--- _id: '9816' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Aims: Mass antigen testing programs have been challenged because of an alleged insufficient specificity, leading to a large number of false positives. The objective of this study is to derive a lower bound of the specificity of the SD Biosensor Standard Q Ag-Test in large scale practical use.\r\nMethods: Based on county data from the nationwide tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Slovakia between 31.10.–1.11. 2020 we calculate a lower confidence bound for the specificity. As positive test results were not systematically verified by PCR tests, we base the lower bound on a worst case assumption, assuming all positives to be false positives.\r\nResults: 3,625,332 persons from 79 counties were tested. The lowest positivity rate was observed in the county of Rožňava where 100 out of 34307 (0.29%) tests were positive. This implies a test specificity of at least 99.6% (97.5% one-sided lower confidence bound, adjusted for multiplicity).\r\nConclusion: The obtained lower bound suggests a higher specificity compared to earlier studies in spite of the underlying worst case assumption and the application in a mass testing setting. The actual specificity is expected to exceed 99.6% if the prevalence in the respective regions was non-negligible at the time of testing. To our knowledge, this estimate constitutes the first bound obtained from large scale practical use of an antigen test." acknowledgement: We would like to thank Alfred Uhl, Richard Kollár and Katarína Bod’ová for very helpful comments. We also thank Matej Mišík for discussion and information regarding the Slovak testing data and Ag-Test used. article_number: e0255267 article_processing_charge: Yes article_type: original author: - first_name: Michal full_name: Hledik, Michal id: 4171253A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Hledik - first_name: Jitka full_name: Polechova, Jitka id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: Mathias full_name: Beiglböck, Mathias last_name: Beiglböck - first_name: Anna Nele full_name: Herdina, Anna Nele last_name: Herdina - first_name: Robert full_name: Strassl, Robert last_name: Strassl - first_name: Martin full_name: Posch, Martin last_name: Posch citation: ama: Hledik M, Polechova J, Beiglböck M, Herdina AN, Strassl R, Posch M. Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255267 apa: Hledik, M., Polechova, J., Beiglböck, M., Herdina, A. N., Strassl, R., & Posch, M. (2021). Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255267 chicago: Hledik, Michal, Jitka Polechova, Mathias Beiglböck, Anna Nele Herdina, Robert Strassl, and Martin Posch. “Analysis of the Specificity of a COVID-19 Antigen Test in the Slovak Mass Testing Program.” PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255267. ieee: M. Hledik, J. Polechova, M. Beiglböck, A. N. Herdina, R. Strassl, and M. Posch, “Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program,” PLoS ONE, vol. 16, no. 7. Public Library of Science, 2021. ista: Hledik M, Polechova J, Beiglböck M, Herdina AN, Strassl R, Posch M. 2021. Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program. PLoS ONE. 16(7), e0255267. mla: Hledik, Michal, et al. “Analysis of the Specificity of a COVID-19 Antigen Test in the Slovak Mass Testing Program.” PLoS ONE, vol. 16, no. 7, e0255267, Public Library of Science, 2021, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255267. short: M. Hledik, J. Polechova, M. Beiglböck, A.N. Herdina, R. Strassl, M. Posch, PLoS ONE 16 (2021). date_created: 2021-08-08T22:01:26Z date_published: 2021-07-29T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-08-10T14:26:32Z day: '29' ddc: - '610' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255267 external_id: isi: - '000685248200095' pmid: - '34324553' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: ae4df60eb62f4491278588548d0c1f93 content_type: application/pdf creator: asandaue date_created: 2021-08-09T11:52:14Z date_updated: 2021-08-09T11:52:14Z file_id: '9835' file_name: 2021_PLoSONE_Hledík.pdf file_size: 773921 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2021-08-09T11:52:14Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 16' isi: 1 issue: '7' language: - iso: eng license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ month: '07' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version pmid: 1 publication: PLoS ONE publication_identifier: eissn: - 1932-6203 publication_status: published publisher: Public Library of Science quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8 volume: 16 year: '2021' ... --- _id: '9839' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'More than 100 years after Grigg’s influential analysis of species’ borders, the causes of limits to species’ ranges still represent a puzzle that has never been understood with clarity. The topic has become especially important recently as many scientists have become interested in the potential for species’ ranges to shift in response to climate change—and yet nearly all of those studies fail to recognise or incorporate evolutionary genetics in a way that relates to theoretical developments. I show that range margins can be understood based on just two measurable parameters: (i) the fitness cost of dispersal—a measure of environmental heterogeneity—and (ii) the strength of genetic drift, which reduces genetic diversity. Together, these two parameters define an ‘expansion threshold’: adaptation fails when genetic drift reduces genetic diversity below that required for adaptation to a heterogeneous environment. When the key parameters drop below this expansion threshold locally, a sharp range margin forms. When they drop below this threshold throughout the species’ range, adaptation collapses everywhere, resulting in either extinction or formation of a fragmented metapopulation. Because the effects of dispersal differ fundamentally with dimension, the second parameter—the strength of genetic drift—is qualitatively different compared to a linear habitat. In two-dimensional habitats, genetic drift becomes effectively independent of selection. It decreases with ‘neighbourhood size’—the number of individuals accessible by dispersal within one generation. Moreover, in contrast to earlier predictions, which neglected evolution of genetic variance and/or stochasticity in two dimensions, dispersal into small marginal populations aids adaptation. This is because the reduction of both genetic and demographic stochasticity has a stronger effect than the cost of dispersal through increased maladaptation. The expansion threshold thus provides a novel, theoretically justified, and testable prediction for formation of the range margin and collapse of the species’ range.' article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Jitka full_name: Polechova, Jitka id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 citation: ama: 'Polechova J. Data from: Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range. 2019. doi:10.5061/dryad.5vv37' apa: 'Polechova, J. (2019). Data from: Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5vv37' chicago: 'Polechova, Jitka. “Data from: Is the Sky the Limit? On the Expansion Threshold of a Species’ Range.” Dryad, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5vv37.' ieee: 'J. Polechova, “Data from: Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range.” Dryad, 2019.' ista: 'Polechova J. 2019. Data from: Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range, Dryad, 10.5061/dryad.5vv37.' mla: 'Polechova, Jitka. Data from: Is the Sky the Limit? On the Expansion Threshold of a Species’ Range. Dryad, 2019, doi:10.5061/dryad.5vv37.' short: J. Polechova, (2019). date_created: 2021-08-09T13:07:28Z date_published: 2019-06-22T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-23T11:14:30Z day: '22' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.5061/dryad.5vv37 main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5vv37 month: '06' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publisher: Dryad related_material: record: - id: '315' relation: used_in_publication status: public status: public title: 'Data from: Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species'' range' type: research_data_reference user_id: 6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf year: '2019' ... --- _id: '315' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'More than 100 years after Grigg’s influential analysis of species’ borders, the causes of limits to species’ ranges still represent a puzzle that has never been understood with clarity. The topic has become especially important recently as many scientists have become interested in the potential for species’ ranges to shift in response to climate change—and yet nearly all of those studies fail to recognise or incorporate evolutionary genetics in a way that relates to theoretical developments. I show that range margins can be understood based on just two measurable parameters: (i) the fitness cost of dispersal—a measure of environmental heterogeneity—and (ii) the strength of genetic drift, which reduces genetic diversity. Together, these two parameters define an ‘expansion threshold’: adaptation fails when genetic drift reduces genetic diversity below that required for adaptation to a heterogeneous environment. When the key parameters drop below this expansion threshold locally, a sharp range margin forms. When they drop below this threshold throughout the species’ range, adaptation collapses everywhere, resulting in either extinction or formation of a fragmented metapopulation. Because the effects of dispersal differ fundamentally with dimension, the second parameter—the strength of genetic drift—is qualitatively different compared to a linear habitat. In two-dimensional habitats, genetic drift becomes effectively independent of selection. It decreases with ‘neighbourhood size’—the number of individuals accessible by dispersal within one generation. Moreover, in contrast to earlier predictions, which neglected evolution of genetic variance and/or stochasticity in two dimensions, dispersal into small marginal populations aids adaptation. This is because the reduction of both genetic and demographic stochasticity has a stronger effect than the cost of dispersal through increased maladaptation. The expansion threshold thus provides a novel, theoretically justified, and testable prediction for formation of the range margin and collapse of the species’ range.' article_number: e2005372 author: - first_name: Jitka full_name: Polechova, Jitka id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 citation: ama: Polechova J. Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range. PLoS Biology. 2018;16(6). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005372 apa: Polechova, J. (2018). Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range. PLoS Biology. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005372 chicago: Polechova, Jitka. “Is the Sky the Limit? On the Expansion Threshold of a Species’ Range.” PLoS Biology. Public Library of Science, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005372. ieee: J. Polechova, “Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range,” PLoS Biology, vol. 16, no. 6. Public Library of Science, 2018. ista: Polechova J. 2018. Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range. PLoS Biology. 16(6), e2005372. mla: Polechova, Jitka. “Is the Sky the Limit? On the Expansion Threshold of a Species’ Range.” PLoS Biology, vol. 16, no. 6, e2005372, Public Library of Science, 2018, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005372. short: J. Polechova, PLoS Biology 16 (2018). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:45:46Z date_published: 2018-06-15T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-23T14:10:16Z day: '15' ddc: - '576' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005372 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 908c52751bba30c55ed36789e5e4c84d content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2019-01-22T08:30:03Z date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:46:01Z file_id: '5870' file_name: 2017_PLOS_Polechova.pdf file_size: 6968201 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:46:01Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 16' issue: '6' language: - iso: eng month: '06' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: PLoS Biology publication_identifier: issn: - '15449173' publication_status: published publisher: Public Library of Science publist_id: '7550' quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '9839' relation: research_data status: public scopus_import: 1 status: public title: Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species’ range tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 16 year: '2018' ... --- _id: '1818' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Why do species not adapt to ever-wider ranges of conditions, gradually expanding their ecological niche and geographic range? Gene flow across environments has two conflicting effects: although it increases genetic variation, which is a prerequisite for adaptation, gene flow may swamp adaptation to local conditions. In 1956, Haldane proposed that, when the environment varies across space, "swamping" by gene flow creates a positive feedback between low population size and maladaptation, leading to a sharp range margin. However, current deterministic theory shows that, when variance can evolve, there is no such limit. Using simple analytical tools and simulations, we show that genetic drift can generate a sharp margin to a species'' range, by reducing genetic variance below the level needed for adaptation to spatially variable conditions. Aided by separation of ecological and evolutionary timescales, the identified effective dimensionless parameters reveal a simple threshold that predicts when adaptation at the range margin fails. Two observable parameters determine the threshold: (i) the effective environmental gradient, which can be measured by the loss of fitness due to dispersal to a different environment; and (ii) the efficacy of selection relative to genetic drift. The theory predicts sharp range margins even in the absence of abrupt changes in the environment. Furthermore, it implies that gradual worsening of conditions across a species'' habitat may lead to a sudden range fragmentation, when adaptation to a wide span of conditions within a single species becomes impossible.' author: - first_name: Jitka full_name: Polechova, Jitka id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Polechova J, Barton NH. Limits to adaptation along environmental gradients. PNAS. 2015;112(20):6401-6406. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421515112 apa: Polechova, J., & Barton, N. H. (2015). Limits to adaptation along environmental gradients. PNAS. National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421515112 chicago: Polechova, Jitka, and Nicholas H Barton. “Limits to Adaptation along Environmental Gradients.” PNAS. National Academy of Sciences, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421515112. ieee: J. Polechova and N. H. Barton, “Limits to adaptation along environmental gradients,” PNAS, vol. 112, no. 20. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 6401–6406, 2015. ista: Polechova J, Barton NH. 2015. Limits to adaptation along environmental gradients. PNAS. 112(20), 6401–6406. mla: Polechova, Jitka, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Limits to Adaptation along Environmental Gradients.” PNAS, vol. 112, no. 20, National Academy of Sciences, 2015, pp. 6401–06, doi:10.1073/pnas.1421515112. short: J. Polechova, N.H. Barton, PNAS 112 (2015) 6401–6406. date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:11Z date_published: 2015-05-19T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:53:24Z day: '19' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421515112 ec_funded: 1 external_id: pmid: - '25941385' intvolume: ' 112' issue: '20' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443383/ month: '05' oa: 1 oa_version: Submitted Version page: 6401 - 6406 pmid: 1 project: - _id: 25B07788-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '250152' name: Limits to selection in biology and in evolutionary computation publication: PNAS publication_status: published publisher: National Academy of Sciences publist_id: '5288' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: 1 status: public title: Limits to adaptation along environmental gradients type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 112 year: '2015' ... --- _id: '3394' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Random genetic drift shifts clines in space, alters their width, and distorts their shape. Such random fluctuations complicate inferences from cline width and position. Notably, the effect of genetic drift on the expected shape of the cline is opposite to the naive (but quite common) misinterpretation of classic results on the expected cline. While random drift on average broadens the overall cline in expected allele frequency, it narrows the width of any particular cline. The opposing effects arise because locally, drift drives alleles to fixation—but fluctuations in position widen the expected cline. The effect of genetic drift can be predicted from standardized variance in allele frequencies, averaged across the habitat: 〈F〉. A cline maintained by spatially varying selection (step change) is expected to be narrower by a factor of relative to the cline in the absence of drift. The expected cline is broader by the inverse of this factor. In a tension zone maintained by underdominance, the expected cline width is narrower by about 1 – 〈F〉relative to the width in the absence of drift. Individual clines can differ substantially from the expectation, and we give quantitative predictions for the variance in cline position and width. The predictions apply to clines in almost one-dimensional circumstances such as hybrid zones in rivers, deep valleys, or along a coast line and give a guide to what patterns to expect in two dimensions.' author: - first_name: Jitka full_name: Polechova, Jitka id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Polechova J, Barton NH. Genetic drift widens the expected cline but narrows the expected cline width. Genetics. 2011;189(1):227-235. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.129817 apa: Polechova, J., & Barton, N. H. (2011). Genetic drift widens the expected cline but narrows the expected cline width. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.111.129817 chicago: Polechova, Jitka, and Nicholas H Barton. “Genetic Drift Widens the Expected Cline but Narrows the Expected Cline Width.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.111.129817. ieee: J. Polechova and N. H. Barton, “Genetic drift widens the expected cline but narrows the expected cline width,” Genetics, vol. 189, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 227–235, 2011. ista: Polechova J, Barton NH. 2011. Genetic drift widens the expected cline but narrows the expected cline width. Genetics. 189(1), 227–235. mla: Polechova, Jitka, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Genetic Drift Widens the Expected Cline but Narrows the Expected Cline Width.” Genetics, vol. 189, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 2011, pp. 227–35, doi:10.1534/genetics.111.129817. short: J. Polechova, N.H. Barton, Genetics 189 (2011) 227–235. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:03:05Z date_published: 2011-09-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T07:43:11Z day: '01' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1534/genetics.111.129817 ec_funded: 1 intvolume: ' 189' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176109/ month: '09' oa: 1 oa_version: Submitted Version page: 227 - 235 project: - _id: 25B07788-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '250152' name: Limits to selection in biology and in evolutionary computation publication: Genetics publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '3213' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: 1 status: public title: Genetic drift widens the expected cline but narrows the expected cline width type: journal_article user_id: 4435EBFC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 189 year: '2011' ... --- _id: '4134' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'All species are restricted in their distribution. Currently, ecological models can only explain such limits if patches vary in quality, leading to asymmetrical dispersal, or if genetic variation is too low at the margins for adaptation. However, population genetic models suggest that the increase in genetic variance resulting from dispersal should allow adaptation to almost any ecological gradient. Clearly therefore, these models miss something that prevents evolution in natural populations. We developed an individual-based simulation to explore stochastic effects in these models. At high carrying capacities, our simulations largely agree with deterministic predictions. However, when carrying capacity is low, the population fails to establish for a wide range of parameter values where adaptation was expected from previous models. Stochastic or transient effects appear critical around the boundaries in parameter space between simulation behaviours. Dispersal, gradient steepness, and population density emerge as key factors determining adaptation on an ecological gradient. ' acknowledgement: We are very grateful to Nick Barton. author: - first_name: Jon full_name: Bridle, Jon last_name: Bridle - first_name: Jitka full_name: Polechova, Jitka id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: Masakado full_name: Kawata, Masakado last_name: Kawata - first_name: Roger full_name: Butlin, Roger last_name: Butlin citation: ama: Bridle J, Polechova J, Kawata M, Butlin R. Why is adaptation prevented at ecological margins? New insights from individual-based simulations. Ecology Letters. 2010;13(4):485-494. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01442.x apa: Bridle, J., Polechova, J., Kawata, M., & Butlin, R. (2010). Why is adaptation prevented at ecological margins? New insights from individual-based simulations. Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01442.x chicago: Bridle, Jon, Jitka Polechova, Masakado Kawata, and Roger Butlin. “Why Is Adaptation Prevented at Ecological Margins? New Insights from Individual-Based Simulations.” Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01442.x. ieee: J. Bridle, J. Polechova, M. Kawata, and R. Butlin, “Why is adaptation prevented at ecological margins? New insights from individual-based simulations,” Ecology Letters, vol. 13, no. 4. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 485–494, 2010. ista: Bridle J, Polechova J, Kawata M, Butlin R. 2010. Why is adaptation prevented at ecological margins? New insights from individual-based simulations. Ecology Letters. 13(4), 485–494. mla: Bridle, Jon, et al. “Why Is Adaptation Prevented at Ecological Margins? New Insights from Individual-Based Simulations.” Ecology Letters, vol. 13, no. 4, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, pp. 485–94, doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01442.x. short: J. Bridle, J. Polechova, M. Kawata, R. Butlin, Ecology Letters 13 (2010) 485–494. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:08Z date_published: 2010-03-15T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T07:54:45Z day: '15' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01442.x ec_funded: 1 intvolume: ' 13' issue: '4' language: - iso: eng month: '03' oa_version: None page: 485 - 494 project: - _id: 25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '291734' name: International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme publication: Ecology Letters publication_status: published publisher: Wiley-Blackwell publist_id: '1987' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: 1 status: public title: Why is adaptation prevented at ecological margins? New insights from individual-based simulations type: journal_article user_id: 4435EBFC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 13 year: '2010' ... --- _id: '4136' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Populations living in a spatially and temporally changing environment can adapt to the changing optimum and/or migrate toward favorable habitats. Here we extend previous analyses with a static optimum to allow the environment to vary in time as well as in space. The model follows both population dynamics and the trait mean under stabilizing selection, and the outcomes can be understood by comparing the loads due to genetic variance, dispersal, and temporal change. With fixed genetic variance, we obtain two regimes: (1) adaptation that is uniform along the environmental gradient and that responds to the moving optimum as expected for panmictic populations and when the spatial gradient is sufficiently steep, and (2) a population with limited range that adapts more slowly than the environmental optimum changes in both time and space; the population therefore becomes locally extinct and migrates toward suitable habitat. We also use a population‐genetic model with many loci to allow genetic variance to evolve, and we show that the only solution now has uniform adaptation.' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Jitka full_name: Polechova, Jitka id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Glenn full_name: Marion, Glenn last_name: Marion citation: ama: 'Polechova J, Barton NH, Marion G. Species’ range: Adaptation in space and time. American Naturalist. 2009;174(5):E186-E204. doi:10.1086/605958' apa: 'Polechova, J., Barton, N. H., & Marion, G. (2009). Species’ range: Adaptation in space and time. American Naturalist. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/605958' chicago: 'Polechova, Jitka, Nicholas H Barton, and Glenn Marion. “Species’ Range: Adaptation in Space and Time.” American Naturalist. University of Chicago Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1086/605958.' ieee: 'J. Polechova, N. H. Barton, and G. Marion, “Species’ range: Adaptation in space and time,” American Naturalist, vol. 174, no. 5. University of Chicago Press, pp. E186–E204, 2009.' ista: 'Polechova J, Barton NH, Marion G. 2009. Species’ range: Adaptation in space and time. American Naturalist. 174(5), E186–E204.' mla: 'Polechova, Jitka, et al. “Species’ Range: Adaptation in Space and Time.” American Naturalist, vol. 174, no. 5, University of Chicago Press, 2009, pp. E186–204, doi:10.1086/605958.' short: J. Polechova, N.H. Barton, G. Marion, American Naturalist 174 (2009) E186–E204. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:09Z date_published: 2009-11-05T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T07:54:46Z day: '05' ddc: - '570' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1086/605958 external_id: pmid: - ' 19788353' intvolume: ' 174' issue: '5' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.doi.org/10.1086/605958 month: '11' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: E186 - E204 pmid: 1 publication: American Naturalist publication_status: published publisher: University of Chicago Press publist_id: '1986' pubrep_id: '552' quality_controlled: '1' related_material: link: - relation: erratum url: https://doi.org/10.1086/659642 scopus_import: 1 status: public title: 'Species'' range: Adaptation in space and time' type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 174 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '4135' author: - first_name: D. full_name: Storch,D. last_name: Storch - first_name: A. full_name: Šizling,A. L last_name: Šizling - first_name: J. full_name: Reif,J. last_name: Reif - first_name: Jitka full_name: Jitka Polechova id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: E. full_name: Šizlingová,E. last_name: Šizlingová - first_name: K. full_name: Gaston,K. J last_name: Gaston citation: ama: 'Storch D, Šizling A, Reif J, Polechova J, Šizlingová E, Gaston K. The quest for a null model for macroecological patterns: geometry of species distributions at multiple spatial scales. Ecology Letters. 2008;11(8):771-784. doi:3817' apa: 'Storch, D., Šizling, A., Reif, J., Polechova, J., Šizlingová, E., & Gaston, K. (2008). The quest for a null model for macroecological patterns: geometry of species distributions at multiple spatial scales. Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/3817' chicago: 'Storch, D., A. Šizling, J. Reif, Jitka Polechova, E. Šizlingová, and K. Gaston. “The Quest for a Null Model for Macroecological Patterns: Geometry of Species Distributions at Multiple Spatial Scales.” Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. https://doi.org/3817.' ieee: 'D. Storch, A. Šizling, J. Reif, J. Polechova, E. Šizlingová, and K. Gaston, “The quest for a null model for macroecological patterns: geometry of species distributions at multiple spatial scales,” Ecology Letters, vol. 11, no. 8. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 771–784, 2008.' ista: 'Storch D, Šizling A, Reif J, Polechova J, Šizlingová E, Gaston K. 2008. The quest for a null model for macroecological patterns: geometry of species distributions at multiple spatial scales. Ecology Letters. 11(8), 771–784.' mla: 'Storch, D., et al. “The Quest for a Null Model for Macroecological Patterns: Geometry of Species Distributions at Multiple Spatial Scales.” Ecology Letters, vol. 11, no. 8, Wiley-Blackwell, 2008, pp. 771–84, doi:3817.' short: D. Storch, A. Šizling, J. Reif, J. Polechova, E. Šizlingová, K. Gaston, Ecology Letters 11 (2008) 771–784. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:09Z date_published: 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T07:54:46Z day: '01' doi: '3817' extern: 1 intvolume: ' 11' issue: '8' month: '01' page: 771 - 784 publication: Ecology Letters publication_status: published publisher: Wiley-Blackwell publist_id: '1985' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: 'The quest for a null model for macroecological patterns: geometry of species distributions at multiple spatial scales' type: journal_article volume: 11 year: '2008' ... --- _id: '4137' author: - first_name: Jon full_name: Bridle, Jon R last_name: Bridle - first_name: Jitka full_name: Jitka Polechova id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: Timothy full_name: Vines, Timothy H last_name: Vines citation: ama: 'Bridle J, Polechova J, Vines T. Patterns of biodiversity and limits to adaptation in time and space. In: R. K. Butlin JR, Schluter D, eds. Evolution and Speciation. Cambridge University Press; 2008:77-101. doi:3816' apa: Bridle, J., Polechova, J., & Vines, T. (2008). Patterns of biodiversity and limits to adaptation in time and space. In J. R. R. K. Butlin & D. Schluter (Eds.), Evolution and Speciation (pp. 77–101). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/3816 chicago: Bridle, Jon, Jitka Polechova, and Timothy Vines. “Patterns of Biodiversity and Limits to Adaptation in Time and Space.” In Evolution and Speciation, edited by J.R. R. K. Butlin and D. Schluter, 77–101. Cambridge University Press, 2008. https://doi.org/3816. ieee: J. Bridle, J. Polechova, and T. Vines, “Patterns of biodiversity and limits to adaptation in time and space,” in Evolution and Speciation, J. R. R. K. Butlin and D. Schluter, Eds. Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 77–101. ista: 'Bridle J, Polechova J, Vines T. 2008.Patterns of biodiversity and limits to adaptation in time and space. In: Evolution and Speciation. , 77–101.' mla: Bridle, Jon, et al. “Patterns of Biodiversity and Limits to Adaptation in Time and Space.” Evolution and Speciation, edited by J.R. R. K. Butlin and D. Schluter, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 77–101, doi:3816. short: J. Bridle, J. Polechova, T. Vines, in:, J.R. R. K. Butlin, D. Schluter (Eds.), Evolution and Speciation, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 77–101. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:09Z date_published: 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T07:54:46Z day: '01' doi: '3816' editor: - first_name: J.R. full_name: R. K. Butlin,J.R. Bridle last_name: R. K. Butlin - first_name: D. full_name: Schluter,D. last_name: Schluter extern: 1 month: '01' page: 77 - 101 publication: Evolution and Speciation publication_status: published publisher: Cambridge University Press publist_id: '1984' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Patterns of biodiversity and limits to adaptation in time and space type: book_chapter year: '2008' ... --- _id: '4138' abstract: - lang: eng text: |- Adaptive dynamics describes the evolution of an asexual population through the successive substitution of mutations of small effect. Waxman & Gavrilets (2005) give an excellent overview of the method and its applications. In this note, we focus on the plausibility of the key assumption that mutations have small effects, and the consequences of relaxing that assumption. We argue that: (i) successful mutations often have large effects; (ii) such mutations generate a qualitatively different evolutionary pattern, which is inherently stochastic; and (iii) in models of competition for a continuous resource, selection becomes very weak once several phenotypes are established. This makes the effects of introducing new mutations unpredictable using the methods of adaptive dynamics. We should make clear at the outset that our criticism is of methods that rely on local analysis of fitness gradients (eqn 2 of Waxman & Gavrilets, 2005), and not of the broader idea that evolution can be understood by examining the invasion of successive mutations. We use the term ‘adaptive dynamics’ to refer to the former technique, and contrast it with a more general population genetic analysis of probabilities of invasion. author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Nicholas Barton id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Jitka full_name: Jitka Polechova id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 citation: ama: Barton NH, Polechova J. The limitations of adaptive dynamics as a model of evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2005;18(5):1186-1190. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00943.x apa: Barton, N. H., & Polechova, J. (2005). The limitations of adaptive dynamics as a model of evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00943.x chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, and Jitka Polechova. “The Limitations of Adaptive Dynamics as a Model of Evolution.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00943.x. ieee: N. H. Barton and J. Polechova, “The limitations of adaptive dynamics as a model of evolution,” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 18, no. 5. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1186–1190, 2005. ista: Barton NH, Polechova J. 2005. The limitations of adaptive dynamics as a model of evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 18(5), 1186–1190. mla: Barton, Nicholas H., and Jitka Polechova. “The Limitations of Adaptive Dynamics as a Model of Evolution.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 18, no. 5, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005, pp. 1186–90, doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00943.x. short: N.H. Barton, J. Polechova, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18 (2005) 1186–1190. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:10Z date_published: 2005-09-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T07:54:47Z day: '01' doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00943.x extern: 1 intvolume: ' 18' issue: '5' month: '09' page: 1186 - 1190 publication: Journal of Evolutionary Biology publication_status: published publisher: Wiley-Blackwell publist_id: '1982' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: The limitations of adaptive dynamics as a model of evolution type: journal_article volume: 18 year: '2005' ... --- _id: '4249' abstract: - lang: eng text: We examined causes of speciation in asexual populations in both sympatry and parapatry, providing an alternative explanation for the speciation patterns reported by Dieckmann and Doebeli (1999) and Doebeli and Dieckmann (2003). Both in sympatry and parapatry, they find that speciation occurs relatively easily. We reveal that in the sympatric clonal model, the equilibrium distribution is continuous and the disruptive selection driving evolution of discrete clusters is only transient. Hence, if discrete phenotypes are to remain stable in the sympatric sexual model, there should be some source of nontransient disruptive selection that will drive evolution of assortment. We analyze sexually reproducing populations using the Bulmer’s infinitesimal model and show that cost-free assortment alone leads to speciation and disruptive selection only arises when the optimal distribution cannot be matched—in this example, because the phenotypic range is limited. In addition, Doebeli and Dieckmann’s analyses assumed a high genetic variance and a high mutation rate. Thus, these theoretical models do not support the conclusion that sympatric speciation is a likely outcome of competition for resources. In their parapatric model (Doebeli and Dieckmann 2003), clustering into distinct phenotypes is driven by edge effects, rather than by frequency-dependent competition. author: - first_name: Jitka full_name: Jitka Polechova id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Nicholas Barton id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: 'Polechova J, Barton NH. Speciation through competition: A critical review. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 2005;59(6):1194-1210. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01771.x' apa: 'Polechova, J., & Barton, N. H. (2005). Speciation through competition: A critical review. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01771.x' chicago: 'Polechova, Jitka, and Nicholas H Barton. “Speciation through Competition: A Critical Review.” Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01771.x.' ieee: 'J. Polechova and N. H. Barton, “Speciation through competition: A critical review,” Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution, vol. 59, no. 6. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1194–1210, 2005.' ista: 'Polechova J, Barton NH. 2005. Speciation through competition: A critical review. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 59(6), 1194–1210.' mla: 'Polechova, Jitka, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Speciation through Competition: A Critical Review.” Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution, vol. 59, no. 6, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005, pp. 1194–210, doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01771.x.' short: J. Polechova, N.H. Barton, Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 59 (2005) 1194–1210. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:50Z date_published: 2005-06-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T07:55:36Z day: '01' doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01771.x extern: 1 intvolume: ' 59' issue: '6' month: '06' page: 1194 - 1210 publication: Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution publication_status: published publisher: Wiley-Blackwell publist_id: '1849' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: 'Speciation through competition: A critical review' type: journal_article volume: 59 year: '2005' ... --- _id: '4139' abstract: - lang: eng text: Pilot studies in England by Stopka and Macdonald revealed that allogrooming in the Old World wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, is a commodity that males can trade for reproductive benefits with females. This study, which used a combination of field study and observations in experimental enclosures, revealed that specific experimental conditions such as group-size and sex-ratio manipulations have a significant effect on the pattern of allogrooming exchanged between individuals. Furthermore, females from the Czech population were more likely to associate with each other as revealed by the clustering of activity centers of females (i.e., as opposed to almost exclusive ranges in English populations), and also by the higher intensity of allogrooming exchanged between females (i.e., virtually lacking in the previous experiment with English mice). Therefore, geographic variation and specific social conditions seem to be important driving factors for allogrooming behavior. Together with changes in overall grooming patterns, allogrooming between males and females remained invariably asymmetrical over all four experimental groups (i.e., two conditions for each sex) in that males provided more allogrooming to females than they received from them. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Jitka full_name: Polechova, Jitka id: 3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Polechova orcid: 0000-0003-0951-3112 - first_name: P. full_name: Stopka, P. last_name: Stopka citation: ama: Polechova J, Stopka P. Geometry of social relationships in the Old World wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 2002;80(8):1383-1388. doi:10.1139/z02-128 apa: Polechova, J., & Stopka, P. (2002). Geometry of social relationships in the Old World wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus. Canadian Journal of Zoology. NRC Research Press. https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-128 chicago: Polechova, Jitka, and P. Stopka. “Geometry of Social Relationships in the Old World Wood Mouse, Apodemus Sylvaticus.” Canadian Journal of Zoology. NRC Research Press, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-128. ieee: J. Polechova and P. Stopka, “Geometry of social relationships in the Old World wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus,” Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 80, no. 8. NRC Research Press, pp. 1383–1388, 2002. ista: Polechova J, Stopka P. 2002. Geometry of social relationships in the Old World wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80(8), 1383–1388. mla: Polechova, Jitka, and P. Stopka. “Geometry of Social Relationships in the Old World Wood Mouse, Apodemus Sylvaticus.” Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 80, no. 8, NRC Research Press, 2002, pp. 1383–88, doi:10.1139/z02-128. short: J. Polechova, P. Stopka, Canadian Journal of Zoology 80 (2002) 1383–1388. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:10Z date_published: 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-06-07T12:53:35Z day: '01' doi: 10.1139/z02-128 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 80' issue: '8' language: - iso: eng month: '01' oa_version: None page: 1383 - 1388 publication: Canadian Journal of Zoology publication_identifier: issn: - 0008-4301 publication_status: published publisher: NRC Research Press publist_id: '1981' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Geometry of social relationships in the Old World wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 80 year: '2002' ...