---
_id: '1551'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Reciprocal coevolution between host and pathogen is widely seen as a major
driver of evolution and biological innovation. Yet, to date, the underlying genetic
mechanisms and associated trait functions that are unique to rapid coevolutionary
change are generally unknown. We here combined experimental evolution of the bacterial
biocontrol agent Bacillus thuringiensis and its nematode host Caenorhabditis elegans
with large-scale phenotyping, whole genome analysis, and functional genetics to
demonstrate the selective benefit of pathogen virulence and the underlying toxin
genes during the adaptation process. We show that: (i) high virulence was specifically
favoured during pathogen–host coevolution rather than pathogen one-sided adaptation
to a nonchanging host or to an environment without host; (ii) the pathogen genotype
BT-679 with known nematocidal toxin genes and high virulence specifically swept
to fixation in all of the independent replicate populations under coevolution
but only some under one-sided adaptation; (iii) high virulence in the BT-679-dominated
populations correlated with elevated copy numbers of the plasmid containing the
nematocidal toxin genes; (iv) loss of virulence in a toxin-plasmid lacking BT-679
isolate was reconstituted by genetic reintroduction or external addition of the
toxins.We conclude that sustained coevolution is distinct from unidirectional
selection in shaping the pathogen''s genome and life history characteristics.
To our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the pathogen genes involved
in coevolutionary adaptation in an animal host–pathogen interaction system.'
acknowledgement: We are very grateful for funding from the German Science Foundation
(DFG) to HS (SCHU 1415/8, SCHU 1415/9), PR (RO 2994/3), EBB (BO 2544/7), HL (LI
1690/2), AT (TE 976/2), RDS (SCHU 2522/1), JK (KU 1929/4); from the Kiel Excellence
Cluster Inflammation at Interfaces to HS and PR; and from the ISTFELLOW program
(Co-fund Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission) to LM.
author:
- first_name: Leila
full_name: El Masri, Leila
id: 349A6E66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: El Masri
- first_name: Antoine
full_name: Branca, Antoine
last_name: Branca
- first_name: Anna
full_name: Sheppard, Anna
last_name: Sheppard
- first_name: Andrei
full_name: Papkou, Andrei
last_name: Papkou
- first_name: David
full_name: Laehnemann, David
last_name: Laehnemann
- first_name: Patrick
full_name: Guenther, Patrick
last_name: Guenther
- first_name: Swantje
full_name: Prahl, Swantje
last_name: Prahl
- first_name: Manja
full_name: Saebelfeld, Manja
last_name: Saebelfeld
- first_name: Jacqueline
full_name: Hollensteiner, Jacqueline
last_name: Hollensteiner
- first_name: Heiko
full_name: Liesegang, Heiko
last_name: Liesegang
- first_name: Elzbieta
full_name: Brzuszkiewicz, Elzbieta
last_name: Brzuszkiewicz
- first_name: Rolf
full_name: Daniel, Rolf
last_name: Daniel
- first_name: Nico
full_name: Michiels, Nico
last_name: Michiels
- first_name: Rebecca
full_name: Schulte, Rebecca
last_name: Schulte
- first_name: Joachim
full_name: Kurtz, Joachim
last_name: Kurtz
- first_name: Philip
full_name: Rosenstiel, Philip
last_name: Rosenstiel
- first_name: Arndt
full_name: Telschow, Arndt
last_name: Telschow
- first_name: Erich
full_name: Bornberg Bauer, Erich
last_name: Bornberg Bauer
- first_name: Hinrich
full_name: Schulenburg, Hinrich
last_name: Schulenburg
citation:
ama: 'El Masri L, Branca A, Sheppard A, et al. Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective
advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes. PLoS
Biology. 2015;13(6):1-30. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169'
apa: 'El Masri, L., Branca, A., Sheppard, A., Papkou, A., Laehnemann, D., Guenther,
P., … Schulenburg, H. (2015). Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage
of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes. PLoS Biology.
Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169'
chicago: 'El Masri, Leila, Antoine Branca, Anna Sheppard, Andrei Papkou, David Laehnemann,
Patrick Guenther, Swantje Prahl, et al. “Host–Pathogen Coevolution: The Selective
Advantage of Bacillus Thuringiensis Virulence and Its Cry Toxin Genes.” PLoS
Biology. Public Library of Science, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169.'
ieee: 'L. El Masri et al., “Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage
of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes,” PLoS Biology,
vol. 13, no. 6. Public Library of Science, pp. 1–30, 2015.'
ista: 'El Masri L, Branca A, Sheppard A, Papkou A, Laehnemann D, Guenther P, Prahl
S, Saebelfeld M, Hollensteiner J, Liesegang H, Brzuszkiewicz E, Daniel R, Michiels
N, Schulte R, Kurtz J, Rosenstiel P, Telschow A, Bornberg Bauer E, Schulenburg
H. 2015. Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis
virulence and its cry toxin genes. PLoS Biology. 13(6), 1–30.'
mla: 'El Masri, Leila, et al. “Host–Pathogen Coevolution: The Selective Advantage
of Bacillus Thuringiensis Virulence and Its Cry Toxin Genes.” PLoS Biology,
vol. 13, no. 6, Public Library of Science, 2015, pp. 1–30, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169.'
short: L. El Masri, A. Branca, A. Sheppard, A. Papkou, D. Laehnemann, P. Guenther,
S. Prahl, M. Saebelfeld, J. Hollensteiner, H. Liesegang, E. Brzuszkiewicz, R.
Daniel, N. Michiels, R. Schulte, J. Kurtz, P. Rosenstiel, A. Telschow, E. Bornberg
Bauer, H. Schulenburg, PLoS Biology 13 (2015) 1–30.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:52:40Z
date_published: 2015-06-04T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:51:33Z
day: '04'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169
ec_funded: 1
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 30dee7a2c11ed09f2f5634655c0146f8
content_type: application/pdf
creator: system
date_created: 2018-12-12T10:14:13Z
date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:02Z
file_id: '5063'
file_name: IST-2016-481-v1+1_journal.pbio.1002169.pdf
file_size: 3468956
relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:02Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 13'
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1 - 30
project:
- _id: 25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FP7
grant_number: '291734'
name: International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme
publication: PLoS Biology
publication_status: published
publisher: Public Library of Science
publist_id: '5620'
pubrep_id: '481'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: 1
status: public
title: 'Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis
virulence and its cry toxin genes'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 13
year: '2015'
...
---
_id: '1998'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Immune systems are able to protect the body against secondary infection with
the same parasite. In insect colonies, this protection is not restricted to the
level of the individual organism, but also occurs at the societal level. Here,
we review recent evidence for and insights into the mechanisms underlying individual
and social immunisation in insects. We disentangle general immune-protective effects
from specific immune memory (priming), and examine immunisation in the context
of the lifetime of an individual and that of a colony, and of transgenerational
immunisation that benefits offspring. When appropriate, we discuss parallels with
disease defence strategies in human societies. We propose that recurrent parasitic
threats have shaped the evolution of both the individual immune systems and colony-level
social immunity in insects.
acknowledgement: "This work was funded by an ERC Starting Grant by the European Research
Council (to S.C.) and the ISTFELLOW program (Co-fund Marie Curie Actions of the
European Commission; to L.M.).\r\nWe thank Christopher D. Pull, Sophie A.O. Armitage,
Hinrich Schulenburg, Line V. Ugelvig, Matthias Konrad, Matthias Fürst, Miriam Stock,
Barbara Casillas-Perez and three anonymous referees for comments on the manuscript. "
author:
- first_name: Leila
full_name: El Masri, Leila
id: 349A6E66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: El Masri
- first_name: Sylvia
full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Cremer
orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
citation:
ama: El Masri L, Cremer S. Individual and social immunisation in insects. Trends
in Immunology. 2014;35(10):471-482. doi:10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005
apa: El Masri, L., & Cremer, S. (2014). Individual and social immunisation in
insects. Trends in Immunology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005
chicago: El Masri, Leila, and Sylvia Cremer. “Individual and Social Immunisation
in Insects.” Trends in Immunology. Elsevier, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005.
ieee: L. El Masri and S. Cremer, “Individual and social immunisation in insects,”
Trends in Immunology, vol. 35, no. 10. Elsevier, pp. 471–482, 2014.
ista: El Masri L, Cremer S. 2014. Individual and social immunisation in insects.
Trends in Immunology. 35(10), 471–482.
mla: El Masri, Leila, and Sylvia Cremer. “Individual and Social Immunisation in
Insects.” Trends in Immunology, vol. 35, no. 10, Elsevier, 2014, pp. 471–82,
doi:10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005.
short: L. El Masri, S. Cremer, Trends in Immunology 35 (2014) 471–482.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:55:07Z
date_published: 2014-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:54:35Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005
intvolume: ' 35'
issue: '10'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa_version: None
page: 471 - 482
publication: Trends in Immunology
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
publist_id: '5081'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: 1
status: public
title: Individual and social immunisation in insects
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 35
year: '2014'
...
---
_id: '2846'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that coevolving parasites select for outcrossing
in the host. Outcrossing relies on males, which often show lower immune investment
due to, for example, sexual selection. Here, we demonstrate that such sex differences
in immunity interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing. Two independent
coevolution experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite Bacillus
thuringiensis produced decreased yet stable frequencies of outcrossing male hosts.
A subsequent systematic analysis verified that male C. elegans suffered from a
direct selective disadvantage under parasite pressure (i.e. lower resistance,
decreased sexual activity, increased escape behaviour), which can reduce outcrossing
and thus male frequencies. At the same time, males offered an indirect selective
benefit, because male-mediated outcrossing increased offspring resistance, thus
favouring male persistence in the evolving populations. As sex differences in
immunity are widespread, such interference of opposing selective constraints is
likely of central importance during host adaptation to a coevolving parasite.
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Leila
full_name: El Masri, Leila
id: 349A6E66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: El Masri
- first_name: Rebecca
full_name: Schulte, Rebecca
last_name: Schulte
- first_name: Nadine
full_name: Timmermeyer, Nadine
last_name: Timmermeyer
- first_name: Stefanie
full_name: Thanisch, Stefanie
last_name: Thanisch
- first_name: Lena
full_name: Crummenerl, Lena
last_name: Crummenerl
- first_name: Gunther
full_name: Jansen, Gunther
last_name: Jansen
- first_name: Nico
full_name: Michiels, Nico
last_name: Michiels
- first_name: Hinrich
full_name: Schulenburg, Hinrich
last_name: Schulenburg
citation:
ama: El Masri L, Schulte R, Timmermeyer N, et al. Sex differences in host defence
interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite
coevolution. Ecology Letters. 2013;16(4):461-468. doi:10.1111/ele.12068
apa: El Masri, L., Schulte, R., Timmermeyer, N., Thanisch, S., Crummenerl, L., Jansen,
G., … Schulenburg, H. (2013). Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated
selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters.
Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068
chicago: El Masri, Leila, Rebecca Schulte, Nadine Timmermeyer, Stefanie Thanisch,
Lena Crummenerl, Gunther Jansen, Nico Michiels, and Hinrich Schulenburg. “Sex
Differences in Host Defence Interfere with Parasite-Mediated Selection for Outcrossing
during Host-Parasite Coevolution.” Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068.
ieee: L. El Masri et al., “Sex differences in host defence interfere with
parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution,”
Ecology Letters, vol. 16, no. 4. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 461–468, 2013.
ista: El Masri L, Schulte R, Timmermeyer N, Thanisch S, Crummenerl L, Jansen G,
Michiels N, Schulenburg H. 2013. Sex differences in host defence interfere with
parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution.
Ecology Letters. 16(4), 461–468.
mla: El Masri, Leila, et al. “Sex Differences in Host Defence Interfere with Parasite-Mediated
Selection for Outcrossing during Host-Parasite Coevolution.” Ecology Letters,
vol. 16, no. 4, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 461–68, doi:10.1111/ele.12068.
short: L. El Masri, R. Schulte, N. Timmermeyer, S. Thanisch, L. Crummenerl, G. Jansen,
N. Michiels, H. Schulenburg, Ecology Letters 16 (2013) 461–468.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:59:54Z
date_published: 2013-04-04T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-08-25T14:51:57Z
day: '04'
ddc:
- '570'
doi: 10.1111/ele.12068
extern: '1'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: aa7db788f7da7d7f102539a249ebce50
content_type: application/pdf
creator: system
date_created: 2018-12-12T10:15:52Z
date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:50Z
file_id: '5176'
file_name: IST-2016-404-v1+1_ele12068.pdf
file_size: 763731
relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:50Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 16'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 461 - 468
publication: Ecology Letters
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
publist_id: '3948'
pubrep_id: '404'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection
for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 16
year: '2013'
...