathy Surendranadh, and Nicholas H Barton. “What Is Reproductive Isolation?” Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14005.","short":"A.M. Westram, S. Stankowski, P. Surendranadh, N.H. Barton, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 35 (2022) 1143–1164.","mla":"Westram, Anja M., et al. “What Is Reproductive Isolation?” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 35, no. 9, Wiley, 2022, pp. 1143–64, doi:10.1111/jeb.14005.","apa":"Westram, A. M., Stankowski, S., Surendranadh, P., & Barton, N. H. (2022). What is reproductive isolation? Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14005","ieee":"A. M. Westram, S. Stankowski, P. Surendranadh, and N. H. Barton, “What is reproductive isolation?,” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 35, no. 9. Wiley, pp. 1143–1164, 2022.","ista":"Westram AM, Stankowski S, Surendranadh P, Barton NH. 2022. What is reproductive isolation? Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 35(9), 1143–1164.","ama":"Westram AM, Stankowski S, Surendranadh P, Barton NH. What is reproductive isolation? Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2022;35(9):1143-1164. doi:10.1111/jeb.14005"},"date_published":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"Reproductive isolation (RI) is a core concept in evolutionary biology. It has been the central focus of speciation research since the modern synthesis and is the basis by which biological species are defined. Despite this, the term is used in seemingly different ways, and attempts to quantify RI have used very different approaches. After showing that the field lacks a clear definition of the term, we attempt to clarify key issues, including what RI is, how it can be quantified in principle, and how it can be measured in practice. Following other definitions with a genetic focus, we propose that RI is a quantitative measure of the effect that genetic differences between populations have on gene flow. Specifically, RI compares the flow of neutral alleles in the presence of these genetic differences to the flow without any such differences. RI is thus greater than zero when genetic differences between populations reduce the flow of neutral alleles between populations. We show how RI can be quantified in a range of scenarios. A key conclusion is that RI depends strongly on circumstances—including the spatial, temporal and genomic context—making it difficult to compare across systems. After reviewing methods for estimating RI from data, we conclude that it is difficult to measure in practice. We discuss our findings in light of the goals of speciation research and encourage the use of methods for estimating RI that integrate organismal and genetic approaches.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"9","status":"public","title":"What is reproductive isolation?","ddc":["570"],"intvolume":" 35","_id":"12264","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"12448","date_created":"2023-01-30T10:05:31Z","date_updated":"2023-01-30T10:05:31Z","checksum":"f08de57112330a7ee88d2e1b20576a1e","success":1,"file_name":"2022_JourEvoBiology_Westram.pdf","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":3146793,"creator":"dernst"}],"oa_version":"Published Version"},{"doi":"10.1111/jeb.14082","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"external_id":{"isi":["000849851100009"]},"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"project":[{"_id":"05959E1C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","grant_number":"P32166","name":"The maintenance of alternative adaptive peaks in snapdragons"}],"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1010-061X"],"eissn":["1420-9101"]},"month":"09","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"12264","relation":"other","status":"public"}]},"author":[{"full_name":"Westram, Anja M","first_name":"Anja M","last_name":"Westram","id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969"},{"full_name":"Stankowski, Sean","last_name":"Stankowski","first_name":"Sean","id":"43161670-5719-11EA-8025-FABC3DDC885E"},{"full_name":"Surendranadh, Parvathy","first_name":"Parvathy","last_name":"Surendranadh","id":"455235B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240"}],"volume":35,"date_created":"2023-01-16T09:59:37Z","date_updated":"2023-08-04T09:53:41Z","year":"2022","acknowledgement":"We are very grateful to the authors of the commentaries for the interesting discussion and to Luke Holman for handling this set of manuscripts. Part of this work was funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF (grant P 32166).","publisher":"Wiley","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publication_status":"published","file_date_updated":"2023-01-30T10:14:09Z","date_published":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","citation":{"chicago":"Westram, Anja M, Sean Stankowski, Parvathy Surendranadh, and Nicholas H Barton. “Reproductive Isolation, Speciation, and the Value of Disagreement: A Reply to the Commentaries on ‘What Is Reproductive Isolation?’” Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14082.","short":"A.M. Westram, S. Stankowski, P. Surendranadh, N.H. Barton, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 35 (2022) 1200–1205.","mla":"Westram, Anja M., et al. “Reproductive Isolation, Speciation, and the Value of Disagreement: A Reply to the Commentaries on ‘What Is Reproductive Isolation?’” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 35, no. 9, Wiley, 2022, pp. 1200–05, doi:10.1111/jeb.14082.","ieee":"A. M. Westram, S. Stankowski, P. Surendranadh, and N. H. Barton, “Reproductive isolation, speciation, and the value of disagreement: A reply to the commentaries on ‘What is reproductive isolation?,’” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 35, no. 9. Wiley, pp. 1200–1205, 2022.","apa":"Westram, A. M., Stankowski, S., Surendranadh, P., & Barton, N. H. (2022). Reproductive isolation, speciation, and the value of disagreement: A reply to the commentaries on ‘What is reproductive isolation?’ Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14082","ista":"Westram AM, Stankowski S, Surendranadh P, Barton NH. 2022. Reproductive isolation, speciation, and the value of disagreement: A reply to the commentaries on ‘What is reproductive isolation?’ Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 35(9), 1200–1205.","ama":"Westram AM, Stankowski S, Surendranadh P, Barton NH. Reproductive isolation, speciation, and the value of disagreement: A reply to the commentaries on ‘What is reproductive isolation?’ Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2022;35(9):1200-1205. doi:10.1111/jeb.14082"},"publication":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","page":"1200-1205","article_type":"letter_note","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","day":"01","scopus_import":"1","keyword":["Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics"],"file":[{"file_id":"12449","relation":"main_file","success":1,"checksum":"27268009e5eec030bc10667a4ac5ed4c","date_updated":"2023-01-30T10:14:09Z","date_created":"2023-01-30T10:14:09Z","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2022_JourEvoBiology_Westram_Response.pdf","creator":"dernst","file_size":349603,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"12265","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","intvolume":" 35","title":"Reproductive isolation, speciation, and the value of disagreement: A reply to the commentaries on ‘What is reproductive isolation?’","ddc":["570"],"status":"public","issue":"9","type":"journal_article"},{"date_published":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","publication":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","citation":{"mla":"Barton, Nicholas H., and Oluwafunmilola O. Olusanya. “The Response of a Metapopulation to a Changing Environment.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 377, no. 1848, The Royal Society, 2022, doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0009.","short":"N.H. Barton, O.O. Olusanya, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 377 (2022).","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H, and Oluwafunmilola O Olusanya. “The Response of a Metapopulation to a Changing Environment.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The Royal Society, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0009.","ama":"Barton NH, Olusanya OO. The response of a metapopulation to a changing environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2022;377(1848). doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0009","ista":"Barton NH, Olusanya OO. 2022. The response of a metapopulation to a changing environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 377(1848).","apa":"Barton, N. H., & Olusanya, O. O. (2022). The response of a metapopulation to a changing environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0009","ieee":"N. H. Barton and O. O. Olusanya, “The response of a metapopulation to a changing environment,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 377, no. 1848. The Royal Society, 2022."},"article_type":"original","day":"11","article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":"1","keyword":["General Agricultural and Biological Sciences","General Biochemistry","Genetics and Molecular Biology"],"file":[{"checksum":"3b0243738f01bf3c07e0d7e8dc64f71d","success":1,"date_created":"2022-08-02T06:14:32Z","date_updated":"2022-08-02T06:14:32Z","relation":"main_file","file_id":"11719","file_size":1349672,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2022_PhilosophicalTransactionsRSB_Barton.pdf"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","_id":"10787","title":"The response of a metapopulation to a changing environment","status":"public","ddc":["570"],"intvolume":" 377","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A species distributed across diverse environments may adapt to local conditions. We ask how quickly such a species changes its range in response to changed conditions. Szép et al. (Szép E, Sachdeva H, Barton NH. 2021 Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: a stochastic eco-evolutionary model. Evolution75, 1030–1045 (doi:10.1111/evo.14210)) used the infinite island model to find the stationary distribution of allele frequencies and deme sizes. We extend this to find how a metapopulation responds to changes in carrying capacity, selection strength, or migration rate when deme sizes are fixed. We further develop a ‘fixed-state’ approximation. Under this approximation, polymorphism is only possible for a narrow range of habitat proportions when selection is weak compared to drift, but for a much wider range otherwise. When rates of selection or migration relative to drift change in a single deme of the metapopulation, the population takes a time of order m−1 to reach the new equilibrium. However, even with many loci, there can be substantial fluctuations in net adaptation, because at each locus, alleles randomly get lost or fixed. Thus, in a finite metapopulation, variation may gradually be lost by chance, even if it would persist in an infinite metapopulation. When conditions change across the whole metapopulation, there can be rapid change, which is predicted well by the fixed-state approximation. This work helps towards an understanding of how metapopulations extend their range across diverse environments.\r\nThis article is part of the theme issue ‘Species’ ranges in the face of changing environments (Part II)’."}],"issue":"1848","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2021.0009","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"pmid":["35184588"],"isi":["000758140300001"]},"oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"project":[{"grant_number":"P32896","_id":"c08d3278-5a5b-11eb-8a69-fdb09b55f4b8","name":"Causes and consequences of population fragmentation"}],"month":"04","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0962-8436"],"eissn":["1471-2970"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"},{"last_name":"Olusanya","first_name":"Oluwafunmilola O","orcid":"0000-0003-1971-8314","id":"41AD96DC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Olusanya, Oluwafunmilola O"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"14711"}]},"date_created":"2022-02-21T16:08:10Z","date_updated":"2024-01-26T12:00:53Z","volume":377,"year":"2022","acknowledgement":"This research was partly funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [FWF P-32896B].","pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publisher":"The Royal Society","file_date_updated":"2022-08-02T06:14:32Z"},{"oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"file_size":1845792,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"oolusany","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"rstb.2021.0010.pdf","checksum":"04ca9e2f0e344d680b947f2457df8d0a","date_updated":"2022-01-24T10:34:45Z","date_created":"2022-01-24T10:34:45Z","relation":"main_file","file_id":"10659"}],"ddc":["576"],"title":"Genetic load and extinction in peripheral populations: The roles of migration, drift and demographic stochasticity","status":"public","intvolume":" 377","_id":"10658","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We analyse how migration from a large mainland influences genetic load and population numbers on an island, in a scenario where fitness-affecting variants are unconditionally deleterious, and where numbers decline with increasing load. Our analysis shows that migration can have qualitatively different effects, depending on the total mutation target and fitness effects of deleterious variants. In particular, we find that populations exhibit a genetic Allee effect across a wide range of parameter combinations, when variants are partially recessive, cycling between low-load (large-population) and high-load (sink) states. Increased migration reduces load in the sink state (by increasing heterozygosity) but further inflates load in the large-population state (by hindering purging). We identify various critical parameter thresholds at which one or other stable state collapses, and discuss how these thresholds are influenced by the genetic versus demographic effects of migration. Our analysis is based on a ‘semi-deterministic’ analysis, which accounts for genetic drift but neglects demographic stochasticity. We also compare against simulations which account for both demographic stochasticity and drift. Our results clarify the importance of gene flow as a key determinant of extinction risk in peripheral populations, even in the absence of ecological gradients. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Species’ ranges in the face of changing environments (part I)’."}],"issue":"1846","type":"journal_article","date_published":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","publication":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B","citation":{"chicago":"Sachdeva, Himani, Oluwafunmilola O Olusanya, and Nicholas H Barton. “Genetic Load and Extinction in Peripheral Populations: The Roles of Migration, Drift and Demographic Stochasticity.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. The Royal Society, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0010.","short":"H. Sachdeva, O.O. Olusanya, N.H. Barton, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377 (2022).","mla":"Sachdeva, Himani, et al. “Genetic Load and Extinction in Peripheral Populations: The Roles of Migration, Drift and Demographic Stochasticity.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 377, no. 1846, 20210010, The Royal Society, 2022, doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0010.","apa":"Sachdeva, H., Olusanya, O. O., & Barton, N. H. (2022). Genetic load and extinction in peripheral populations: The roles of migration, drift and demographic stochasticity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0010","ieee":"H. Sachdeva, O. O. Olusanya, and N. H. Barton, “Genetic load and extinction in peripheral populations: The roles of migration, drift and demographic stochasticity,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 377, no. 1846. The Royal Society, 2022.","ista":"Sachdeva H, Olusanya OO, Barton NH. 2022. Genetic load and extinction in peripheral populations: The roles of migration, drift and demographic stochasticity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 377(1846), 20210010.","ama":"Sachdeva H, Olusanya OO, Barton NH. Genetic load and extinction in peripheral populations: The roles of migration, drift and demographic stochasticity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2022;377(1846). doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0010"},"day":"24","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2022-01-24T10:34:53Z","date_updated":"2024-01-26T12:00:53Z","volume":377,"author":[{"first_name":"Himani","last_name":"Sachdeva","full_name":"Sachdeva, Himani"},{"id":"41AD96DC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1971-8314","first_name":"Oluwafunmilola O","last_name":"Olusanya","full_name":"Olusanya, Oluwafunmilola O"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"14711"}],"link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.05.455207","relation":"earlier_version"}]},"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publisher":"The Royal Society","year":"2022","acknowledgement":"This research was partly funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (grant no. P-32896B).","pmid":1,"file_date_updated":"2022-01-24T10:34:45Z","article_number":"20210010","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1098/rstb.2021.0010","quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"project":[{"name":"Causes and consequences of population fragmentation","grant_number":"P32896","_id":"c08d3278-5a5b-11eb-8a69-fdb09b55f4b8"}],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"isi":["000745854300008"],"pmid":["35067097"]},"oa":1,"month":"01","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1471-2970"],"issn":["0962-8436"]}},{"doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyac083","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"oa":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000803735800001"],"pmid":["35639938"]},"project":[{"_id":"05959E1C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","grant_number":"P32166","name":"The maintenance of alternative adaptive peaks in snapdragons"}],"isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1943-2631"]},"month":"07","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"14651","relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public"},{"id":"11321","relation":"research_data","status":"public"},{"id":"9192","relation":"research_data","status":"public"}]},"author":[{"full_name":"Surendranadh, Parvathy","last_name":"Surendranadh","first_name":"Parvathy","id":"455235B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-1771-714X","id":"2CFCFF98-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arathoon","first_name":"Louise S","full_name":"Arathoon, Louise S"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-7354-8574","id":"3B4A7CE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Baskett","first_name":"Carina","full_name":"Baskett, Carina"},{"full_name":"Field, David","last_name":"Field","first_name":"David","orcid":"0000-0002-4014-8478","id":"419049E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Pickup, Melinda","last_name":"Pickup","first_name":"Melinda","orcid":"0000-0001-6118-0541","id":"2C78037E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"}],"volume":221,"date_created":"2022-05-26T13:44:50Z","date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:38:33Z","pmid":1,"year":"2022","acknowledgement":"Part of this work was funded by Marie Curie COFUND Doctoral Fellowship and Austrian Science Fund FWF (grant P32166).\r\nWe thank the many volunteers and friends who have contributed to data collection in the field site over the years, in particular those who have managed field seasons: Barbora Trubenova, Maria Clara Melo, Tom Ellis, Eva Cereghetti, Lenka Matejovicova, Beatriz Pablo Carmona. Frederic Ferrer and Eva Salmerón Mateu have been immensely helpful with logistics at our informal field station, El Serrat de Planoles. We thank Sean Stankowski for technical help in\r\nproducing figure 1. This research was also supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria through resources provided by Scientific Computing (SciComp).","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publisher":"Oxford University Press","publication_status":"published","file_date_updated":"2022-05-26T12:48:21Z","article_number":"iyac083","date_published":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","citation":{"ieee":"P. Surendranadh, L. S. Arathoon, C. Baskett, D. Field, M. Pickup, and N. H. Barton, “Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus,” Genetics, vol. 221, no. 3. Oxford University Press, 2022.","apa":"Surendranadh, P., Arathoon, L. S., Baskett, C., Field, D., Pickup, M., & Barton, N. H. (2022). Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus. Genetics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac083","ista":"Surendranadh P, Arathoon LS, Baskett C, Field D, Pickup M, Barton NH. 2022. Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus. Genetics. 221(3), iyac083.","ama":"Surendranadh P, Arathoon LS, Baskett C, Field D, Pickup M, Barton NH. Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus. Genetics. 2022;221(3). doi:10.1093/genetics/iyac083","chicago":"Surendranadh, Parvathy, Louise S Arathoon, Carina Baskett, David Field, Melinda Pickup, and Nicholas H Barton. “Effects of Fine-Scale Population Structure on the Distribution of Heterozygosity in a Long-Term Study of Antirrhinum Majus.” Genetics. Oxford University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac083.","short":"P. Surendranadh, L.S. Arathoon, C. Baskett, D. Field, M. Pickup, N.H. Barton, Genetics 221 (2022).","mla":"Surendranadh, Parvathy, et al. “Effects of Fine-Scale Population Structure on the Distribution of Heterozygosity in a Long-Term Study of Antirrhinum Majus.” Genetics, vol. 221, no. 3, iyac083, Oxford University Press, 2022, doi:10.1093/genetics/iyac083."},"publication":"Genetics","article_type":"original","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"01","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Submitted Version","file":[{"file_name":"Manuscript.pdf","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":885374,"creator":"larathoo","relation":"main_file","file_id":"11412","date_updated":"2022-05-26T12:48:15Z","date_created":"2022-05-26T12:48:15Z","checksum":"cc2d56deb608bd53c5cc02f03a875107","success":1},{"creator":"larathoo","file_size":1401704,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"SupplementalMaterial.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2022-05-26T12:48:21Z","date_created":"2022-05-26T12:48:21Z","success":1,"checksum":"693742595b6c7ed809423be01460d083","file_id":"11413","relation":"main_file"}],"_id":"11411","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","intvolume":" 221","ddc":["576"],"title":"Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus","status":"public","issue":"3","abstract":[{"text":"Many studies have quantified the distribution of heterozygosity and relatedness in natural populations, but few have examined the demographic processes driving these patterns. In this study, we take a novel approach by studying how population structure affects both pairwise identity and the distribution of heterozygosity in a natural population of the self-incompatible plant Antirrhinum majus. Excess variance in heterozygosity between individuals is due to identity disequilibrium, which reflects the variance in inbreeding between individuals; it is measured by the statistic g2. We calculated g2 together with FST and pairwise relatedness (Fij) using 91 SNPs in 22,353 individuals collected over 11 years. We find that pairwise Fij declines rapidly over short spatial scales, and the excess variance in heterozygosity between individuals reflects significant variation in inbreeding. Additionally, we detect an excess of individuals with around half the average heterozygosity, indicating either selfing or matings between close relatives. We use 2 types of simulation to ask whether variation in heterozygosity is consistent with fine-scale spatial population structure. First, by simulating offspring using parents drawn from a range of spatial scales, we show that the known pollen dispersal kernel explains g2. Second, we simulate a 1,000-generation pedigree using the known dispersal and spatial distribution and find that the resulting g2 is consistent with that observed from the field data. In contrast, a simulated population with uniform density underestimates g2, indicating that heterogeneous density promotes identity disequilibrium. Our study shows that heterogeneous density and leptokurtic dispersal can together explain the distribution of heterozygosity.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article"},{"oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"citation":{"ista":"Surendranadh P, Arathoon LS, Baskett C, Field D, Pickup M, Barton NH. 2022. Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 10.15479/at:ista:11321.","ieee":"P. Surendranadh, L. S. Arathoon, C. Baskett, D. Field, M. Pickup, and N. H. Barton, “Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022.","apa":"Surendranadh, P., Arathoon, L. S., Baskett, C., Field, D., Pickup, M., & Barton, N. H. (2022). Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:11321","ama":"Surendranadh P, Arathoon LS, Baskett C, Field D, Pickup M, Barton NH. Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus. 2022. doi:10.15479/at:ista:11321","chicago":"Surendranadh, Parvathy, Louise S Arathoon, Carina Baskett, David Field, Melinda Pickup, and Nicholas H Barton. “Effects of Fine-Scale Population Structure on the Distribution of Heterozygosity in a Long-Term Study of Antirrhinum Majus.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:11321.","mla":"Surendranadh, Parvathy, et al. Effects of Fine-Scale Population Structure on the Distribution of Heterozygosity in a Long-Term Study of Antirrhinum Majus. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022, doi:10.15479/at:ista:11321.","short":"P. Surendranadh, L.S. Arathoon, C. Baskett, D. Field, M. Pickup, N.H. Barton, (2022)."},"date_published":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.15479/at:ista:11321","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"28","month":"04","_id":"11321","year":"2022","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"status":"public","ddc":["570"],"title":"Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public","id":"11411"},{"id":"9192","status":"public","relation":"earlier_version"},{"relation":"earlier_version","status":"public","id":"8254"}]},"contributor":[{"id":"2CFCFF98-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Louise S","contributor_type":"project_member","last_name":"Arathoon"},{"id":"3B4A7CE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-7354-8574","first_name":"Carina","last_name":"Baskett","contributor_type":"project_member"},{"id":"419049E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-4014-8478","first_name":"David","contributor_type":"project_member","last_name":"Field"},{"id":"2C78037E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6118-0541","first_name":"Melinda","last_name":"Pickup","contributor_type":"project_member"},{"contributor_type":"project_member","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Parvathy","last_name":"Surendranadh","id":"455235B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Surendranadh, Parvathy"},{"id":"2CFCFF98-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1771-714X","first_name":"Louise S","last_name":"Arathoon","full_name":"Arathoon, Louise S"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-7354-8574","id":"3B4A7CE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Baskett","first_name":"Carina","full_name":"Baskett, Carina"},{"last_name":"Field","first_name":"David","orcid":"0000-0002-4014-8478","id":"419049E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Field, David"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6118-0541","id":"2C78037E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Pickup","first_name":"Melinda","full_name":"Pickup, Melinda"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"file_name":"Data_Code.zip","access_level":"open_access","creator":"larathoo","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","file_size":13260571,"file_id":"11326","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2022-04-22T09:39:03Z","date_updated":"2022-04-22T09:39:03Z","success":1,"checksum":"96c1b86cdf25481f2a52972fcc45ca7f"}],"date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:41:09Z","date_created":"2022-04-22T09:42:24Z","type":"research_data","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Here are the research data underlying the publication \"Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus\" Further information are summed up in the README document. "}],"file_date_updated":"2022-04-22T09:39:03Z"},{"scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"29","article_type":"original","citation":{"mla":"Hledik, Michal, et al. “Accumulation and Maintenance of Information in Evolution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 119, no. 36, e2123152119, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022, doi:10.1073/pnas.2123152119.","short":"M. Hledik, N.H. Barton, G. Tkačik, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (2022).","chicago":"Hledik, Michal, Nicholas H Barton, and Gašper Tkačik. “Accumulation and Maintenance of Information in Evolution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2123152119.","ama":"Hledik M, Barton NH, Tkačik G. Accumulation and maintenance of information in evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2022;119(36). doi:10.1073/pnas.2123152119","ista":"Hledik M, Barton NH, Tkačik G. 2022. Accumulation and maintenance of information in evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119(36), e2123152119.","apa":"Hledik, M., Barton, N. H., & Tkačik, G. (2022). Accumulation and maintenance of information in evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2123152119","ieee":"M. Hledik, N. H. Barton, and G. Tkačik, “Accumulation and maintenance of information in evolution,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 119, no. 36. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022."},"publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","date_published":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","issue":"36","abstract":[{"text":"Selection accumulates information in the genome—it guides stochastically evolving populations toward states (genotype frequencies) that would be unlikely under neutrality. This can be quantified as the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence between the actual distribution of genotype frequencies and the corresponding neutral distribution. First, we show that this population-level information sets an upper bound on the information at the level of genotype and phenotype, limiting how precisely they can be specified by selection. Next, we study how the accumulation and maintenance of information is limited by the cost of selection, measured as the genetic load or the relative fitness variance, both of which we connect to the control-theoretic KL cost of control. The information accumulation rate is upper bounded by the population size times the cost of selection. This bound is very general, and applies across models (Wright–Fisher, Moran, diffusion) and to arbitrary forms of selection, mutation, and recombination. Finally, the cost of maintaining information depends on how it is encoded: Specifying a single allele out of two is expensive, but one bit encoded among many weakly specified loci (as in a polygenic trait) is cheap.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":" 119","status":"public","title":"Accumulation and maintenance of information in evolution","ddc":["570"],"_id":"12081","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2022_PNAS_Hledik.pdf","creator":"dernst","file_size":2165752,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"12091","relation":"main_file","success":1,"checksum":"6dec51f6567da9039982a571508a8e4d","date_updated":"2022-09-12T08:08:12Z","date_created":"2022-09-12T08:08:12Z"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1091-6490"],"issn":["0027-8424"]},"month":"08","project":[{"name":"Limits to selection in biology and in evolutionary computation","call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25B07788-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"250152"},{"grant_number":"RGP0034/2018","_id":"2665AAFE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Can evolution minimize spurious signaling crosstalk to reach optimal performance?"}],"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000889278400014"],"pmid":["36037343"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2123152119","article_number":"e2123152119","ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2022-09-12T08:08:12Z","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"},{"_id":"GaTk"}],"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank Ksenia Khudiakova, Wiktor Młynarski, Sean Stankowski, and two anonymous reviewers for discussions and comments on the manuscript. G.T. and M.H. acknowledge funding from the Human Frontier Science Program Grant RGP0032/2018. N.B. acknowledges funding from ERC Grant 250152 “Information and Evolution.”","year":"2022","volume":119,"date_updated":"2024-03-06T14:22:51Z","date_created":"2022-09-11T22:01:55Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"15020","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"author":[{"last_name":"Hledik","first_name":"Michal","id":"4171253A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Hledik, Michal"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"},{"full_name":"Tkačik, Gašper","id":"3D494DCA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"1","first_name":"Gašper","last_name":"Tkačik"}]},{"date_published":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","citation":{"ama":"Bodova K, Szep E, Barton NH. Dynamic maximum entropy provides accurate approximation of structured population dynamics. PLoS Computational Biology. 2021;17(12). doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009661","ista":"Bodova K, Szep E, Barton NH. 2021. Dynamic maximum entropy provides accurate approximation of structured population dynamics. PLoS Computational Biology. 17(12), e1009661.","apa":"Bodova, K., Szep, E., & Barton, N. H. (2021). Dynamic maximum entropy provides accurate approximation of structured population dynamics. PLoS Computational Biology. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009661","ieee":"K. Bodova, E. Szep, and N. H. Barton, “Dynamic maximum entropy provides accurate approximation of structured population dynamics,” PLoS Computational Biology, vol. 17, no. 12. Public Library of Science, 2021.","mla":"Bodova, Katarina, et al. “Dynamic Maximum Entropy Provides Accurate Approximation of Structured Population Dynamics.” PLoS Computational Biology, vol. 17, no. 12, e1009661, Public Library of Science, 2021, doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009661.","short":"K. Bodova, E. Szep, N.H. Barton, PLoS Computational Biology 17 (2021).","chicago":"Bodova, Katarina, Eniko Szep, and Nicholas H Barton. “Dynamic Maximum Entropy Provides Accurate Approximation of Structured Population Dynamics.” PLoS Computational Biology. Public Library of Science, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009661."},"publication":"PLoS Computational Biology","article_type":"original","article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","day":"01","scopus_import":"1","file":[{"file_id":"11383","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2022-05-16T08:53:11Z","date_created":"2022-05-16T08:53:11Z","success":1,"checksum":"dcd185d4f7e0acee25edf1d6537f447e","file_name":"2021_PLOsComBio_Bodova.pdf","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","file_size":2299486,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"10535","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","intvolume":" 17","status":"public","ddc":["570"],"title":"Dynamic maximum entropy provides accurate approximation of structured population dynamics","issue":"12","abstract":[{"text":"Realistic models of biological processes typically involve interacting components on multiple scales, driven by changing environment and inherent stochasticity. Such models are often analytically and numerically intractable. We revisit a dynamic maximum entropy method that combines a static maximum entropy with a quasi-stationary approximation. This allows us to reduce stochastic non-equilibrium dynamics expressed by the Fokker-Planck equation to a simpler low-dimensional deterministic dynamics, without the need to track microscopic details. Although the method has been previously applied to a few (rather complicated) applications in population genetics, our main goal here is to explain and to better understand how the method works. We demonstrate the usefulness of the method for two widely studied stochastic problems, highlighting its accuracy in capturing important macroscopic quantities even in rapidly changing non-stationary conditions. For the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, the method recovers the exact dynamics whilst for a stochastic island model with migration from other habitats, the approximation retains high macroscopic accuracy under a wide range of scenarios in a dynamic environment.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009661","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"pmid":["34851948"],"arxiv":["2102.03669"]},"oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1553-7358"],"issn":["1553-734X"]},"month":"12","author":[{"full_name":"Bod'ová, Katarína","first_name":"Katarína","last_name":"Bod'ová","id":"2BA24EA0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-7214-0171"},{"full_name":"Szep, Eniko","last_name":"Szep","first_name":"Eniko","id":"485BB5A4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"}],"volume":17,"date_updated":"2022-08-01T10:48:04Z","date_created":"2021-12-12T23:01:27Z","pmid":1,"year":"2021","acknowledgement":"Computational resources for the study were provided by the Institute of Science and Technology, Austria.\r\nKB received funding from the Scientific Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic under the Grants Nos. 1/0755/19 and 1/0521/20.","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"},{"_id":"GaTk"}],"publisher":"Public Library of Science","publication_status":"published","file_date_updated":"2022-05-16T08:53:11Z","article_number":"e1009661"},{"article_number":"e2015005118","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","file_date_updated":"2022-03-08T08:18:16Z","publication_status":"published","publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank Felicity Jones for input into experimental design, helpful discussion and improving the manuscript. We thank the Rolian, Jiggins, Chan and Jones Labs members for support, insightful scientific discussion and improving the manuscript. We thank the Rolian lab members, the Animal Resource Centre staff at the University of Calgary, and Caroline Schmid and Ann-Katrin Geysel at the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory for animal husbandry. We thank Christa Lanz, Rebecca Schwab and Ilja Bezrukov for assistance with high-throughput sequencing and associated data processing; Andre Noll and the MPI Tübingen IT team for computational support. We thank Ben Haller and Richard Durbin for helpful discussions. We thank David M. Kingsley for thoughtful input that has greatly improved our manuscript. J.I.M. is supported by a Research Fellowship from St. John’s College, Cambridge. A.D. was supported by a European Research Council Consolidator Grant (No. 617279 “EvolRecombAdapt”, P/I Felicity Jones). C.R. is supported by Discovery Grant #4181932 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Calgary. C.D.J. is supported by a BBSRC grant BB/R007500 and a European Research Council Advanced Grant (No. 339873 “SpeciationGenetics”). M.K. and Y.F.C. are supported by the Max Planck Society and a European Research Council Starting Grant (No. 639096 “HybridMiX”).","year":"2021","pmid":1,"date_updated":"2023-08-08T13:33:09Z","date_created":"2021-05-07T17:10:21Z","volume":118,"author":[{"first_name":"Joana I.","last_name":"Meier","full_name":"Meier, Joana I."},{"last_name":"Salazar","first_name":"Patricio A.","full_name":"Salazar, Patricio A."},{"first_name":"Marek","last_name":"Kučka","full_name":"Kučka, Marek"},{"full_name":"Davies, Robert William","first_name":"Robert William","last_name":"Davies"},{"full_name":"Dréau, Andreea","last_name":"Dréau","first_name":"Andreea"},{"full_name":"Aldás, Ismael","last_name":"Aldás","first_name":"Ismael"},{"full_name":"Power, Olivia Box","first_name":"Olivia Box","last_name":"Power"},{"first_name":"Nicola J.","last_name":"Nadeau","full_name":"Nadeau, Nicola J."},{"first_name":"Jon R.","last_name":"Bridle","full_name":"Bridle, Jon R."},{"full_name":"Rolian, Campbell","first_name":"Campbell","last_name":"Rolian"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"},{"full_name":"McMillan, W. Owen","first_name":"W. Owen","last_name":"McMillan"},{"full_name":"Jiggins, Chris D.","last_name":"Jiggins","first_name":"Chris D."},{"full_name":"Chan, Yingguang Frank","last_name":"Chan","first_name":"Yingguang Frank"}],"month":"06","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["0027-8424"]},"isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png"},"oa":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000671755600001"],"pmid":["34155138"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2015005118","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"Genetic variation segregates as linked sets of variants, or haplotypes. Haplotypes and linkage are central to genetics and underpin virtually all genetic and selection analysis. And yet, genomic data often lack haplotype information, due to constraints in sequencing technologies. Here we present “haplotagging”, a simple, low-cost linked-read sequencing technique that allows sequencing of hundreds of individuals while retaining linkage information. We apply haplotagging to construct megabase-size haplotypes for over 600 individual butterflies (Heliconius erato and H. melpomene), which form overlapping hybrid zones across an elevational gradient in Ecuador. Haplotagging identifies loci controlling distinctive high- and lowland wing color patterns. Divergent haplotypes are found at the same major loci in both species, while chromosome rearrangements show no parallelism. Remarkably, in both species the geographic clines for the major wing pattern loci are displaced by 18 km, leading to the rise of a novel hybrid morph in the centre of the hybrid zone. We propose that shared warning signalling (Müllerian mimicry) may couple the cline shifts seen in both species, and facilitate the parallel co-emergence of a novel hybrid morph in both co-mimetic species. Our results show the power of efficient haplotyping methods when combined with large-scale sequencing data from natural populations.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"25","title":"Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species","status":"public","ddc":["570"],"intvolume":" 118","_id":"9375","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2021_PNAS_Meier.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":20592929,"creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","file_id":"10835","checksum":"cb30c6166b2132ee60d616b31a1a7c29","success":1,"date_updated":"2022-03-08T08:18:16Z","date_created":"2022-03-08T08:18:16Z"}],"scopus_import":"1","day":"21","article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","article_type":"original","publication":"PNAS","citation":{"ama":"Meier JI, Salazar PA, Kučka M, et al. Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species. PNAS. 2021;118(25). doi:10.1073/pnas.2015005118","ieee":"J. I. Meier et al., “Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species,” PNAS, vol. 118, no. 25. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021.","apa":"Meier, J. I., Salazar, P. A., Kučka, M., Davies, R. W., Dréau, A., Aldás, I., … Chan, Y. F. (2021). Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species. PNAS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015005118","ista":"Meier JI, Salazar PA, Kučka M, Davies RW, Dréau A, Aldás I, Power OB, Nadeau NJ, Bridle JR, Rolian C, Barton NH, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD, Chan YF. 2021. Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species. PNAS. 118(25), e2015005118.","short":"J.I. Meier, P.A. Salazar, M. Kučka, R.W. Davies, A. Dréau, I. Aldás, O.B. Power, N.J. Nadeau, J.R. Bridle, C. Rolian, N.H. Barton, W.O. McMillan, C.D. Jiggins, Y.F. Chan, PNAS 118 (2021).","mla":"Meier, Joana I., et al. “Haplotype Tagging Reveals Parallel Formation of Hybrid Races in Two Butterfly Species.” PNAS, vol. 118, no. 25, e2015005118, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021, doi:10.1073/pnas.2015005118.","chicago":"Meier, Joana I., Patricio A. Salazar, Marek Kučka, Robert William Davies, Andreea Dréau, Ismael Aldás, Olivia Box Power, et al. “Haplotype Tagging Reveals Parallel Formation of Hybrid Races in Two Butterfly Species.” PNAS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015005118."},"date_published":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z"},{"file":[{"file_size":734102,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"kschuh","file_name":"2021_Evolution_Szep.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2021-08-11T13:39:19Z","date_updated":"2021-08-11T13:39:19Z","checksum":"b90fb5767d623602046fed03725e16ca","success":1,"relation":"main_file","file_id":"9886"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 75","status":"public","title":"Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model","ddc":["570"],"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","_id":"9252","issue":"5","abstract":[{"text":"This paper analyses the conditions for local adaptation in a metapopulation with infinitely many islands under a model of hard selection, where population size depends on local fitness. Each island belongs to one of two distinct ecological niches or habitats. Fitness is influenced by an additive trait which is under habitat‐dependent directional selection. Our analysis is based on the diffusion approximation and accounts for both genetic drift and demographic stochasticity. By neglecting linkage disequilibria, it yields the joint distribution of allele frequencies and population size on each island. We find that under hard selection, the conditions for local adaptation in a rare habitat are more restrictive for more polygenic traits: even moderate migration load per locus at very many loci is sufficient for population sizes to decline. This further reduces the efficacy of selection at individual loci due to increased drift and because smaller populations are more prone to swamping due to migration, causing a positive feedback between increasing maladaptation and declining population sizes. Our analysis also highlights the importance of demographic stochasticity, which exacerbates the decline in numbers of maladapted populations, leading to population collapse in the rare habitat at significantly lower migration than predicted by deterministic arguments.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","page":"1030-1045","article_type":"original","citation":{"apa":"Szep, E., Sachdeva, H., & Barton, N. H. (2021). Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model. Evolution. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14210","ieee":"E. Szep, H. Sachdeva, and N. H. Barton, “Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model,” Evolution, vol. 75, no. 5. Wiley, pp. 1030–1045, 2021.","ista":"Szep E, Sachdeva H, Barton NH. 2021. Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model. Evolution. 75(5), 1030–1045.","ama":"Szep E, Sachdeva H, Barton NH. Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model. Evolution. 2021;75(5):1030-1045. doi:10.1111/evo.14210","chicago":"Szep, Eniko, Himani Sachdeva, and Nicholas H Barton. “Polygenic Local Adaptation in Metapopulations: A Stochastic Eco‐evolutionary Model.” Evolution. Wiley, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14210.","short":"E. Szep, H. Sachdeva, N.H. Barton, Evolution 75 (2021) 1030–1045.","mla":"Szep, Eniko, et al. “Polygenic Local Adaptation in Metapopulations: A Stochastic Eco‐evolutionary Model.” Evolution, vol. 75, no. 5, Wiley, 2021, pp. 1030–45, doi:10.1111/evo.14210."},"publication":"Evolution","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","day":"01","keyword":["Genetics","Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics","General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"],"scopus_import":"1","volume":75,"date_updated":"2023-09-05T15:44:06Z","date_created":"2021-03-20T08:22:10Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","status":"public","id":"13062"}]},"author":[{"id":"485BB5A4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Eniko","last_name":"Szep","full_name":"Szep, Eniko"},{"id":"42377A0A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sachdeva","first_name":"Himani","full_name":"Sachdeva, Himani"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"}],"publisher":"Wiley","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"2021","acknowledgement":"We thank the reviewers for their helpful comments, and also our colleagues, for illuminating discussions over the long gestation of this paper.","file_date_updated":"2021-08-11T13:39:19Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1111/evo.14210","isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png"},"external_id":{"isi":["000636966300001"]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1558-5646"],"issn":["0014-3820"]},"month":"05"},{"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publisher":"Wiley","publication_status":"published","acknowledgement":"RKB was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/P012272/1 & NE/P001610/1), the European Research Council (693030 BARRIERS), and the Swedish Research Council (VR) (2018‐03695). MRS was funded by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. DEB1939290).","year":"2021","volume":75,"date_updated":"2023-09-05T15:44:33Z","date_created":"2021-05-06T04:34:47Z","author":[{"first_name":"Roger K.","last_name":"Butlin","full_name":"Butlin, Roger K."},{"last_name":"Servedio","first_name":"Maria R.","full_name":"Servedio, Maria R."},{"full_name":"Smadja, Carole M.","first_name":"Carole M.","last_name":"Smadja"},{"last_name":"Bank","first_name":"Claudia","full_name":"Bank, Claudia"},{"last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"},{"full_name":"Flaxman, Samuel M.","first_name":"Samuel M.","last_name":"Flaxman"},{"last_name":"Giraud","first_name":"Tatiana","full_name":"Giraud, Tatiana"},{"full_name":"Hopkins, Robin","first_name":"Robin","last_name":"Hopkins"},{"full_name":"Larson, Erica L.","first_name":"Erica L.","last_name":"Larson"},{"last_name":"Maan","first_name":"Martine E.","full_name":"Maan, Martine E."},{"full_name":"Meier, Joana","last_name":"Meier","first_name":"Joana"},{"last_name":"Merrill","first_name":"Richard","full_name":"Merrill, Richard"},{"first_name":"Mohamed A. F.","last_name":"Noor","full_name":"Noor, Mohamed A. F."},{"full_name":"Ortiz‐Barrientos, Daniel","last_name":"Ortiz‐Barrientos","first_name":"Daniel"},{"full_name":"Qvarnström, Anna","last_name":"Qvarnström","first_name":"Anna"}],"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000647224000001"]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evo.14235","open_access":"1"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1111/evo.14235","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0014-3820"],"eissn":["1558-5646"]},"month":"04","intvolume":" 75","title":"Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species?","status":"public","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","_id":"9374","oa_version":"Published Version","type":"journal_article","issue":"5","abstract":[{"text":"If there are no constraints on the process of speciation, then the number of species might be expected to match the number of available niches and this number might be indefinitely large. One possible constraint is the opportunity for allopatric divergence. In 1981, Felsenstein used a simple and elegant model to ask if there might also be genetic constraints. He showed that progress towards speciation could be described by the build‐up of linkage disequilibrium among divergently selected loci and between these loci and those contributing to other forms of reproductive isolation. Therefore, speciation is opposed by recombination, because it tends to break down linkage disequilibria. Felsenstein then introduced a crucial distinction between “two‐allele” models, which are subject to this effect, and “one‐allele” models, which are free from the recombination constraint. These fundamentally important insights have been the foundation for both empirical and theoretical studies of speciation ever since.","lang":"eng"}],"page":"978-988","article_type":"original","citation":{"mla":"Butlin, Roger K., et al. “Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or Why Are There so Few/Many Species?” Evolution, vol. 75, no. 5, Wiley, 2021, pp. 978–88, doi:10.1111/evo.14235.","short":"R.K. Butlin, M.R. Servedio, C.M. Smadja, C. Bank, N.H. Barton, S.M. Flaxman, T. Giraud, R. Hopkins, E.L. Larson, M.E. Maan, J. Meier, R. Merrill, M.A.F. Noor, D. Ortiz‐Barrientos, A. Qvarnström, Evolution 75 (2021) 978–988.","chicago":"Butlin, Roger K., Maria R. Servedio, Carole M. Smadja, Claudia Bank, Nicholas H Barton, Samuel M. Flaxman, Tatiana Giraud, et al. “Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or Why Are There so Few/Many Species?” Evolution. Wiley, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14235.","ama":"Butlin RK, Servedio MR, Smadja CM, et al. Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species? Evolution. 2021;75(5):978-988. doi:10.1111/evo.14235","ista":"Butlin RK, Servedio MR, Smadja CM, Bank C, Barton NH, Flaxman SM, Giraud T, Hopkins R, Larson EL, Maan ME, Meier J, Merrill R, Noor MAF, Ortiz‐Barrientos D, Qvarnström A. 2021. Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species? Evolution. 75(5), 978–988.","apa":"Butlin, R. K., Servedio, M. R., Smadja, C. M., Bank, C., Barton, N. H., Flaxman, S. M., … Qvarnström, A. (2021). Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species? Evolution. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14235","ieee":"R. K. Butlin et al., “Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species?,” Evolution, vol. 75, no. 5. Wiley, pp. 978–988, 2021."},"publication":"Evolution","date_published":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","keyword":["Genetics","Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics","General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"],"article_processing_charge":"No","day":"19"}]