[{"year":"2018","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications","author":[{"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Pull","id":"3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1122-3982","full_name":"Pull, Christopher"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Ugelvig","first_name":"Line V","full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V"},{"id":"39523C54-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Wiesenhofer","full_name":"Wiesenhofer, Florian"},{"full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","first_name":"Anna V","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Tragust","first_name":"Simon","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"full_name":"Schmitt, Thomas","last_name":"Schmitt","first_name":"Thomas"},{"last_name":"Brown","first_name":"Mark","full_name":"Brown, Mark"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"819","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:47:31Z","date_updated":"2023-09-11T12:54:26Z","volume":7,"article_number":"e32073","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:20Z","publist_id":"7188","ec_funded":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000419601300001"]},"isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"243071","call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects"},{"_id":"25DDF0F0-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"302004","name":"Pathogen Detectors Collective disease defence and pathogen detection abilities in ant societies: a chemo-neuro-immunological approach","call_identifier":"FP7"}],"doi":"10.7554/eLife.32073","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"01","_id":"616","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","title":"Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies","status":"public","ddc":["570","590"],"intvolume":" 7","pubrep_id":"978","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"4832","checksum":"540f941e8d3530a9441e4affd94f07d7","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:10:43Z","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:20Z","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"IST-2018-978-v1+1_elife-32073-v1.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1435585,"creator":"system"}],"type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Social insects protect their colonies from infectious disease through collective defences that result in social immunity. In ants, workers first try to prevent infection of colony members. Here, we show that if this fails and a pathogen establishes an infection, ants employ an efficient multicomponent behaviour − "destructive disinfection" − to prevent further spread of disease through the colony. Ants specifically target infected pupae during the pathogen's non-contagious incubation period, relying on chemical 'sickness cues' emitted by pupae. They then remove the pupal cocoon, perforate its cuticle and administer antimicrobial poison, which enters the body and prevents pathogen replication from the inside out. Like the immune system of a body that specifically targets and eliminates infected cells, this social immunity measure sacrifices infected brood to stop the pathogen completing its lifecycle, thus protecting the rest of the colony. Hence, the same principles of disease defence apply at different levels of biological organisation."}],"publication":"eLife","citation":{"chicago":"Pull, Christopher, Line V Ugelvig, Florian Wiesenhofer, Anna V Grasse, Simon Tragust, Thomas Schmitt, Mark Brown, and Sylvia Cremer. “Destructive Disinfection of Infected Brood Prevents Systemic Disease Spread in Ant Colonies.” ELife. eLife Sciences Publications, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32073.","short":"C. Pull, L.V. Ugelvig, F. Wiesenhofer, A.V. Grasse, S. Tragust, T. Schmitt, M. Brown, S. Cremer, ELife 7 (2018).","mla":"Pull, Christopher, et al. “Destructive Disinfection of Infected Brood Prevents Systemic Disease Spread in Ant Colonies.” ELife, vol. 7, e32073, eLife Sciences Publications, 2018, doi:10.7554/eLife.32073.","ieee":"C. Pull et al., “Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies,” eLife, vol. 7. eLife Sciences Publications, 2018.","apa":"Pull, C., Ugelvig, L. V., Wiesenhofer, F., Grasse, A. V., Tragust, S., Schmitt, T., … Cremer, S. (2018). Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies. ELife. eLife Sciences Publications. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32073","ista":"Pull C, Ugelvig LV, Wiesenhofer F, Grasse AV, Tragust S, Schmitt T, Brown M, Cremer S. 2018. Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies. eLife. 7, e32073.","ama":"Pull C, Ugelvig LV, Wiesenhofer F, et al. Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies. eLife. 2018;7. doi:10.7554/eLife.32073"},"date_published":"2018-01-09T00:00:00Z","scopus_import":"1","day":"09","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","day":"22","scopus_import":"1","date_published":"2015-01-22T00:00:00Z","citation":{"chicago":"Konrad, Matthias, Anna V Grasse, Simon Tragust, and Sylvia Cremer. “Anti-Pathogen Protection versus Survival Costs Mediated by an Ectosymbiont in an Ant Host.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. The Royal Society, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1976.","short":"M. Konrad, A.V. Grasse, S. Tragust, S. Cremer, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 282 (2015).","mla":"Konrad, Matthias, et al. “Anti-Pathogen Protection versus Survival Costs Mediated by an Ectosymbiont in an Ant Host.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, vol. 282, no. 1799, 20141976, The Royal Society, 2015, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1976.","apa":"Konrad, M., Grasse, A. V., Tragust, S., & Cremer, S. (2015). Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1976","ieee":"M. Konrad, A. V. Grasse, S. Tragust, and S. Cremer, “Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, vol. 282, no. 1799. The Royal Society, 2015.","ista":"Konrad M, Grasse AV, Tragust S, Cremer S. 2015. Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. 282(1799), 20141976.","ama":"Konrad M, Grasse AV, Tragust S, Cremer S. Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. 2015;282(1799). doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1976"},"publication":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences","article_type":"original","issue":"1799","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The fitness effects of symbionts on their hosts can be context-dependent, with usually benign symbionts causing detrimental effects when their hosts are stressed, or typically parasitic symbionts providing protection towards their hosts (e.g. against pathogen infection). Here, we studied the novel association between the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus and its fungal ectosymbiont Laboulbenia formicarum for potential costs and benefits. We tested ants with different Laboulbenia levels for their survival and immunity under resource limitation and exposure to the obligate killing entomopathogen Metarhizium brunneum. While survival of L. neglectus workers under starvation was significantly decreased with increasing Laboulbenia levels, host survival under Metarhizium exposure increased with higher levels of the ectosymbiont, suggesting a symbiont-mediated anti-pathogen protection, which seems to be driven mechanistically by both improved sanitary behaviours and an upregulated immune system. Ants with high Laboulbenia levels showed significantly longer self-grooming and elevated expression of immune genes relevant for wound repair and antifungal responses (β-1,3-glucan binding protein, Prophenoloxidase), compared with ants carrying low Laboulbenia levels. This suggests that the ectosymbiont Laboulbenia formicarum weakens its ant host by either direct resource exploitation or the costs of an upregulated behavioural and immunological response, which, however, provides a prophylactic protection upon later exposure to pathogens. "}],"type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Submitted Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"1993","intvolume":" 282","title":"Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1471-2954"],"issn":["0962-8452"]},"month":"01","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2014.1976","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"external_id":{"pmid":["25473011"]},"oa":1,"main_file_link":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286035/","open_access":"1"}],"project":[{"grant_number":"243071","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"CR-118/3-1"}],"quality_controlled":"1","ec_funded":1,"publist_id":"5090","article_number":"20141976","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"9740"}]},"author":[{"first_name":"Matthias","last_name":"Konrad","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Konrad, Matthias"},{"last_name":"Grasse","first_name":"Anna V","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Grasse, Anna V"},{"last_name":"Tragust","first_name":"Simon","id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"volume":282,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:55:06Z","date_updated":"2023-02-23T14:06:41Z","pmid":1,"acknowledgement":"Funding was obtained by the German Research Foundation (CR 118–2) and an ERC StG (243071) by the European Research Council (both to S.C.).\r\nWe thank Line V. Ugelvig for help with ant collection and statistical discussion, Xavier Espadaler for detailed information on the ant collection site, Birgit Lautenschläger for the electron microscopy images and Eva Sixt for ant drawings. We further thank Jørgen Eilenberg for the fungal strain, Meghan L. Vyleta for genetic strain characterization and immune gene primer development, Paul Schmid-Hempel for discussion, and Line V. Ugelvig, Xavier Espadaler and Christopher D. Pull for comments on the manuscript. S.C., M.K. and S.T. conceived the study; M.K. and A.V.G. performed the experiments; M.K. performed the statistical analysis; S.C. and M.K. wrote the manuscript with intense contributions of A.V.G. and S.T.; all authors approved the manuscript.","year":"2015","publisher":"The Royal Society","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"publication_status":"published"},{"publisher":"Dryad","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"status":"public","title":"Data from: Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host","_id":"9740","user_id":"6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf","year":"2014","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2023-02-23T10:23:32Z","date_created":"2021-07-28T08:38:40Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"1993","status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"author":[{"full_name":"Konrad, Matthias","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Konrad","first_name":"Matthias"},{"id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","full_name":"Grasse, Anna V"},{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Tragust","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868"}],"type":"research_data_reference","abstract":[{"text":"The fitness effects of symbionts on their hosts can be context-dependent, with usually benign symbionts causing detrimental effects when their hosts are stressed, or typically parasitic symbionts providing protection towards their hosts (e.g. against pathogen infection). Here, we studied the novel association between the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus and its fungal ectosymbiont Laboulbenia formicarum for potential costs and benefits. We tested ants with different Laboulbenia levels for their survival and immunity under resource limitation and exposure to the obligate killing entomopathogen Metarhizium brunneum. While survival of L. neglectus workers under starvation was significantly decreased with increasing Laboulbenia levels, host survival under Metarhizium exposure increased with higher levels of the ectosymbiont, suggesting a symbiont-mediated anti-pathogen protection, which seems to be driven mechanistically by both improved sanitary behaviours and an upregulated immune system. Ants with high Laboulbenia levels showed significantly longer self-grooming and elevated expression of immune genes relevant for wound repair and antifungal responses (β-1,3-glucan binding protein, Prophenoloxidase), compared with ants carrying low Laboulbenia levels. This suggests that the ectosymbiont Laboulbenia formicarum weakens its ant host by either direct resource exploitation or the costs of an upregulated behavioural and immunological response, which, however, provides a prophylactic protection upon later exposure to pathogens.","lang":"eng"}],"oa":1,"citation":{"short":"M. Konrad, A.V. Grasse, S. Tragust, S. Cremer, (2014).","mla":"Konrad, Matthias, et al. Data from: Anti-Pathogen Protection versus Survival Costs Mediated by an Ectosymbiont in an Ant Host. Dryad, 2014, doi:10.5061/dryad.vm0vc.","chicago":"Konrad, Matthias, Anna V Grasse, Simon Tragust, and Sylvia Cremer. “Data from: Anti-Pathogen Protection versus Survival Costs Mediated by an Ectosymbiont in an Ant Host.” Dryad, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vm0vc.","ama":"Konrad M, Grasse AV, Tragust S, Cremer S. Data from: Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host. 2014. doi:10.5061/dryad.vm0vc","apa":"Konrad, M., Grasse, A. V., Tragust, S., & Cremer, S. (2014). Data from: Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vm0vc","ieee":"M. Konrad, A. V. Grasse, S. Tragust, and S. Cremer, “Data from: Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host.” Dryad, 2014.","ista":"Konrad M, Grasse AV, Tragust S, Cremer S. 2014. Data from: Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host, Dryad, 10.5061/dryad.vm0vc."},"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vm0vc"}],"date_published":"2014-11-13T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.5061/dryad.vm0vc","article_processing_charge":"No","month":"11","day":"13"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","month":"10","day":"08","date_published":"2014-10-08T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.5061/dryad.nc0gc","oa":1,"citation":{"chicago":"Tragust, Simon, Line V Ugelvig, Michel Chapuisat, Jürgen Heinze, and Sylvia Cremer. “Data from: Pupal Cocoons Affect Sanitary Brood Care and Limit Fungal Infections in Ant Colonies.” Dryad, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.nc0gc.","mla":"Tragust, Simon, et al. Data from: Pupal Cocoons Affect Sanitary Brood Care and Limit Fungal Infections in Ant Colonies. Dryad, 2014, doi:10.5061/dryad.nc0gc.","short":"S. Tragust, L.V. Ugelvig, M. Chapuisat, J. Heinze, S. Cremer, (2014).","ista":"Tragust S, Ugelvig LV, Chapuisat M, Heinze J, Cremer S. 2014. Data from: Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies, Dryad, 10.5061/dryad.nc0gc.","apa":"Tragust, S., Ugelvig, L. V., Chapuisat, M., Heinze, J., & Cremer, S. (2014). Data from: Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.nc0gc","ieee":"S. Tragust, L. V. Ugelvig, M. Chapuisat, J. Heinze, and S. Cremer, “Data from: Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies.” Dryad, 2014.","ama":"Tragust S, Ugelvig LV, Chapuisat M, Heinze J, Cremer S. Data from: Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies. 2014. doi:10.5061/dryad.nc0gc"},"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.nc0gc"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Background: The brood of ants and other social insects is highly susceptible to pathogens, particularly those that penetrate the soft larval and pupal cuticle. We here test whether the presence of a pupal cocoon, which occurs in some ant species but not in others, affects the sanitary brood care and fungal infection patterns after exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum. We use a) a comparative approach analysing four species with either naked or cocooned pupae and b) a within-species analysis of a single ant species, in which both pupal types co-exist in the same colony. Results: We found that the presence of a cocoon did not compromise fungal pathogen detection by the ants and that species with cocooned pupae increased brood grooming after pathogen exposure. All tested ant species further removed brood from their nests, which was predominantly expressed towards larvae and naked pupae treated with the live fungal pathogen. In contrast, cocooned pupae exposed to live fungus were not removed at higher rates than cocooned pupae exposed to dead fungus or a sham control. Consistent with this, exposure to the live fungus caused high numbers of infections and fungal outgrowth in larvae and naked pupae, but not in cocooned pupae. Moreover, the ants consistently removed the brood prior to fungal outgrowth, ensuring a clean brood chamber. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the pupal cocoon has a protective effect against fungal infection, causing an adaptive change in sanitary behaviours by the ants. It further demonstrates that brood removal - originally described for honeybees as “hygienic behaviour” – is a widespread sanitary behaviour in ants, which likely has important implications on disease dynamics in social insect colonies."}],"type":"research_data_reference","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"2284","relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public"}]},"author":[{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Tragust","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Ugelvig","first_name":"Line V"},{"last_name":"Chapuisat","first_name":"Michel","full_name":"Chapuisat, Michel"},{"last_name":"Heinze","first_name":"Jürgen","full_name":"Heinze, Jürgen"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2023-02-23T10:36:17Z","date_created":"2021-07-30T08:24:11Z","year":"2014","_id":"9753","user_id":"6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf","publisher":"Dryad","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"status":"public","title":"Data from: Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies"},{"ec_funded":1,"publist_id":"4647","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:37Z","article_number":"225","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"9753"}]},"author":[{"full_name":"Tragust, Simon","id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Tragust"},{"full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","first_name":"Line V","last_name":"Ugelvig","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883"},{"first_name":"Michel","last_name":"Chapuisat","full_name":"Chapuisat, Michel"},{"full_name":"Heinze, Jürgen","last_name":"Heinze","first_name":"Jürgen"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"volume":13,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:56:46Z","date_updated":"2023-02-23T14:07:06Z","year":"2013","acknowledgement":"The study was funded by the European Research Council (Marie Curie ERG 036569) and Marie Curie IEF 302204 to LVU\r\nCC BY 2.0\r\n","publisher":"BioMed Central","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"publication_status":"published","month":"10","doi":"10.1186/1471-2148-13-225","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","grant_number":"243071","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution","grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"quality_controlled":"1","issue":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Background: The brood of ants and other social insects is highly susceptible to pathogens, particularly those that penetrate the soft larval and pupal cuticle. We here test whether the presence of a pupal cocoon, which occurs in some ant species but not in others, affects the sanitary brood care and fungal infection patterns after exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum. We use a) a comparative approach analysing four species with either naked or cocooned pupae and b) a within-species analysis of a single ant species, in which both pupal types co-exist in the same colony. Results: We found that the presence of a cocoon did not compromise fungal pathogen detection by the ants and that species with cocooned pupae increased brood grooming after pathogen exposure. All tested ant species further removed brood from their nests, which was predominantly expressed towards larvae and naked pupae treated with the live fungal pathogen. In contrast, cocooned pupae exposed to live fungus were not removed at higher rates than cocooned pupae exposed to dead fungus or a sham control. Consistent with this, exposure to the live fungus caused high numbers of infections and fungal outgrowth in larvae and naked pupae, but not in cocooned pupae. Moreover, the ants consistently removed the brood prior to fungal outgrowth, ensuring a clean brood chamber. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the pupal cocoon has a protective effect against fungal infection, causing an adaptive change in sanitary behaviours by the ants. It further demonstrates that brood removal-originally described for honeybees as "hygienic behaviour"-is a widespread sanitary behaviour in ants, which likely has important implications on disease dynamics in social insect colonies."}],"type":"journal_article","pubrep_id":"402","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"5026","checksum":"c16ef36f2a10786a7885e19c4528d707","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:13:41Z","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:37Z","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"IST-2016-402-v1+1_1471-2148-13-225.pdf","file_size":281736,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"system"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"2284","intvolume":" 13","ddc":["570"],"title":"Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","day":"14","scopus_import":1,"date_published":"2013-10-14T00:00:00Z","citation":{"apa":"Tragust, S., Ugelvig, L. V., Chapuisat, M., Heinze, J., & Cremer, S. (2013). Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies. BMC Evolutionary Biology. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-225","ieee":"S. Tragust, L. V. Ugelvig, M. Chapuisat, J. Heinze, and S. Cremer, “Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies,” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 13, no. 1. BioMed Central, 2013.","ista":"Tragust S, Ugelvig LV, Chapuisat M, Heinze J, Cremer S. 2013. Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13(1), 225.","ama":"Tragust S, Ugelvig LV, Chapuisat M, Heinze J, Cremer S. Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2013;13(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-225","chicago":"Tragust, Simon, Line V Ugelvig, Michel Chapuisat, Jürgen Heinze, and Sylvia Cremer. “Pupal Cocoons Affect Sanitary Brood Care and Limit Fungal Infections in Ant Colonies.” BMC Evolutionary Biology. BioMed Central, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-225.","short":"S. Tragust, L.V. Ugelvig, M. Chapuisat, J. Heinze, S. Cremer, BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (2013).","mla":"Tragust, Simon, et al. “Pupal Cocoons Affect Sanitary Brood Care and Limit Fungal Infections in Ant Colonies.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 13, no. 1, 225, BioMed Central, 2013, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-225."},"publication":"BMC Evolutionary Biology"},{"month":"01","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution","grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"243071"},{"call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Pathogen Detectors Collective disease defence and pathogen detection abilities in ant societies: a chemo-neuro-immunological approach","_id":"25DDF0F0-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"302004"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publist_id":"3811","ec_funded":1,"year":"2013","acknowledgement":"Funding for this project was obtained by the German Research Foundation (DFG, to S.C.) and the European Research Council (ERC, through an ERC-Starting Grant to S.C. and an Individual Marie Curie IEF fellowship to L.V.U.).\r\nWe thank Jørgen Eilenberg, Bernhardt Steinwender, Miriam Stock, and Meghan L. Vyleta for the fungal strain and its characterization; Volker Witte for chemical information; Eva Sixt for ant drawings; and Robert Hauschild for help with image analysis. We further thank Martin Kaltenpoth, Michael Sixt, Jürgen Heinze, and Joachim Ruther for discussion and Daria Siekhaus, Sophie A.O. Armitage, and Leila Masri for comments on the manuscript. \r\n","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"},{"_id":"CaHe"}],"publisher":"Cell Press","author":[{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Tragust","first_name":"Simon","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"last_name":"Mitteregger","first_name":"Barbara","id":"479DDAAC-E9CD-11E9-9B5F-82450873F7A1","full_name":"Mitteregger, Barbara"},{"full_name":"Barone, Vanessa","first_name":"Vanessa","last_name":"Barone","id":"419EECCC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-2676-3367"},{"full_name":"Konrad, Matthias","last_name":"Konrad","first_name":"Matthias","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","first_name":"Line V","last_name":"Ugelvig"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"9757","relation":"research_data","status":"public"},{"id":"961","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:00:23Z","date_updated":"2023-09-07T12:05:08Z","volume":23,"scopus_import":1,"day":"07","publication":"Current Biology","citation":{"ista":"Tragust S, Mitteregger B, Barone V, Konrad M, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. 2013. Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison. Current Biology. 23(1), 76–82.","ieee":"S. Tragust, B. Mitteregger, V. Barone, M. Konrad, L. V. Ugelvig, and S. Cremer, “Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison,” Current Biology, vol. 23, no. 1. Cell Press, pp. 76–82, 2013.","apa":"Tragust, S., Mitteregger, B., Barone, V., Konrad, M., Ugelvig, L. V., & Cremer, S. (2013). Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison. Current Biology. Cell Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034","ama":"Tragust S, Mitteregger B, Barone V, Konrad M, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison. Current Biology. 2013;23(1):76-82. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034","chicago":"Tragust, Simon, Barbara Mitteregger, Vanessa Barone, Matthias Konrad, Line V Ugelvig, and Sylvia Cremer. “Ants Disinfect Fungus-Exposed Brood by Oral Uptake and Spread of Their Poison.” Current Biology. Cell Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034.","mla":"Tragust, Simon, et al. “Ants Disinfect Fungus-Exposed Brood by Oral Uptake and Spread of Their Poison.” Current Biology, vol. 23, no. 1, Cell Press, 2013, pp. 76–82, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034.","short":"S. Tragust, B. Mitteregger, V. Barone, M. Konrad, L.V. Ugelvig, S. Cremer, Current Biology 23 (2013) 76–82."},"page":"76 - 82","date_published":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"To fight infectious diseases, host immune defenses are employed at multiple levels. Sanitary behavior, such as pathogen avoidance and removal, acts as a first line of defense to prevent infection [1] before activation of the physiological immune system. Insect societies have evolved a wide range of collective hygiene measures and intensive health care toward pathogen-exposed group members [2]. One of the most common behaviors is allogrooming, in which nestmates remove infectious particles from the body surfaces of exposed individuals [3]. Here we show that, in invasive garden ants, grooming of fungus-exposed brood is effective beyond the sheer mechanical removal of fungal conidiospores; it also includes chemical disinfection through the application of poison produced by the ants themselves. Formic acid is the main active component of the poison. It inhibits fungal growth of conidiospores remaining on the brood surface after grooming and also those collected in the mouth of the grooming ant. This dual function is achieved by uptake of the poison droplet into the mouth through acidopore self-grooming and subsequent application onto the infectious brood via brood grooming. This extraordinary behavior extends the current understanding of grooming and the establishment of social immunity in insect societies."}],"issue":"1","_id":"2926","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","title":"Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison","status":"public","intvolume":" 23","oa_version":"None"},{"pubrep_id":"96","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_name":"IST-2012-96-v1+1_journal.pbio.1001300.pdf","creator":"system","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":674228,"file_id":"4689","relation":"main_file","checksum":"4ebacefd9fbab5c68adf829124115fd1","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:08:28Z","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:04Z"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"3242","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","ddc":["570","579"],"title":"Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies","intvolume":" 10","abstract":[{"text":"Due to the omnipresent risk of epidemics, insect societies have evolved sophisticated disease defences at the individual and colony level. An intriguing yet little understood phenomenon is that social contact to pathogen-exposed individuals reduces susceptibility of previously naive nestmates to this pathogen. We tested whether such social immunisation in Lasius ants against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is based on active upregulation of the immune system of nestmates following contact to an infectious individual or passive protection via transfer of immune effectors among group members—that is, active versus passive immunisation. We found no evidence for involvement of passive immunisation via transfer of antimicrobials among colony members. Instead, intensive allogrooming behaviour between naive and pathogen-exposed ants before fungal conidia firmly attached to their cuticle suggested passage of the pathogen from the exposed individuals to their nestmates. By tracing fluorescence-labelled conidia we indeed detected frequent pathogen transfer to the nestmates, where they caused low-level infections as revealed by growth of small numbers of fungal colony forming units from their dissected body content. These infections rarely led to death, but instead promoted an enhanced ability to inhibit fungal growth and an active upregulation of immune genes involved in antifungal defences (defensin and prophenoloxidase, PPO). Contrarily, there was no upregulation of the gene cathepsin L, which is associated with antibacterial and antiviral defences, and we found no increased antibacterial activity of nestmates of fungus-exposed ants. This indicates that social immunisation after fungal exposure is specific, similar to recent findings for individual-level immune priming in invertebrates. Epidemiological modeling further suggests that active social immunisation is adaptive, as it leads to faster elimination of the disease and lower death rates than passive immunisation. Interestingly, humans have also utilised the protective effect of low-level infections to fight smallpox by intentional transfer of low pathogen doses (“variolation” or “inoculation”).","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"4","type":"journal_article","date_published":"2012-04-03T00:00:00Z","publication":"PLoS Biology","citation":{"ama":"Konrad M, Vyleta M, Theis F, et al. Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. PLoS Biology. 2012;10(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300","ista":"Konrad M, Vyleta M, Theis F, Stock M, Tragust S, Klatt M, Drescher V, Marr C, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. 2012. Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. PLoS Biology. 10(4), e1001300.","ieee":"M. Konrad et al., “Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies,” PLoS Biology, vol. 10, no. 4. Public Library of Science, 2012.","apa":"Konrad, M., Vyleta, M., Theis, F., Stock, M., Tragust, S., Klatt, M., … Cremer, S. (2012). Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. PLoS Biology. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300","mla":"Konrad, Matthias, et al. “Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies.” PLoS Biology, vol. 10, no. 4, e1001300, Public Library of Science, 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300.","short":"M. Konrad, M. Vyleta, F. Theis, M. Stock, S. Tragust, M. Klatt, V. Drescher, C. Marr, L.V. Ugelvig, S. Cremer, PLoS Biology 10 (2012).","chicago":"Konrad, Matthias, Meghan Vyleta, Fabian Theis, Miriam Stock, Simon Tragust, Martina Klatt, Verena Drescher, Carsten Marr, Line V Ugelvig, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies.” PLoS Biology. Public Library of Science, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300."},"day":"03","has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":1,"author":[{"full_name":"Konrad, Matthias","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Konrad","first_name":"Matthias"},{"id":"418901AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Vyleta","first_name":"Meghan","full_name":"Vyleta, Meghan"},{"full_name":"Theis, Fabian","first_name":"Fabian","last_name":"Theis"},{"id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Stock","first_name":"Miriam","full_name":"Stock, Miriam"},{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Tragust","first_name":"Simon","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"full_name":"Klatt, Martina","id":"E60F29C6-E9AE-11E9-AF6E-D190C7302F38","last_name":"Klatt","first_name":"Martina"},{"full_name":"Drescher, Verena","first_name":"Verena","last_name":"Drescher"},{"full_name":"Marr, Carsten","first_name":"Carsten","last_name":"Marr"},{"full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","last_name":"Ugelvig","first_name":"Line V","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"9755"}]},"date_updated":"2023-02-23T14:07:11Z","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:02:13Z","volume":10,"year":"2012","acknowledgement":"Funding for this project was obtained by the German Research Foundation DFG (http://www.dfg.de/en/index.jsp) as an Individual Research Grant (CR118/2-1 to SC) and the European Research Council (http://erc.europa.eu/) in form of two ERC Starting Grants (ERC-2009-StG240371-SocialVaccines to SC and ERC-2010-StG259294-LatentCauses to FJT). In addition, the Junge Akademie (Young Academy of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (http://www.diejungeakademie.de/english/index.html) funded this joint Antnet project of SC and FJT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"publisher":"Public Library of Science","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:04Z","publist_id":"3434","ec_funded":1,"article_number":"e1001300","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution"},{"_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"243071","call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects"},{"name":"Antnet","_id":"25E0E184-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"month":"04"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","day":"14","month":"12","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.61649","open_access":"1"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Tragust, Simon, Barbara Mitteregger, Vanessa Barone, Matthias Konrad, Line V Ugelvig, and Sylvia Cremer. “Data from: Ants Disinfect Fungus-Exposed Brood by Oral Uptake and Spread of Their Poison.” Dryad, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.61649.","mla":"Tragust, Simon, et al. Data from: Ants Disinfect Fungus-Exposed Brood by Oral Uptake and Spread of Their Poison. Dryad, 2012, doi:10.5061/dryad.61649.","short":"S. Tragust, B. Mitteregger, V. Barone, M. Konrad, L.V. Ugelvig, S. Cremer, (2012).","ista":"Tragust S, Mitteregger B, Barone V, Konrad M, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. 2012. Data from: Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison, Dryad, 10.5061/dryad.61649.","apa":"Tragust, S., Mitteregger, B., Barone, V., Konrad, M., Ugelvig, L. V., & Cremer, S. (2012). Data from: Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.61649","ieee":"S. Tragust, B. Mitteregger, V. Barone, M. Konrad, L. V. Ugelvig, and S. Cremer, “Data from: Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison.” Dryad, 2012.","ama":"Tragust S, Mitteregger B, Barone V, Konrad M, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. 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Here we show that, in invasive garden ants, grooming of fungus-exposed brood is effective beyond the sheer mechanical removal of fungal conidiospores as it also includes chemical disinfection through the application of poison produced by the ants themselves. Formic acid is the main active component of the poison. It inhibits fungal growth of conidiospores remaining on the brood surface after grooming and also those collected in the mouth of the grooming ant. This dual function is achieved by uptake of the poison droplet into the mouth through acidopore self-grooming and subsequent application onto the infectious brood via brood grooming. This extraordinary behaviour extends current understanding of grooming and the establishment of social immunity in insect societies."}],"user_id":"6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf","_id":"9757","year":"2012","publisher":"Dryad","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"status":"public","title":"Data from: Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"2926","relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public"}]},"author":[{"first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Tragust","id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"full_name":"Mitteregger, Barbara","first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Mitteregger","id":"479DDAAC-E9CD-11E9-9B5F-82450873F7A1"},{"full_name":"Barone, Vanessa","last_name":"Barone","first_name":"Vanessa","orcid":"0000-0003-2676-3367","id":"419EECCC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Konrad","first_name":"Matthias","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Konrad, Matthias"},{"full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","last_name":"Ugelvig","first_name":"Line V","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2023-02-23T11:04:28Z","date_created":"2021-07-30T12:31:31Z"}]