TY - GEN AB - Electrodepositing insulating and insoluble Li2O2 is the key process during discharge of aprotic Li-O2 batteries and determines rate, capacity, and reversibility. Current understanding states that the partition between surface adsorbed and solvated LiO2 governs whether Li2O2 grows as surface film, leading to low capacity even at low rates, or in solution, leading to particles and high capacities. Here we show that Li2O2 forms to the widest extent as particles via solution mediated LiO2 disproportionation. We describe a unified Li2O2 growth model that conclusively explains capacity limitations across the whole range of electrolytes. Deciding for particle morphology, achievable rate and capacities are species mobilities, electrode specific surface area (determining true areal rate) and the concentration distribution of associated LiO2 in solution. Provided that species mobilities and surface are high, high, capacities are possible even with low-donor-number electrolytes, previously considered prototypical for low capacity via surface growth. The tools for these insights are microscopy, hydrodynamic voltammetry, a numerical reaction model, and in situ small/wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). Combined with sophisticated data analysis, SAXS allows retrieving rich quantitative information from complex multi-phase systems. On a wider perspective, this SAXS method is a powerful in situ metrology with atomic to sub-micron resolution to study mechanisms in complex electrochemical systems and beyond. AU - Prehal, Christian AU - Samojlov, Aleksej AU - Nachtnebel, Manfred AU - Kriechbaum, Manfred AU - Amenitsch, Heinz AU - Freunberger, Stefan Alexander ID - 7627 TI - A revised O2 reduction model in Li-O2 batteries as revealed by in situ small angle X-ray scattering ER - TY - JOUR AB - The number of human genomes being genotyped or sequenced increases exponentially and efficient haplotype estimation methods able to handle this amount of data are now required. Here we present a method, SHAPEIT4, which substantially improves upon other methods to process large genotype and high coverage sequencing datasets. It notably exhibits sub-linear running times with sample size, provides highly accurate haplotypes and allows integrating external phasing information such as large reference panels of haplotypes, collections of pre-phased variants and long sequencing reads. We provide SHAPEIT4 in an open source format and demonstrate its performance in terms of accuracy and running times on two gold standard datasets: the UK Biobank data and the Genome In A Bottle. AU - Delaneau, Olivier AU - Zagury, Jean-François AU - Robinson, Matthew Richard AU - Marchini, Jonathan L. AU - Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. ID - 7710 JF - Nature Communications SN - 2041-1723 TI - Accurate, scalable and integrative haplotype estimation VL - 10 ER - TY - GEN AB - As genome-wide association studies (GWAS) increased in size, numerous gene-environment interactions (GxE) have been discovered, many of which however explore only one environment at a time and may suffer from statistical artefacts leading to biased interaction estimates. Here we propose a maximum likelihood method to estimate the contribution of GxE to complex traits taking into account all interacting environmental variables at the same time, without the need to measure any. This is possible because GxE induces fluctuations in the conditional trait variance, the extent of which depends on the strength of GxE. The approach can be applied to continuous outcomes and for single SNPs or genetic risk scores (GRS). Extensive simulations demonstrated that our method yields unbiased interaction estimates and excellent confidence interval coverage. We also offer a strategy to distinguish specific GxE from general heteroscedasticity (scale effects). Applying our method to 32 complex traits in the UK Biobank reveals that for body mass index (BMI) the GRSxE explains an additional 1.9% variance on top of the 5.2% GRS contribution. However, this interaction is not specific to the GRS and holds for any variable similarly correlated with BMI. On the contrary, the GRSxE interaction effect for leg impedance Embedded Image is significantly (P < 10−56) larger than it would be expected for a similarly correlated variable Embedded Image. We showed that our method could robustly detect the global contribution of GxE to complex traits, which turned out to be substantial for certain obesity measures. AU - Sulc, Jonathan AU - Mounier, Ninon AU - Günther, Felix AU - Winkler, Thomas AU - Wood, Andrew R. AU - Frayling, Timothy M. AU - Heid, Iris M. AU - Robinson, Matthew Richard AU - Kutalik, Zoltán ID - 7782 T2 - bioRxiv TI - Maximum likelihood method quantifies the overall contribution of gene-environment interaction to continuous traits: An application to complex traits in the UK Biobank ER - TY - JOUR AU - Currin, Christopher B. AU - Khoza, Phumlani N. AU - Antrobus, Alexander D. AU - Latham, Peter E. AU - Vogels, Tim P AU - Raimondo, Joseph V. ID - 8013 IS - 7 JF - PLOS Computational Biology SN - 1553-7358 TI - Think: Theory for Africa VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Working memory, the ability to keep recently accessed information available for immediate manipulation, has been proposed to rely on two mechanisms that appear difficult to reconcile: self-sustained neural firing, or the opposite—activity-silent synaptic traces. Here we review and contrast models of these two mechanisms, and then show that both phenomena can co-exist within a unified system in which neurons hold information in both activity and synapses. Rapid plasticity in flexibly-coding neurons allows features to be bound together into objects, with an important emergent property being the focus of attention. One memory item is held by persistent activity in an attended or “focused” state, and is thus remembered better than other items. Other, previously attended items can remain in memory but in the background, encoded in activity-silent synaptic traces. This dual functional architecture provides a unified common mechanism accounting for a diversity of perplexing attention and memory effects that have been hitherto difficult to explain in a single theoretical framework. AU - Manohar, Sanjay G. AU - Zokaei, Nahid AU - Fallon, Sean J. AU - Vogels, Tim P AU - Husain, Masud ID - 8014 JF - Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews SN - 0149-7634 TI - Neural mechanisms of attending to items in working memory VL - 101 ER - TY - CONF AB - We study edge asymptotics of poissonized Plancherel-type measures on skew Young diagrams (integer partitions). These measures can be seen as generalizations of those studied by Baik--Deift--Johansson and Baik--Rains in resolving Ulam's problem on longest increasing subsequences of random permutations and the last passage percolation (corner growth) discrete versions thereof. Moreover they interpolate between said measures and the uniform measure on partitions. In the new KPZ-like 1/3 exponent edge scaling limit with logarithmic corrections, we find new probability distributions generalizing the classical Tracy--Widom GUE, GOE and GSE distributions from the theory of random matrices. AU - Betea, Dan AU - Bouttier, Jérémie AU - Nejjar, Peter AU - Vuletíc, Mirjana ID - 8175 T2 - Proceedings on the 31st International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics TI - New edge asymptotics of skew Young diagrams via free boundaries ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Atopics have a lower risk for malignancies, and IgE targeted to tumors is superior to IgG in fighting cancer. Whether IgE-mediated innate or adaptive immune surveillance can confer protection against tumors remains unclear. Objective: We aimed to investigate the effects of active and passive immunotherapy to the tumor-associated antigen HER-2 in three murine models differing in Epsilon-B-cell-receptor expression affecting the levels of expressed IgE. Methods: We compared the levels of several serum specific anti-HER-2 antibodies (IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgA) and the survival rates in low-IgE ΔM1M2 mice lacking the transmembrane/cytoplasmic domain of Epsilon-B-cell-receptors expressing reduced IgE levels, high-IgE KN1 mice expressing chimeric Epsilon-Gamma1-B-cell receptors with 4-6-fold elevated serum IgE levels, and wild type (WT) BALB/c. Prior engrafting mice with D2F2/E2 mammary tumors overexpressing HER-2, mice were vaccinated with HER-2 or vehicle control PBS using the Th2-adjuvant Al(OH)3 (active immunotherapy), or treated with the murine anti-HER-2 IgG1 antibody 4D5 (passive immunotherapy). Results: Overall, among the three strains of mice, HER-2 vaccination induced significantly higher levels of HER-2 specific IgE and IgG1 in high-IgE KN1, while low-IgE ΔM1M2 mice had higher IgG2a levels. HER-2 vaccination and passive immunotherapy prolonged the survival in tumor-grafted WT and low-IgE ΔM1M2 strains compared with treatment controls; active vaccination provided the highest benefit. Notably, untreated high-IgE KN1 mice displayed the longest survival of all strains, which could not be further extended by active or passive immunotherapy. Conclusion: Active and passive immunotherapies prolong survival in wild type and low-IgE ΔM1M2 mice engrafted with mammary tumors. High-IgE KN1 mice have an innate survival benefit following tumor challenge. AU - Singer, Josef AU - Achatz-Straussberger, Gertrude AU - Bentley-Lukschal, Anna AU - Fazekas-Singer, Judit AU - Achatz, Gernot AU - Karagiannis, Sophia N. AU - Jensen-Jarolim, Erika ID - 8228 IS - 7 JF - World Allergy Organization Journal SN - 1939-4551 TI - AllergoOncology: High innate IgE levels are decisive for the survival of cancer-bearing mice VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Food proteins may get nitrated by various exogenous or endogenous mechanisms. As individuals might get recurrently exposed to nitrated proteins via daily diet, we aimed to investigate the effect of repeatedly ingested nitrated food proteins on the subsequent immune response in non-allergic and allergic mice using the milk allergen beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) as model food protein in a mouse model. Evaluating the presence of nitrated proteins in food, we could detect 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in extracts of different foods and in stomach content extracts of non-allergic mice under physiological conditions. Chemically nitrated BLG (BLGn) exhibited enhanced susceptibility to degradation in simulated gastric fluid experiments compared to untreated BLG (BLGu). Gavage of BLGn to non-allergic animals increased interferon-γ and interleukin-10 release of stimulated spleen cells and led to the formation of BLG-specific serum IgA. Allergic mice receiving three oral gavages of BLGn had higher levels of mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) compared to allergic mice receiving BLGu. Regardless of the preceding immune status, non-allergic or allergic, repeatedly ingested nitrated food proteins seem to considerably influence the subsequent immune response. AU - Ondracek, Anna S. AU - Heiden, Denise AU - Oostingh, Gertie J. AU - Fuerst, Elisabeth AU - Fazekas-Singer, Judit AU - Bergmayr, Cornelia AU - Rohrhofer, Johanna AU - Jensen-Jarolim, Erika AU - Duschl, Albert AU - Untersmayr, Eva ID - 8229 IS - 10 JF - Nutrients SN - 2072-6643 TI - Immune effects of the nitrated food allergen beta-lactoglobulin in an experimental food allergy model VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ilieva, Kristina M. AU - Fazekas-Singer, Judit AU - Bax, Heather J. AU - Crescioli, Silvia AU - Montero‐Morales, Laura AU - Mele, Silvia AU - Sow, Heng Sheng AU - Stavraka, Chara AU - Josephs, Debra H. AU - Spicer, James F. AU - Steinkellner, Herta AU - Jensen‐Jarolim, Erika AU - Tutt, Andrew N. J. AU - Karagiannis, Sophia N. ID - 8227 IS - 10 JF - Allergy SN - 0105-4538 TI - AllergoOncology: Expression platform development and functional profiling of an anti‐HER2 IgE antibody VL - 74 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The genus Streptococcus comprises pathogens that strongly influence the health of humans and animals. Genome sequencing of multiple Streptococcus strains demonstrated high variability in gene content and order even in closely related strains of the same species and created a newly emerged object for genomic analysis, the pan-genome. Here we analysed the genome evolution of 25 strains of Streptococcus suis, 50 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 28 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Results: Fractions of the pan-genome, unique, periphery, and universal genes differ in size, functional composition, the level of nucleotide substitutions, and predisposition to horizontal gene transfer and genomic rearrangements. The density of substitutions in intergenic regions appears to be correlated with selection acting on adjacent genes, implying that more conserved genes tend to have more conserved regulatory regions. The total pan-genome of the genus is open, but only due to strain-specific genes, whereas other pan-genome fractions reach saturation. We have identified the set of genes with phylogenies inconsistent with species and non-conserved location in the chromosome; these genes are rare in at least one species and have likely experienced recent horizontal transfer between species. The strain-specific fraction is enriched with mobile elements and hypothetical proteins, but also contains a number of candidate virulence-related genes, so it may have a strong impact on adaptability and pathogenicity. Mapping the rearrangements to the phylogenetic tree revealed large parallel inversions in all species. A parallel inversion of length 15 kB with breakpoints formed by genes encoding surface antigen proteins PhtD and PhtB in S. pneumoniae leads to replacement of gene fragments that likely indicates the action of an antigen variation mechanism. Conclusions: Members of genus Streptococcus have a highly dynamic, open pan-genome, that potentially confers them with the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, i.e. antibiotic resistance or transmission between different hosts. Hence, integrated analysis of all aspects of genome evolution is important for the identification of potential pathogens and design of drugs and vaccines. AU - Shelyakin, Pavel V. AU - Bochkareva, Olga AU - Karan, Anna A. AU - Gelfand, Mikhail S. ID - 8263 JF - BMC Evolutionary Biology SN - 1471-2148 TI - Micro-evolution of three Streptococcus species: Selection, antigenic variation, and horizontal gene inflow VL - 19 ER - TY - GEN AB - Enabling secure communication across distributed systems is usually studied under the assumption of trust between the different systems and an external adversary trying to compromise the messages. With the appearance of distributed ledgers or blockchains, numerous protocols have emerged, which attempt to achieve trustless communication between distrusting ledgers and participants. Cross-chain communication (CCC) thereby plays a fundamental role in cryptocurrency exchanges, sharding, bootstrapping of new and feature-extension of existing distributed ledgers. Unfortunately, existing proposals are designed ad-hoc for specific use-cases, making it hard to gain confidence on their correctness and composability. We provide the first systematic exposition of protocols for CCC. First, we formalize the underlying research problem and show that CCC is impossible without a trusted third party, contrary to common beliefs in the blockchain community. We then develop a framework to evaluate existing and to design new cross-chain protocols. The framework is based on the use case, the trust model, and the security assumptions of interlinked blockchains. Finally, we identify security and privacy challenges faced by protocols in the cross-chain setting. This Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) offers a comprehensive guide for designing protocols bridging the numerous distributed ledgers available today. It aims to facilitate clearer communication between academia and industry in the field. AU - Zamyatin, Alexei AU - Al-Bassam, Mustafa AU - Zindros, Dionysis AU - Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios AU - Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro AU - Kiayias, Aggelos AU - Knottenbelt, William J. ID - 8304 T2 - Cryptology ePrint Archive TI - SoK: Communication across distributed ledgers ER - TY - GEN AB - ByzCoin, a promising alternative of Bitcoin, is a scalable consensus protocol used as a building block of many research and enterprise-level decentralized systems. In this paper, we show that ByzCoin is unsuitable for deployment in an anopen, adversarial network and instead introduceMOTOR. MOTORis designed as a secure, robust, and scalable consensus suitable for permissionless sharded blockchains. MOTORachieves these properties by making four key design choices: (a) it prioritizes robustness in adversarial environments while maintaining adequate scalability, (b) it employees provably correct cryptography that resists DoS attacks from individual nodes, (c) it deploys unpredictable rotating leaders to defend against mildly-adaptive adversaries and prevents censorship, and (d) it creates an incentive compatible reward mechanism. These choices are materialized as (a) a “rotating subleader” communication pattern that balances the scalability needs with the robustness requirements under failures, (b) deployment of provable secure BLS multi-signatures, (c) use of deterministic thresh-old signatures as a source of randomness and (d) careful design of the reward allocation mechanism. We have implemented MOTORand compare it withByzCoin. We show that MOTORcan scale similar to ByzCoin with an at most2xoverhead whereas it maintains good performance even under high-percentage of faults, unlike ByzCoin. AU - Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios ID - 8303 T2 - Cryptology ePrint Archive TI - Robust and scalable consensus for sharded distributed ledgers ER - TY - THES AB - One of the core promises of blockchain technology is that of enabling trustworthy data dissemination in a trustless environment. What current blockchain systems deliver, however, is slow dissemination of public data, rendering blockchain technology unusable in settings where latency, transaction capacity, or data confidentiality are important. In this thesis we focus on providing solutions on two of the most pressing problems blockchain technology currently faces: scalability and data confidentiality. To address the scalability issue, we present OMNILEDGER, a novel scale-out distributed ledger that preserves long-term security under permissionless operation. It ensures security and correctness by using a bias-resistant public-randomness protocol for choosing large, statistically representative shards that process transactions, and by introducing an efficient cross-shard commit protocol that atomically handles transactions affecting multiple shards. To enable secure sharing of confidential data we present CALYPSO, the first fully decentralized, auditable access-control framework for secure blockchain-based data sharing which builds upon two abstractions. First, on-chain secrets enable collective management of (verifiably shared) secrets under a Byzantine adversary where an access-control blockchain enforces user-specific access rules and a secret-management cothority administers encrypted data. Second, skipchain-based identity and access management enables efficient administration of dynamic, sovereign identities and access policies and, in particular, permits clients to maintain long-term relationships with respect to evolving user identities thanks to the trust-delegating forward links of skipchains. In order to build OMNILEDGER and CALYPSO, we first build a set of tools for efficient decentralization, which are presented in Part II of this dissertation. These tools can be used in decentralized and distributed systems to achieve (1) scalable consensus (BYZCOIN), (2) bias- resistant distributed randomness creations (RANDHOUND), and (3) relationship-keeping between independently updating communication endpoints (SKIPCHAINIAC). Although we use this tools in the scope off this thesis, they can be (and already have been) used in a far wider scope. AU - Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios ID - 8311 TI - Secure, confidential blockchains providing high throughput and low latency ER - TY - GEN AB - Off-chain protocols (channels) are a promising solution to the scalability and privacy challenges of blockchain payments. Current proposals, however, require synchrony assumptions to preserve the safety of a channel, leaking to an adversary the exact amount of time needed to control the network for a successful attack. In this paper, we introduce Brick, the first payment channel that remains secure under network asynchrony and concurrently provides correct incentives. The core idea is to incorporate the conflict resolution process within the channel by introducing a rational committee of external parties, called Wardens. Hence, if a party wants to close a channel unilaterally, it can only get the committee's approval for the last valid state. Brick provides sub-second latency because it does not employ heavy-weight consensus. Instead, Brick uses consistent broadcast to announce updates and close the channel, a light-weight abstraction that is powerful enough to preserve safety and liveness to any rational parties. Furthermore, we consider permissioned blockchains, where the additional property of auditability might be desired for regulatory purposes. We introduce Brick+, an off-chain construction that provides auditability on top of Brick without conflicting with its privacy guarantees. We formally define the properties our payment channel construction should fulfill, and prove that both Brick and Brick+ satisfy them. We also design incentives for Brick such that honest and rational behavior aligns. Finally, we provide a reference implementation of the smart contracts in Solidity. AU - Avarikioti, Georgia AU - Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios AU - Wattenhofer, Roger AU - Zindros, Dionysis ID - 8314 T2 - arXiv TI - Brick: Asynchronous payment channels ER - TY - GEN AB - Sharding distributed ledgers is the most promising on-chain solution for scaling blockchain technology. In this work, we define and analyze the properties a sharded distributed ledger should fulfill. More specifically, we show that a sharded blockchain cannot be scalable under a fully adaptive adversary, but it can scale up to $O(n/\log n)$ under an epoch-adaptive adversary. This is possible only if the distributed ledger creates succinct proofs of the valid state updates at the end of each epoch. Our model builds upon and extends the Bitcoin backbone protocol by defining consistency and scalability. Consistency encompasses the need for atomic execution of cross-shard transactions to preserve safety, whereas scalability encapsulates the speedup a sharded system can gain in comparison to a non-sharded system. In order to show the power of our framework, we analyze the most prominent sharded blockchains and either prove their correctness (OmniLedger, RapidChain) under our model or pinpoint where they fail to balance the consistency and scalability requirements (Elastico, Monoxide). AU - Avarikioti, Georgia AU - Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios AU - Wattenhofer, Roger ID - 8315 T2 - arXiv TI - Divide and scale: Formalization of distributed ledger sharding protocols ER - TY - GEN AB - The present invention concerns a computer-implemented method for secure data exchange between a sender (A) and a recipient (B), wherein the method is performed by the sender (A) and comprises encrypting data using a symmetric key k, creating a write transaction T W , wherein the write transaction T W comprises information usable to derive the symmetric key k and an access policy identifying the recipient (B) as being allowed to decrypt the encrypted data, providing the recipient (B) access to the encrypted data, and sending the write transaction T W to a first group of servers (AC) for being stored in a blockchain data structure maintained by the first group of servers (AC). AU - Ford, Bryan AU - Gasser, Linus AU - Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios AU - Janovic, Philipp ID - 8313 TI - Methods and systems for secure data exchange ER - TY - JOUR AB - Atomic-resolution structure determination is crucial for understanding protein function. Cryo-EM and NMR spectroscopy both provide structural information, but currently cryo-EM does not routinely give access to atomic-level structural data, and, generally, NMR structure determination is restricted to small (<30 kDa) proteins. We introduce an integrated structure determination approach that simultaneously uses NMR and EM data to overcome the limits of each of these methods. The approach enables structure determination of the 468 kDa large dodecameric aminopeptidase TET2 to a precision and accuracy below 1 Å by combining secondary-structure information obtained from near-complete magic-angle-spinning NMR assignments of the 39 kDa-large subunits, distance restraints from backbone amides and ILV methyl groups, and a 4.1 Å resolution EM map. The resulting structure exceeds current standards of NMR and EM structure determination in terms of molecular weight and precision. Importantly, the approach is successful even in cases where only medium-resolution cryo-EM data are available. AU - Gauto, Diego F. AU - Estrozi, Leandro F. AU - Schwieters, Charles D. AU - Effantin, Gregory AU - Macek, Pavel AU - Sounier, Remy AU - Sivertsen, Astrid C. AU - Schmidt, Elena AU - Kerfah, Rime AU - Mas, Guillaume AU - Colletier, Jacques-Philippe AU - Güntert, Peter AU - Favier, Adrien AU - Schoehn, Guy AU - Schanda, Paul AU - Boisbouvier, Jerome ID - 8405 JF - Nature Communications KW - General Biochemistry KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology KW - General Physics and Astronomy KW - General Chemistry SN - 2041-1723 TI - Integrated NMR and cryo-EM atomic-resolution structure determination of a half-megadalton enzyme complex VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coordinated conformational transitions in oligomeric enzymatic complexes modulate function in response to substrates and play a crucial role in enzyme inhibition and activation. Caseinolytic protease (ClpP) is a tetradecameric complex, which has emerged as a drug target against multiple pathogenic bacteria. Activation of different ClpPs by inhibitors has been independently reported from drug development efforts, but no rationale for inhibitor-induced activation has been hitherto proposed. Using an integrated approach that includes x-ray crystallography, solid- and solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular dynamics simulations, and isothermal titration calorimetry, we show that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib binds to the ClpP active-site serine, mimicking a peptide substrate, and induces a concerted allosteric activation of the complex. The bortezomib-activated conformation also exhibits a higher affinity for its cognate unfoldase ClpX. We propose a universal allosteric mechanism, where substrate binding to a single subunit locks ClpP into an active conformation optimized for chaperone association and protein processive degradation. AU - Felix, Jan AU - Weinhäupl, Katharina AU - Chipot, Christophe AU - Dehez, François AU - Hessel, Audrey AU - Gauto, Diego F. AU - Morlot, Cecile AU - Abian, Olga AU - Gutsche, Irina AU - Velazquez-Campoy, Adrian AU - Schanda, Paul AU - Fraga, Hugo ID - 8406 IS - 9 JF - Science Advances SN - 2375-2548 TI - Mechanism of the allosteric activation of the ClpP protease machinery by substrates and active-site inhibitors VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We consider billiards obtained by removing three strictly convex obstacles satisfying the non-eclipse condition on the plane. The restriction of the dynamics to the set of non-escaping orbits is conjugated to a subshift on three symbols that provides a natural labeling of all periodic orbits. We study the following inverse problem: does the Marked Length Spectrum (i.e., the set of lengths of periodic orbits together with their labeling), determine the geometry of the billiard table? We show that from the Marked Length Spectrum it is possible to recover the curvature at periodic points of period two, as well as the Lyapunov exponent of each periodic orbit. AU - Bálint, Péter AU - De Simoi, Jacopo AU - Kaloshin, Vadim AU - Leguil, Martin ID - 8415 IS - 3 JF - Communications in Mathematical Physics KW - Mathematical Physics KW - Statistical and Nonlinear Physics SN - 0010-3616 TI - Marked length spectrum, homoclinic orbits and the geometry of open dispersing billiards VL - 374 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schanda, Paul AU - Chekmenev, Eduard Y. ID - 8410 IS - 2 JF - ChemPhysChem SN - 1439-4235 TI - NMR for Biological Systems VL - 20 ER -