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However, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying various aspects of their reproductive biology, including sex determination, is still lacking. This is partly due to the scarcity of genomic resources for Artemia species and crustaceans in general. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of A. franciscana (Kellogg 1906), from the Great Salt Lake, United States. The genome is 1 GB, and the majority of the genome (81%) is scaffolded into 21 linkage groups using a previously published high-density linkage map. We performed coverage and FST analyses using male and female genomic and transcriptomic reads to quantify the extent of differentiation between the Z and W chromosomes. Additionally, we quantified the expression levels in male and female heads and gonads and found further evidence for dosage compensation in this species.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"1","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"file_name":"2024_GBE_Bett.pdf","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":5213306,"creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","file_id":"15029","date_created":"2024-02-26T09:54:59Z","date_updated":"2024-02-26T09:54:59Z","checksum":"106a40f10443b2e7ba66749844ebbdf1","success":1}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"15009","ddc":["570"],"status":"public","title":"Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation","intvolume":" 16","day":"20","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes","scopus_import":"1","date_published":"2024-01-20T00:00:00Z","publication":"Genome Biology and Evolution","citation":{"mla":"Bett, Vincent K., et al. “Chromosome-Level Assembly of Artemia Franciscana Sheds Light on Sex Chromosome Differentiation.” Genome Biology and Evolution, vol. 16, no. 1, evae006, Oxford University Press, 2024, doi:10.1093/gbe/evae006.","short":"V.K. Bett, A. Macon, B. Vicoso, M.N. Elkrewi, Genome Biology and Evolution 16 (2024).","chicago":"Bett, Vincent K, Ariana Macon, Beatriz Vicoso, and Marwan N Elkrewi. “Chromosome-Level Assembly of Artemia Franciscana Sheds Light on Sex Chromosome Differentiation.” Genome Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evae006.","ama":"Bett VK, Macon A, Vicoso B, Elkrewi MN. Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2024;16(1). doi:10.1093/gbe/evae006","ista":"Bett VK, Macon A, Vicoso B, Elkrewi MN. 2024. Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation. Genome Biology and Evolution. 16(1), evae006.","apa":"Bett, V. K., Macon, A., Vicoso, B., & Elkrewi, M. N. (2024). Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation. Genome Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evae006","ieee":"V. K. Bett, A. Macon, B. Vicoso, and M. N. Elkrewi, “Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation,” Genome Biology and Evolution, vol. 16, no. 1. Oxford University Press, 2024."},"article_type":"original"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","month":"01","day":"02","keyword":["sex chromosome evolution","genome assembly","dosage compensation"],"date_published":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:14705","project":[{"grant_number":"F8810","_id":"34ae1506-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c14f4c474396","name":"The highjacking of meiosis for asexual reproduction"}],"oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"citation":{"ama":"Elkrewi MN. Data from “Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex-chromosome differentiation.” 2024. doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:14705","ista":"Elkrewi MN. 2024. Data from ‘Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex-chromosome differentiation’, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 10.15479/AT:ISTA:14705.","apa":"Elkrewi, M. N. (2024). Data from “Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex-chromosome differentiation.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:14705","ieee":"M. N. Elkrewi, “Data from ‘Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex-chromosome differentiation.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2024.","mla":"Elkrewi, Marwan N. Data from “Chromosome-Level Assembly of Artemia Franciscana Sheds Light on Sex-Chromosome Differentiation.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2024, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:14705.","short":"M.N. Elkrewi, (2024).","chicago":"Elkrewi, Marwan N. “Data from ‘Chromosome-Level Assembly of Artemia Franciscana Sheds Light on Sex-Chromosome Differentiation.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:14705."},"file_date_updated":"2023-12-22T14:14:06Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Since the commercialization of brine shrimp (genus Artemia) in the 1950s, this lineage, and in particular the model species Artemia franciscana, has been the subject of extensive research. However, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying various aspects of their reproductive biology, including sex determination, are still lacking. This is partly due to the scarcity of genomic resources for Artemia species and crustaceans in general. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg 1906), from the Great Salt Lake, USA. The genome is 1GB, and the majority of the genome (81%) is scaffolded into 21 linkage groups using a previously published high-density linkage map. We performed coverage and FST analyses using male and female genomic and transcriptomic reads to quantify the extent of differentiation between the Z and W chromosomes. Additionally, we quantified the expression levels in male and female heads and gonads and found further evidence for dosage compensation in this species."}],"type":"research_data","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_name":"readme.txt.txt","file_size":847,"content_type":"text/plain","creator":"melkrewi","relation":"main_file","file_id":"14707","checksum":"bdaf1392867786634ec5466d528c36ca","success":1,"date_created":"2023-12-22T13:54:21Z","date_updated":"2023-12-22T13:54:21Z"},{"date_updated":"2023-12-22T14:14:06Z","date_created":"2023-12-22T14:14:06Z","success":1,"checksum":"973e1cbdab923a71709782177980829f","file_id":"14708","relation":"main_file","creator":"melkrewi","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","file_size":343632753,"file_name":"data_artemia_franciscana_genome.zip","access_level":"open_access"}],"date_updated":"2024-02-26T09:59:29Z","date_created":"2023-12-22T13:40:48Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public","id":"15009"}]},"contributor":[{"first_name":"Vincent K","contributor_type":"researcher","last_name":"Bett","id":"57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425"},{"id":"2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Ariana","last_name":"Macon","contributor_type":"project_member"},{"contributor_type":"supervisor","last_name":"Vicoso","first_name":"Beatriz","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Elkrewi","contributor_type":"researcher","first_name":"Marwan N","orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Elkrewi, Marwan N","first_name":"Marwan N","last_name":"Elkrewi","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"BeVi"}],"status":"public","title":"Data from \"Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex-chromosome differentiation\"","ddc":["576"],"year":"2024","_id":"14705","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"article_type":"original","citation":{"apa":"Lasne, C., Elkrewi, M. N., Toups, M. A., Layana Franco, L. A., Macon, A., & Vicoso, B. (2023). The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome. Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msad245","ieee":"C. Lasne, M. N. Elkrewi, M. A. Toups, L. A. Layana Franco, A. Macon, and B. Vicoso, “The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome,” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 40, no. 12. Oxford University Press, 2023.","ista":"Lasne C, Elkrewi MN, Toups MA, Layana Franco LA, Macon A, Vicoso B. 2023. The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 40(12), msad245.","ama":"Lasne C, Elkrewi MN, Toups MA, Layana Franco LA, Macon A, Vicoso B. The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2023;40(12). doi:10.1093/molbev/msad245","chicago":"Lasne, Clementine, Marwan N Elkrewi, Melissa A Toups, Lorena Alexandra Layana Franco, Ariana Macon, and Beatriz Vicoso. “The Scorpionfly (Panorpa Cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome.” Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msad245.","short":"C. Lasne, M.N. Elkrewi, M.A. Toups, L.A. Layana Franco, A. Macon, B. Vicoso, Molecular Biology and Evolution 40 (2023).","mla":"Lasne, Clementine, et al. “The Scorpionfly (Panorpa Cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 40, no. 12, msad245, Oxford University Press, 2023, doi:10.1093/molbev/msad245."},"publication":"Molecular Biology and Evolution","date_published":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","keyword":["Genetics","Molecular Biology","Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics"],"scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","day":"01","intvolume":" 40","ddc":["570"],"title":"The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome","status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"14613","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2023_MolecularBioEvo_Lasne.pdf","file_size":8623505,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","file_id":"14727","checksum":"47c1c72fb499f26ea52d216b242208c8","success":1,"date_updated":"2024-01-02T11:39:38Z","date_created":"2024-01-02T11:39:38Z"}],"type":"journal_article","issue":"12","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Many insects carry an ancient X chromosome - the Drosophila Muller element F - that likely predates their origin. Interestingly, the X has undergone turnover in multiple fly species (Diptera) after being conserved for more than 450 MY. The long evolutionary distance between Diptera and other sequenced insect clades makes it difficult to infer what could have contributed to this sudden increase in rate of turnover. Here, we produce the first genome and transcriptome of a long overlooked sister-order to Diptera: Mecoptera. We compare the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata X-chromosome gene content, expression, and structure, to that of several dipteran species as well as more distantly-related insect orders (Orthoptera and Blattodea). We find high conservation of gene content between the mecopteran X and the dipteran Muller F element, as well as several shared biological features, such as the presence of dosage compensation and a low amount of genetic diversity, consistent with a low recombination rate. However, the two homologous X chromosomes differ strikingly in their size and number of genes they carry. Our results therefore support a common ancestry of the mecopteran and ancestral dipteran X chromosomes, and suggest that Muller element F shrank in size and gene content after the split of Diptera and Mecoptera, which may have contributed to its turnover in dipteran insects."}],"project":[{"name":"The highjacking of meiosis for asexual reproduction","grant_number":"F8810","_id":"34ae1506-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c14f4c474396"},{"grant_number":"ESP39 49461","_id":"ebb230e0-77a9-11ec-83b8-87a37e0241d3","name":"Mechanisms and Evolution of Reproductive Plasticity"}],"quality_controlled":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"external_id":{"pmid":["37988296"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"doi":"10.1093/molbev/msad245","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0737-4038"],"eissn":["1537-1719"]},"month":"12","publisher":"Oxford University Press","department":[{"_id":"BeVi"}],"publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"year":"2023","acknowledgement":"We thank the Vicoso lab for their assistance with specimen collection, and Tim Connallon for valuable comments and suggestions on earlier versions of the manuscript. Computational resources and support were provided by the Scientific Computing unit at the ISTA. This research was supported by grants from the Austrian Science Foundation to C.L.\r\n(FWF ESP 39), and to B.V. (FWF SFB F88-10).","volume":40,"date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:18:35Z","date_created":"2023-11-27T16:14:37Z","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"press_release","description":"News on ISTA webpage","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/on-the-hunt/"}],"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"14614"}]},"author":[{"full_name":"Lasne, Clementine","last_name":"Lasne","first_name":"Clementine","orcid":"0000-0002-1197-8616","id":"02225f57-50d2-11eb-9ed8-8c92b9a34237"},{"first_name":"Marwan N","last_name":"Elkrewi","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","full_name":"Elkrewi, Marwan N"},{"last_name":"Toups","first_name":"Melissa A","orcid":"0000-0002-9752-7380","id":"4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Toups, Melissa A"},{"last_name":"Layana Franco","first_name":"Lorena Alexandra","orcid":"0000-0002-1253-6297","id":"02814589-eb8f-11eb-b029-a70074f3f18f","full_name":"Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra"},{"last_name":"Macon","first_name":"Ariana","id":"2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Macon, Ariana"},{"full_name":"Vicoso, Beatriz","last_name":"Vicoso","first_name":"Beatriz","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"article_number":"msad245","file_date_updated":"2024-01-02T11:39:38Z"},{"day":"01","month":"12","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","keyword":["Panorpa","scorpionfly","genome","transcriptome"],"doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:14614","date_published":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"citation":{"ama":"Lasne C, Elkrewi MN. The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome. 2023. doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:14614","ista":"Lasne C, Elkrewi MN. 2023. The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 10.15479/AT:ISTA:14614.","ieee":"C. Lasne and M. N. Elkrewi, “The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","apa":"Lasne, C., & Elkrewi, M. N. (2023). The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:14614","mla":"Lasne, Clementine, and Marwan N. Elkrewi. The Scorpionfly (Panorpa Cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:14614.","short":"C. Lasne, M.N. Elkrewi, (2023).","chicago":"Lasne, Clementine, and Marwan N Elkrewi. “The Scorpionfly (Panorpa Cognata) Genome Highlights Conserved and Derived Features of the Peculiar Dipteran X Chromosome.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:14614."},"file_date_updated":"2023-11-30T14:16:59Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Many insects carry an ancient X chromosome—the Drosophila Muller element F—that likely predates their origin. Interestingly, the X has undergone turnover in multiple fly species (Diptera) after being conserved for more than 450 My. The long evolutionary distance between Diptera and other sequenced insect clades makes it difficult to infer what could have contributed to this sudden increase in rate of turnover. Here, we produce the first genome and transcriptome of scorpionflies (genus Panorpa), an insect belonging to a long overlooked sister-order to Diptera: Mecoptera. Combining our genome assembly with genomic short-read data, we obtain genome coverage and identify X-linked super-scaffolds. We further perform a gene homology analysis between the Panorpa X and a closely related Diptera species, and we assess the conservation of the Panorpa X-linked gene content with that of more distantly related insect species. We explored the structure of the Panorpa X by determining its repeat content, GC content, and nucleotide diversity. Finally, we used RNAseq data to detect the presence of dosage compensation in somatic tissues, as well as to explore gene expression tissue-specificity, and sex-bias in gene expression. We find high conservation of gene content between the mecopteran X and the dipteran Muller F element, as well as several shared biological features, such as the presence of dosage compensation and a low amount of genetic diversity, consistent with a low recombination rate. However, the 2 homologous X chromosomes differ strikingly in their size and number of genes they carry. Our results therefore support a common ancestry of the mecopteran and ancestral dipteran X chromosomes, and suggest that Muller element F shrank in size and gene content after the split of Diptera and Mecoptera, which may have contributed to its turnover in dipteran insects."}],"type":"research_data","date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:18:35Z","date_created":"2023-11-27T16:39:19Z","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"content_type":"application/zip","file_size":404968272,"creator":"clasne","file_name":"panorpaX.zip","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2023-11-28T13:15:26Z","date_updated":"2023-11-28T13:15:26Z","checksum":"cd0f13322b5156819ecaebd2bc8e7d12","success":1,"relation":"main_file","file_id":"14625"},{"file_id":"14634","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2023-11-30T14:16:59Z","date_created":"2023-11-30T14:16:59Z","success":1,"checksum":"9ff600416577687a737cb3c96dfcb26c","file_name":"panorpa_readme.txt","access_level":"open_access","creator":"clasne","file_size":2625,"content_type":"text/plain"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Lasne","first_name":"Clementine","orcid":"0000-0002-1197-8616","id":"02225f57-50d2-11eb-9ed8-8c92b9a34237","full_name":"Lasne, Clementine"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","last_name":"Elkrewi","first_name":"Marwan N","full_name":"Elkrewi, Marwan N"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"14613","status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"contributor":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","contributor_type":"researcher","last_name":"Elkrewi","first_name":"Marwan N"}],"status":"public","title":"The scorpionfly (Panorpa cognata) genome highlights conserved and derived features of the peculiar dipteran X chromosome","ddc":["576"],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","department":[{"_id":"BeVi"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"14614","year":"2023"},{"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["14712954"]},"month":"02","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"pmid":["35135349"],"isi":["000752812800012"]},"oa":1,"project":[{"name":"Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"715257","_id":"250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"doi":"10.1098/rspb.2021.1985","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2022-02-21T08:17:38Z","pmid":1,"acknowledgement":"This project has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 715257) and from the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 310030_189145).\r\nWe thank Jari Garbely of the Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, for conducting the PCR verification. Barbara\r\nKonig, Gabi Stichel and A.K.L. collected mouse tissue samples, from the field study led by R.K.K. ","year":"2022","department":[{"_id":"BeVi"}],"publisher":"The Royal Society","publication_status":"published","author":[{"first_name":"Réka K","last_name":"Kelemen","id":"48D3F8DE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Kelemen, Réka K"},{"full_name":"Elkrewi, Marwan N","orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","last_name":"Elkrewi","first_name":"Marwan N"},{"full_name":"Lindholm, Anna K.","last_name":"Lindholm","first_name":"Anna K."},{"last_name":"Vicoso","first_name":"Beatriz","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Vicoso, Beatriz"}],"volume":289,"date_updated":"2023-08-02T14:26:07Z","date_created":"2022-02-20T23:01:31Z","scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"09","citation":{"mla":"Kelemen, Réka K., et al. “Novel Patterns of Expression and Recruitment of New Genes on the T-Haplotype, a Mouse Selfish Chromosome.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 289, no. 1968, The Royal Society, 2022, p. 20211985, doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1985.","short":"R.K. Kelemen, M.N. Elkrewi, A.K. Lindholm, B. Vicoso, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289 (2022) 20211985.","chicago":"Kelemen, Réka K, Marwan N Elkrewi, Anna K. Lindholm, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Novel Patterns of Expression and Recruitment of New Genes on the T-Haplotype, a Mouse Selfish Chromosome.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The Royal Society, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1985.","ama":"Kelemen RK, Elkrewi MN, Lindholm AK, Vicoso B. Novel patterns of expression and recruitment of new genes on the t-haplotype, a mouse selfish chromosome. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2022;289(1968):20211985. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1985","ista":"Kelemen RK, Elkrewi MN, Lindholm AK, Vicoso B. 2022. Novel patterns of expression and recruitment of new genes on the t-haplotype, a mouse selfish chromosome. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289(1968), 20211985.","apa":"Kelemen, R. K., Elkrewi, M. N., Lindholm, A. K., & Vicoso, B. (2022). Novel patterns of expression and recruitment of new genes on the t-haplotype, a mouse selfish chromosome. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1985","ieee":"R. K. Kelemen, M. N. Elkrewi, A. K. Lindholm, and B. Vicoso, “Novel patterns of expression and recruitment of new genes on the t-haplotype, a mouse selfish chromosome,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 289, no. 1968. The Royal Society, p. 20211985, 2022."},"publication":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","page":"20211985","article_type":"original","date_published":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","issue":"1968","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The t-haplotype of mice is a classical model for autosomal transmission distortion. A largely non-recombining variant of the proximal region of chromosome 17, it is transmitted to more than 90% of the progeny of heterozygous males through the disabling of sperm carrying a standard chromosome. While extensive genetic and functional work has shed light on individual genes involved in drive, much less is known about the evolution and function of the rest of its hundreds of genes. Here, we characterize the sequence and expression of dozens of t-specific transcripts and of their chromosome 17 homologues. Many genes showed reduced expression of the t-allele, but an equal number of genes showed increased expression of their t-copy, consistent with increased activity or a newly evolved function. Genes on the t-haplotype had a significantly higher non-synonymous substitution rate than their homologues on the standard chromosome, with several genes harbouring dN/dS ratios above 1. Finally, the t-haplotype has acquired at least two genes from other chromosomes, which show high and tissue-specific expression. These results provide a first overview of the gene content of this selfish element, and support a more dynamic evolutionary scenario than expected of a large genomic region with almost no recombination."}],"_id":"10767","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","intvolume":" 289","title":"Novel patterns of expression and recruitment of new genes on the t-haplotype, a mouse selfish chromosome","ddc":["570"],"status":"public","file":[{"creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":2366976,"access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2022_ProceedingsRoyalSocB_Kelemen.pdf","success":1,"checksum":"27042a3706ae52a919fed1ac114bf7bb","date_created":"2022-02-21T08:17:38Z","date_updated":"2022-02-21T08:17:38Z","file_id":"10779","relation":"main_file"}],"oa_version":"Published Version"},{"department":[{"_id":"BeVi"}],"publisher":"Oxford University Press","publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 715257) and by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF SFB F88-10).\r\nWe thank the Vicoso group for comments on the manuscript and the ISTA Scientific computing team and the Vienna Biocenter Sequencing facility for technical support.","year":"2022","volume":222,"date_updated":"2024-03-28T23:30:48Z","date_created":"2023-01-16T09:56:10Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","status":"public","id":"11653"}]},"author":[{"first_name":"Marwan N","last_name":"Elkrewi","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","full_name":"Elkrewi, Marwan N"},{"full_name":"Khauratovich, Uladzislava","id":"5eba06f4-97d8-11ed-9f8f-d826ebdd9434","first_name":"Uladzislava","last_name":"Khauratovich"},{"first_name":"Melissa A","last_name":"Toups","id":"4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-9752-7380","full_name":"Toups, Melissa A"},{"id":"57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425","last_name":"Bett","first_name":"Vincent K","full_name":"Bett, Vincent K"},{"full_name":"Mrnjavac, Andrea","last_name":"Mrnjavac","first_name":"Andrea","id":"353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425"},{"full_name":"Macon, Ariana","first_name":"Ariana","last_name":"Macon","id":"2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Fraisse","first_name":"Christelle","orcid":"0000-0001-8441-5075","id":"32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fraisse, Christelle"},{"id":"701c5602-97d8-11ed-96b5-b52773c70189","last_name":"Sax","first_name":"Luca","full_name":"Sax, Luca"},{"full_name":"Huylmans, Ann K","orcid":"0000-0001-8871-4961","id":"4C0A3874-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Huylmans","first_name":"Ann K"},{"last_name":"Hontoria","first_name":"Francisco","full_name":"Hontoria, Francisco"},{"last_name":"Vicoso","first_name":"Beatriz","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Vicoso, Beatriz"}],"article_number":"iyac123","ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2023-01-30T08:59:58Z","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution","grant_number":"715257","_id":"250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"The highjacking of meiosis for asexual reproduction","_id":"34ae1506-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c14f4c474396","grant_number":"F8810"}],"isi":1,"quality_controlled":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000850270300001"],"pmid":["35977389"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyac123","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1943-2631"]},"month":"10","intvolume":" 222","title":"ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp","ddc":["570"],"status":"public","_id":"12248","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"file_name":"2022_Genetics_Elkrewi.pdf","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1347136,"file_id":"12440","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2023-01-30T08:59:58Z","date_updated":"2023-01-30T08:59:58Z","success":1,"checksum":"f79ff5383e882ea3f95f3da47a78029d"}],"type":"journal_article","issue":"2","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia) have closely related sexual and asexual lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies. Although they are known to have ZW chromosomes, these are not well characterized, and it is unclear whether they are shared across the clade. Furthermore, the underlying genetic architecture of the transmission of asexuality, which can occur when rare males mate with closely related sexual females, is not well understood. We produced a chromosome-level assembly for the sexual Eurasian species Artemia sinica and characterized in detail the pair of sex chromosomes of this species. We combined this new assembly with short-read genomic data for the sexual species Artemia sp. Kazakhstan and several asexual lineages of Artemia parthenogenetica, allowing us to perform an in-depth characterization of sex-chromosome evolution across the genus. We identified a small differentiated region of the ZW pair that is shared by all sexual and asexual lineages, supporting the shared ancestry of the sex chromosomes. We also inferred that recombination suppression has spread to larger sections of the chromosome independently in the American and Eurasian lineages. Finally, we took advantage of a rare male, which we backcrossed to sexual females, to explore the genetic basis of asexuality. Our results suggest that parthenogenesis is likely partly controlled by a locus on the Z chromosome, highlighting the interplay between sex determination and asexuality."}],"article_type":"original","citation":{"chicago":"Elkrewi, Marwan N, Uladzislava Khauratovich, Melissa A Toups, Vincent K Bett, Andrea Mrnjavac, Ariana Macon, Christelle Fraisse, et al. “ZW Sex-Chromosome Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” Genetics. Oxford University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123.","mla":"Elkrewi, Marwan N., et al. “ZW Sex-Chromosome Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” Genetics, vol. 222, no. 2, iyac123, Oxford University Press, 2022, doi:10.1093/genetics/iyac123.","short":"M.N. Elkrewi, U. Khauratovich, M.A. Toups, V.K. Bett, A. Mrnjavac, A. Macon, C. Fraisse, L. Sax, A.K. Huylmans, F. Hontoria, B. Vicoso, Genetics 222 (2022).","ista":"Elkrewi MN, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, Bett VK, Mrnjavac A, Macon A, Fraisse C, Sax L, Huylmans AK, Hontoria F, Vicoso B. 2022. ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. 222(2), iyac123.","ieee":"M. N. Elkrewi et al., “ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp,” Genetics, vol. 222, no. 2. Oxford University Press, 2022.","apa":"Elkrewi, M. N., Khauratovich, U., Toups, M. A., Bett, V. K., Mrnjavac, A., Macon, A., … Vicoso, B. (2022). ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123","ama":"Elkrewi MN, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, et al. ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. 2022;222(2). doi:10.1093/genetics/iyac123"},"publication":"Genetics","date_published":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","keyword":["Genetics"],"scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"01"},{"oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"citation":{"chicago":"Elkrewi, Marwan N. “Data from Elkrewi, Khauratovich, Toups et Al. 2022, ‘ZW Sex-Chromosome Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis in Artemia Brine Shrimp.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11653.","mla":"Elkrewi, Marwan N. Data from Elkrewi, Khauratovich, Toups et Al. 2022, “ZW Sex-Chromosome Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:11653.","short":"M.N. Elkrewi, (2022).","ista":"Elkrewi MN. 2022. Data from Elkrewi, Khauratovich, Toups et al. 2022, ‘ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp’, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 10.15479/AT:ISTA:11653.","apa":"Elkrewi, M. N. (2022). Data from Elkrewi, Khauratovich, Toups et al. 2022, “ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:11653","ieee":"M. N. Elkrewi, “Data from Elkrewi, Khauratovich, Toups et al. 2022, ‘ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022.","ama":"Elkrewi MN. Data from Elkrewi, Khauratovich, Toups et al. 2022, “ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp.” 2022. doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:11653"},"doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:11653","date_published":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","day":"05","month":"08","article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","title":"Data from Elkrewi, Khauratovich, Toups et al. 2022, \"ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp\"","status":"public","ddc":["570"],"department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"BeVi"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","year":"2022","_id":"11653","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2022-07-26T11:01:47Z","date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:35:53Z","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"11655","embargo":"2022-08-07","title":"Supplementary Datasets","date_created":"2022-07-26T12:37:52Z","date_updated":"2022-08-08T22:30:04Z","checksum":"5f1d7c6d7ab5375ed2564521432bed0c","file_name":"Data.zip","description":"The folder contains the following datasets (fasta files, and text files):\nSup. Dataset 1: Genome assemblies: A. sinica male high quality assembly, A. sp. Kazakhstan\nmale draft assembly\nSup. Dataset 2: Male transcriptome assemblies for A. sinica and A. franciscana\nSup. Dataset 3: Male and female coverage for A. sinica, A. sp. Kazakhstan, A. urmiana, and\nA. parthenogenetica females and rare male.\nSup. Dataset 4: Artemia sinica Male:female FST per 1Kb window\nSup. Dataset 5: FASTA file with candidate W scaffolds\nSup. Dataset 6: Candidate W-derived transcripts and alignments\nSup. Dataset 7: Gene expression with genomic location\nSup. Dataset 8: VCF for asexual female and rare male\nSup. Dataset 9: FST between backcrossed asexual and control females (pooled analysis)\nSup. Dataset 10: VCF of backcrossed asexual and control females (individual analysis using\nA. sp. Kazakhstan as the reference), and inferred ancestry\nSup. Dataset 11: GO and DE annotations of all the Artemia sinica transcripts and their\nlocations in the Artemia sinica male genome.\n","access_level":"open_access","file_size":2209382998,"content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","creator":"melkrewi"}],"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","last_name":"Elkrewi","first_name":"Marwan N","full_name":"Elkrewi, Marwan N"}],"contributor":[{"first_name":"Marwan N","last_name":"Elkrewi","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231"},{"last_name":"Khauratovich","first_name":"Uladzislava"},{"first_name":"Melissa A","last_name":"Toups","id":"4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425","first_name":"Vincent K","last_name":"Bett"},{"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Mrnjavac","id":"353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425"},{"first_name":"Ariana","last_name":"Macon","id":"2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Christelle","last_name":"Fraisse","id":"32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8441-5075"},{"last_name":"Sax","first_name":"Luca"},{"first_name":"Ann K","last_name":"Huylmans","id":"4C0A3874-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Francisco","last_name":"Hontoria "},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Vicoso","first_name":"Beatriz"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public","id":"12248"}]},"type":"research_data","file_date_updated":"2022-08-08T22:30:04Z","abstract":[{"text":"Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia) have closely related sexual and asexual lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies. Although they are known to have ZW chromosomes, these are not well characterized, and it is unclear whether they are shared across the clade. Furthermore, the underlying genetic architecture of the transmission of asexuality, which can occur when rare males mate with closely related sexual females, is not well understood. We produced a chromosome-level assembly for the sexual Eurasian species A. sinica and characterized in detail the pair of sex chromosomes of this species. We combined this new assembly with short-read genomic data for the sexual species A. sp. Kazakhstan and several asexual lineages of A. parthenogenetica, allowing us to perform an in-depth characterization of sex-chromosome evolution across the genus. We identified a small differentiated region of the ZW pair that is shared by all sexual and asexual lineages, supporting the shared ancestry of the sex chromosomes. We also inferred that recombination suppression has spread to larger sections of the chromosome independently in the American and Eurasian lineages. Finally, we took advantage of a rare male, which we backcrossed to sexual females, to explore the genetic basis of asexuality. Our results suggest that parthenogenesis is likely partly controlled by a locus on the Z chromosome, highlighting the interplay between sex determination and asexuality.","lang":"eng"}]},{"acknowledgement":"The authors thank IT support at IST Austria for providing an optimal environment for bioinformatic analyses. This work was supported by an Austrian Science Foundation FWF grant (Project P28842) to B.V.","year":"2021","pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","publisher":"Oxford University Press ","department":[{"_id":"BeVi"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Elkrewi, Marwan N","id":"0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425","orcid":"0000-0002-5328-7231","first_name":"Marwan N","last_name":"Elkrewi"},{"full_name":"Moldovan, Mikhail A.","id":"c8bb7f32-3315-11ec-b58b-e5950e6c14a0","orcid":"0000-0002-8876-6494","first_name":"Mikhail A.","last_name":"Moldovan"},{"full_name":"Picard, Marion A L","first_name":"Marion A L","last_name":"Picard","id":"2C921A7A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8101-2518"},{"id":"49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-4579-8306","first_name":"Beatriz","last_name":"Vicoso","full_name":"Vicoso, Beatriz"}],"date_updated":"2023-08-14T08:03:06Z","date_created":"2021-10-21T07:49:12Z","file_date_updated":"2022-05-06T09:47:18Z","oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"external_id":{"isi":["000741368600009"],"pmid":["34146097"]},"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"project":[{"name":"Sex chromosome evolution under male- and female- heterogamety","call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"250ED89C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"P28842-B22"}],"doi":"10.1093/molbev/msab178","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"06","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1537-1719"],"issn":["0737-4038"]},"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","_id":"10167","ddc":["610"],"title":"Schistosome W-Linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination","status":"public","file":[{"date_updated":"2022-05-06T09:47:18Z","date_created":"2022-05-06T09:47:18Z","checksum":"1b096702fb356d9c0eb88e1b3fcff5f8","success":1,"relation":"main_file","file_id":"11352","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1008594,"creator":"dernst","file_name":"2021_MolecularBiolEvolution_Elkrewi.pdf","access_level":"open_access"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"Schistosomes, the human parasites responsible for snail fever, are female-heterogametic. Different parts of their ZW sex chromosomes have stopped recombining in distinct lineages, creating “evolutionary strata” of various ages. Although the Z-chromosome is well characterized at the genomic and molecular level, the W-chromosome has remained largely unstudied from an evolutionary perspective, as only a few W-linked genes have been detected outside of the model species Schistosoma mansoni. Here, we characterize the gene content and evolution of the W-chromosomes of S. mansoni and of the divergent species S. japonicum. We use a combined RNA/DNA k-mer based pipeline to assemble around 100 candidate W-specific transcripts in each of the species. About half of them map to known protein coding genes, the majority homologous to S. mansoni Z-linked genes. We perform an extended analysis of the evolutionary strata present in the two species (including characterizing a previously undetected young stratum in S. japonicum) to infer patterns of sequence and expression evolution of W-linked genes at different time points after recombination was lost. W-linked genes show evidence of degeneration, including high rates of protein evolution and reduced expression. Most are found in young lineage-specific strata, with only a few high expression ancestral W-genes remaining, consistent with the progressive erosion of nonrecombining regions. Among these, the splicing factor u2af2 stands out as a promising candidate for primary sex determination, opening new avenues for understanding the molecular basis of the reproductive biology of this group.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Molecular Biology and Evolution","citation":{"short":"M.N. Elkrewi, M.A. Moldovan, M.A.L. Picard, B. Vicoso, Molecular Biology and Evolution (2021).","mla":"Elkrewi, Marwan N., et al. “Schistosome W-Linked Genes Inform Temporal Dynamics of Sex Chromosome Evolution and Suggest Candidate for Sex Determination.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, Oxford University Press , 2021, doi:10.1093/molbev/msab178.","chicago":"Elkrewi, Marwan N, Mikhail A. Moldovan, Marion A L Picard, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Schistosome W-Linked Genes Inform Temporal Dynamics of Sex Chromosome Evolution and Suggest Candidate for Sex Determination.” Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press , 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178.","ama":"Elkrewi MN, Moldovan MA, Picard MAL, Vicoso B. Schistosome W-Linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2021. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab178","ieee":"M. N. Elkrewi, M. A. Moldovan, M. A. L. Picard, and B. Vicoso, “Schistosome W-Linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination,” Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press , 2021.","apa":"Elkrewi, M. N., Moldovan, M. A., Picard, M. A. L., & Vicoso, B. (2021). Schistosome W-Linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination. Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press . https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab178","ista":"Elkrewi MN, Moldovan MA, Picard MAL, Vicoso B. 2021. Schistosome W-Linked genes inform temporal dynamics of sex chromosome evolution and suggest candidate for sex determination. Molecular Biology and Evolution."},"article_type":"original","date_published":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","scopus_import":"1","keyword":["sex chromosomes","evolutionary strata","W-linked gene","sex determining gene","schistosome parasites"],"day":"19","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No"}]