@article{14795,
abstract = {Metazoan development relies on the formation and remodeling of cell-cell contacts. Dynamic reorganization of adhesion receptors and the actomyosin cell cortex in space and time plays a central role in cell-cell contact formation and maturation. Nevertheless, how this process is mechanistically achieved when new contacts are formed remains unclear. Here, by building a biomimetic assay composed of progenitor cells adhering to supported lipid bilayers functionalized with E-cadherin ectodomains, we show that cortical F-actin flows, driven by the depletion of myosin-2 at the cell contact center, mediate the dynamic reorganization of adhesion receptors and cell cortex at the contact. E-cadherin-dependent downregulation of the small GTPase RhoA at the forming contact leads to both a depletion of myosin-2 and a decrease of F-actin at the contact center. At the contact rim, in contrast, myosin-2 becomes enriched by the retraction of bleb-like protrusions, resulting in a cortical tension gradient from the contact rim to its center. This tension gradient, in turn, triggers centrifugal F-actin flows, leading to further accumulation of F-actin at the contact rim and the progressive redistribution of E-cadherin from the contact center to the rim. Eventually, this combination of actomyosin downregulation and flows at the contact determines the characteristic molecular organization, with E-cadherin and F-actin accumulating at the contact rim, where they are needed to mechanically link the contractile cortices of the adhering cells.},
author = {Arslan, Feyza N and Hannezo, Edouard B and Merrin, Jack and Loose, Martin and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J},
issn = {1879-0445},
journal = {Current Biology},
number = {1},
pages = {171--182.e8},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Adhesion-induced cortical flows pattern E-cadherin-mediated cell contacts}},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.067},
volume = {34},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14802,
abstract = {Frequency-stable lasers form the back bone of precision measurements in science and technology. Such lasers typically attain their stability through frequency locking to reference cavities. State-of-the-art locking performances to date had been achieved using frequency modulation based methods, complemented with active drift cancellation systems. We demonstrate an all passive, modulation-free laser-cavity locking technique (squash locking) that utilizes changes in spatial beam ellipticity for error signal generation, and a coherent polarization post-selection for noise resilience. By comparing two identically built proof-of-principle systems, we show a frequency locking instability of 5×10−7 relative to the cavity linewidth at 10 s averaging. The results surpass the demonstrated performances of methods engineered over the last five decades, potentially enabling an advancement in the precision control of lasers, while creating avenues for bridging the performance gaps between industrial grade lasers with scientific ones due to the afforded simplicity and scalability.},
author = {Diorico, Fritz R and Zhutov, Artem and Hosten, Onur},
issn = {2334-2536},
journal = {Optica},
keywords = {Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials},
number = {1},
pages = {26--31},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
title = {{Laser-cavity locking utilizing beam ellipticity: accessing the 10−7 instability scale relative to cavity linewidth}},
doi = {10.1364/optica.507451},
volume = {11},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14820,
abstract = {We consider a natural problem dealing with weighted packet selection across a rechargeable link, which e.g., finds applications in cryptocurrency networks. The capacity of a link (u, v) is determined by how many nodes u and v allocate for this link. Specifically, the input is a finite ordered sequence of packets that arrive in both directions along a link. Given (u, v) and a packet of weight x going from u to v, node u can either accept or reject the packet. If u accepts the packet, the capacity on link (u, v) decreases by x. Correspondingly, v's capacity on
increases by x. If a node rejects the packet, this will entail a cost affinely linear in the weight of the packet. A link is “rechargeable” in the sense that the total capacity of the link has to remain constant, but the allocation of capacity at the ends of the link can depend arbitrarily on the nodes' decisions. The goal is to minimise the sum of the capacity injected into the link and the cost of rejecting packets. We show that the problem is NP-hard, but can be approximated efficiently with a ratio of (1+E) . (1+3) for some arbitrary E>0.},
author = {Schmid, Stefan and Svoboda, Jakub and Yeo, Michelle X},
issn = {0304-3975},
journal = {Theoretical Computer Science},
keywords = {General Computer Science, Theoretical Computer Science},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Weighted packet selection for rechargeable links in cryptocurrency networks: Complexity and approximation}},
doi = {10.1016/j.tcs.2023.114353},
volume = {989},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14793,
abstract = {Superconductor/semiconductor hybrid devices have attracted increasing interest in the past years. Superconducting electronics aims to complement semiconductor technology, while hybrid architectures are at the forefront of new ideas such as topological superconductivity and protected qubits. In this work, we engineer the induced superconductivity in two-dimensional germanium hole gas by varying the distance between the quantum well and the aluminum. We demonstrate a hard superconducting gap and realize an electrically and flux tunable superconducting diode using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). This allows to tune the current phase relation (CPR), to a regime where single Cooper pair tunneling is suppressed, creating a sin(2y) CPR. Shapiro experiments complement this interpretation and the microwave drive allows to create a diode with ≈ 100% efficiency. The reported results open up the path towards integration of spin qubit devices, microwave resonators and (protected) superconducting qubits on the same silicon technology compatible platform.},
author = {Valentini, Marco and Sagi, Oliver and Baghumyan, Levon and de Gijsel, Thijs and Jung, Jason and Calcaterra, Stefano and Ballabio, Andrea and Aguilera Servin, Juan L and Aggarwal, Kushagra and Janik, Marian and Adletzberger, Thomas and Seoane Souto, Rubén and Leijnse, Martin and Danon, Jeroen and Schrade, Constantin and Bakkers, Erik and Chrastina, Daniel and Isella, Giovanni and Katsaros, Georgios},
issn = {2041-1723},
journal = {Nature Communications},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium}},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0},
volume = {15},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14797,
abstract = {We study a random matching problem on closed compact 2 -dimensional Riemannian manifolds (with respect to the squared Riemannian distance), with samples of random points whose common law is absolutely continuous with respect to the volume measure with strictly positive and bounded density. We show that given two sequences of numbers n and m=m(n) of points, asymptotically equivalent as n goes to infinity, the optimal transport plan between the two empirical measures μn and νm is quantitatively well-approximated by (Id,exp(∇hn))#μn where hn solves a linear elliptic PDE obtained by a regularized first-order linearization of the Monge-Ampère equation. This is obtained in the case of samples of correlated random points for which a stretched exponential decay of the α -mixing coefficient holds and for a class of discrete-time Markov chains having a unique absolutely continuous invariant measure with respect to the volume measure.},
author = {Clozeau, Nicolas and Mattesini, Francesco},
issn = {1432-2064},
journal = {Probability Theory and Related Fields},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Annealed quantitative estimates for the quadratic 2D-discrete random matching problem}},
doi = {10.1007/s00440-023-01254-0},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14794,
abstract = {Mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) technology enables the sparse labeling of genetically defined neurons. We present a protocol for time-lapse imaging of cortical projection neuron migration in mice using MADM. We describe steps for the isolation, culturing, and 4D imaging of neuronal dynamics in MADM-labeled brain tissue. While this protocol is compatible with other single-cell labeling methods, the MADM approach provides a genetic platform for the functional assessment of cell-autonomous candidate gene function and the relative contribution of non-cell-autonomous effects.
For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hansen et al. (2022),1 Contreras et al. (2021),2 and Amberg and Hippenmeyer (2021).3},
author = {Hansen, Andi H and Hippenmeyer, Simon},
issn = {2666-1667},
journal = {STAR Protocols},
number = {1},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Time-lapse imaging of cortical projection neuron migration in mice using mosaic analysis with double markers}},
doi = {10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102795},
volume = {5},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14826,
abstract = {The plant-signaling molecule auxin triggers fast and slow cellular responses across land plants and algae. The nuclear auxin pathway mediates gene expression and controls growth and development in land plants, but this pathway is absent from algal sister groups. Several components of rapid responses have been identified in Arabidopsis, but it is unknown if these are part of a conserved mechanism. We recently identified a fast, proteome-wide phosphorylation response to auxin. Here, we show that this response occurs across 5 land plant and algal species and converges on a core group of shared targets. We found conserved rapid physiological responses to auxin in the same species and identified rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)-like protein kinases as central mediators of auxin-triggered phosphorylation across species. Genetic analysis connects this kinase to both auxin-triggered protein phosphorylation and rapid cellular response, thus identifying an ancient mechanism for fast auxin responses in the green lineage.},
author = {Kuhn, Andre and Roosjen, Mark and Mutte, Sumanth and Dubey, Shiv Mani and Carrillo Carrasco, Vanessa Polet and Boeren, Sjef and Monzer, Aline and Koehorst, Jasper and Kohchi, Takayuki and Nishihama, Ryuichi and Fendrych, Matyas and Sprakel, Joris and Friml, Jiří and Weijers, Dolf},
issn = {1097-4172},
journal = {Cell},
keywords = {General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology},
number = {1},
pages = {130--148.e17},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{RAF-like protein kinases mediate a deeply conserved, rapid auxin response}},
doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.021},
volume = {187},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14834,
abstract = {Bacteria divide by binary fission. The protein machine responsible for this process is the divisome, a transient assembly of more than 30 proteins in and on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. Together, they constrict the cell envelope and remodel the peptidoglycan layer to eventually split the cell into two. For Escherichia coli, most molecular players involved in this process have probably been identified, but obtaining the quantitative information needed for a mechanistic understanding can often not be achieved from experiments in vivo alone. Since the discovery of the Z-ring more than 30 years ago, in vitro reconstitution experiments have been crucial to shed light on molecular processes normally hidden in the complex environment of the living cell. In this review, we summarize how rebuilding the divisome from purified components – or at least parts of it - have been instrumental to obtain the detailed mechanistic understanding of the bacterial cell division machinery that we have today.},
author = {Radler, Philipp and Loose, Martin},
issn = {0171-9335},
journal = {European Journal of Cell Biology},
keywords = {Cell Biology, General Medicine, Histology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine},
number = {1},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{A dynamic duo: Understanding the roles of FtsZ and FtsA for Escherichia coli cell division through in vitro approaches}},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151380},
volume = {103},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14852,
abstract = {The physical conditions giving rise to high escape fractions of ionizing radiation (LyC fesc) in star-forming galaxies – most likely protagonists of cosmic reionization – are not yet fully understood. Using the VLT/MUSE observations of ∼1400 Ly α emitters at 2.9 < z < 6.7, we compare stacked rest-frame UV spectra of candidates for LyC leakers and non-leakers selected based on their Ly α profiles. We find that the stacks of potential LyC leakers, i.e. galaxies with narrow, symmetric Ly α profiles with small peak separation, generally show (i) strong nebular O iii]λ1666, [Si iii]λ1883, and [C iii]λ1907 +C iii]λ1909 emission, indicating a high-ionization state of the interstellar medium (ISM); (ii) high equivalent widths of He iiλ1640 (∼1 − 3 Å), suggesting the presence of hard ionizing radiation fields; (iii) Si ii*λ1533 emission, revealing substantial amounts of neutral hydrogen off the line of sight; (iv) high C ivλλ1548,1550 to [C iii]λ1907 +C iii]λ1909 ratios (C iv/C iii] ≳0.75) , signalling the presence of low column density channels in the ISM. In contrast, the stacks with broad, asymmetric Ly α profiles with large peak separation show weak nebular emission lines, low He iiλ1640 equivalent widths (≲1 Å), and low C iv/C iii] (≲0.25), implying low-ionization states and high-neutral hydrogen column densities. Our results suggest that C iv/C iii] might be sensitive to the physical conditions that govern LyC photon escape, providing a promising tool for identification of ionizing sources among star-forming galaxies in the epoch of reionization.},
author = {Kramarenko, Ivan and Kerutt, J and Verhamme, A and Oesch, P A and Barrufet, L and Matthee, Jorryt J and Kusakabe, H and Goovaerts, I and Thai, T T},
issn = {1365-2966},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
keywords = {Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics},
number = {4},
pages = {9853--9871},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Linking UV spectral properties of MUSE Ly α emitters at z ≳ 3 to Lyman continuum escape}},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stad3853},
volume = {527},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14850,
abstract = {Elaborate sexual signals are thought to have evolved and be maintained to serve as honest indicators of signaller quality. One measure of quality is health, which can be affected by parasite infection. Cnemaspis mysoriensis is a diurnal gecko that is often infested with ectoparasites in the wild, and males of this species express visual (coloured gular patches) and chemical (femoral gland secretions) traits that receivers could assess during social interactions. In this paper, we tested whether ectoparasites affect individual health, and whether signal quality is an indicator of ectoparasite levels. In wild lizards, we found that ectoparasite level was negatively correlated with body condition in both sexes. Moreover, some characteristics of both visual and chemical traits in males were strongly associated with ectoparasite levels. Specifically, males with higher ectoparasite levels had yellow gular patches with lower brightness and chroma, and chemical secretions with a lower proportion of aromatic compounds. We then determined whether ectoparasite levels in males influence female behaviour. Using sequential choice trials, wherein females were provided with either the visual or the chemical signals of wild-caught males that varied in ectoparasite level, we found that only chemical secretions evoked an elevated female response towards less parasitised males. Simultaneous choice trials in which females were exposed to the chemical secretions from males that varied in parasite level further confirmed a preference for males with lower parasites loads. Overall, we find that although health (body condition) or ectoparasite load can be honestly advertised through multiple modalities, the parasite-mediated female response is exclusively driven by chemical signals.},
author = {Pal, Arka and Joshi, Mihir and Thaker, Maria},
issn = {0022-0949},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
keywords = {Insect Science, Molecular Biology, Animal Science and Zoology, Aquatic Science, Physiology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics},
number = {1},
publisher = {The Company of Biologists},
title = {{Too much information? Males convey parasite levels using more signal modalities than females utilise}},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.246217},
volume = {227},
year = {2024},
}
@phdthesis{14711,
abstract = {In nature, different species find their niche in a range of environments, each with its unique characteristics. While some thrive in uniform (homogeneous) landscapes where environmental conditions stay relatively consistent across space, others traverse the complexities of spatially heterogeneous terrains. Comprehending how species are distributed and how they interact within these landscapes holds the key to gaining insights into their evolutionary dynamics while also informing conservation and management strategies.
For species inhabiting heterogeneous landscapes, when the rate of dispersal is low compared to spatial fluctuations in selection pressure, localized adaptations may emerge. Such adaptation in response to varying selection strengths plays an important role in the persistence of populations in our rapidly changing world. Hence, species in nature are continuously in a struggle to adapt to local environmental conditions, to ensure their continued survival. Natural populations can often adapt in time scales short enough for evolutionary changes to influence ecological dynamics and vice versa, thereby creating a feedback between evolution and demography. The analysis of this feedback and the relative contributions of gene flow, demography, drift, and natural selection to genetic variation and differentiation has remained a recurring theme in evolutionary biology. Nevertheless, the effective role of these forces in maintaining variation and shaping patterns of diversity is not fully understood. Even in homogeneous environments devoid of local adaptations, such understanding remains elusive. Understanding this feedback is crucial, for example in determining the conditions under which extinction risk can be mitigated in peripheral populations subject to deleterious mutation accumulation at the edges of species’ ranges
as well as in highly fragmented populations.
In this thesis we explore both uniform and spatially heterogeneous metapopulations, investigating and providing theoretical insights into the dynamics of local adaptation in the latter and examining the dynamics of load and extinction as well as the impact of joint ecological and evolutionary (eco-evolutionary) dynamics in the former. The thesis is divided into 5 chapters.
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction into the subject matter, clarifying concepts and ideas used throughout the thesis. In chapter 2, we explore how fast a species distributed across a heterogeneous landscape adapts to changing conditions marked by alterations in carrying capacity, selection pressure, and migration rate.
In chapter 3, we investigate how migration selection and drift influences adaptation and the maintenance of variation in a metapopulation with three habitats, an extension of previous models of adaptation in two habitats. We further develop analytical approximations for the critical threshold required for polymorphism to persist.
The focus of chapter 4 of the thesis is on understanding the interplay between ecology and evolution as coupled processes. We investigate how eco-evolutionary feedback between migration, selection, drift, and demography influences eco-evolutionary outcomes in marginal populations subject to deleterious mutation accumulation. Using simulations as well as theoretical approximations of the coupled dynamics of population size and allele frequency, we analyze how gene flow from a large mainland source influences genetic load and population size on an island (i.e., in a marginal population) under genetically realistic assumptions. Analyses of this sort are important because small isolated populations, are repeatedly affected by complex interactions between ecological and evolutionary processes, which can lead to their death. Understanding these interactions can therefore provide an insight into the conditions under which extinction risk can be mitigated in peripheral populations thus, contributing to conservation and restoration efforts.
Chapter 5 extends the analysis in chapter 4 to consider the dynamics of load (due to deleterious mutation accumulation) and extinction risk in a metapopulation. We explore the role of gene flow, selection, and dominance on load and extinction risk and further pinpoint critical thresholds required for metapopulation persistence.
Overall this research contributes to our understanding of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that shape species’ persistence in fragmented landscapes, a crucial foundation for successful conservation efforts and biodiversity management.},
author = {Olusanya, Oluwafunmilola O},
issn = {2663 - 337X},
pages = {183},
publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
title = {{Local adaptation, genetic load and extinction in metapopulations}},
doi = {10.15479/at:ista:14711},
year = {2024},
}
@inproceedings{14888,
abstract = {A face in a curve arrangement is called popular if it is bounded by the same curve multiple times. Motivated by the automatic generation of curved nonogram puzzles, we investigate possibilities to eliminate the popular faces in an arrangement by inserting a single additional curve. This turns out to be NP-hard; however, it becomes tractable when the number of popular faces is small: We present a probabilistic FPT-approach in the number of popular faces.},
author = {De Nooijer, Phoebe and Terziadis, Soeren and Weinberger, Alexandra and Masárová, Zuzana and Mchedlidze, Tamara and Löffler, Maarten and Rote, Günter},
booktitle = {31st International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization},
isbn = {9783031492747},
issn = {1611-3349},
location = {Isola delle Femmine, Palermo, Italy},
pages = {18--33},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Removing popular faces in curve arrangements}},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-49275-4_2},
volume = {14466},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14887,
abstract = {Episodic memories are encoded by experience-activated neuronal ensembles that remain necessary and sufficient for recall. However, the temporal evolution of memory engrams after initial encoding is unclear. In this study, we employed computational and experimental approaches to examine how the neural composition and selectivity of engrams change with memory consolidation. Our spiking neural network model yielded testable predictions: memories transition from unselective to selective as neurons drop out of and drop into engrams; inhibitory activity during recall is essential for memory selectivity; and inhibitory synaptic plasticity during memory consolidation is critical for engrams to become selective. Using activity-dependent labeling, longitudinal calcium imaging and a combination of optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations in mouse dentate gyrus, we conducted contextual fear conditioning experiments that supported our model’s predictions. Our results reveal that memory engrams are dynamic and that changes in engram composition mediated by inhibitory plasticity are crucial for the emergence of memory selectivity.},
author = {Feitosa Tomé, Douglas and Zhang, Ying and Aida, Tomomi and Mosto, Olivia and Lu, Yifeng and Chen, Mandy and Sadeh, Sadra and Roy, Dheeraj S. and Clopath, Claudia},
issn = {1546-1726},
journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Dynamic and selective engrams emerge with memory consolidation}},
doi = {10.1038/s41593-023-01551-w},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14251,
abstract = {The phytohormone auxin and its directional transport through tissues play a fundamental role in development of higher plants. This polar auxin transport predominantly relies on PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. Hence, PIN polarization is crucial for development, but its evolution during the rise of morphological complexity in land plants remains unclear. Here, we performed a cross-species investigation by observing the trafficking and localization of endogenous and exogenous PINs in two bryophytes, Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha, and in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We confirmed that the GFP fusion did not compromise the auxin export function of all examined PINs by using radioactive auxin export assay and by observing the phenotypic changes in transgenic bryophytes. Endogenous PINs polarize to filamentous apices, while exogenous Arabidopsis PINs distribute symmetrically on the membrane in both bryophytes. In Arabidopsis root epidermis, bryophytic PINs show no defined polarity. Pharmacological interference revealed a strong cytoskeleton dependence of bryophytic but not Arabidopsis PIN polarization. The divergence of PIN polarization and trafficking is also observed within the bryophyte clade and between tissues of individual species. These results collectively reveal a divergence of PIN trafficking and polarity mechanisms throughout land plant evolution and a co-evolution of PIN sequence-based and cell-based polarity mechanisms.},
author = {Tang, Han and Lu, KJ and Zhang, Y and Cheng, YL and Tu, SL and Friml, Jiří},
issn = {2590-3462},
journal = {Plant Communications},
number = {1},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Divergence of trafficking and polarization mechanisms for PIN auxin transporters during land plant evolution}},
doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100669},
volume = {5},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14886,
abstract = {It is a basic principle that an effect cannot come before the cause. Dispersive relations that follow from this fundamental fact have proven to be an indispensable tool in physics and engineering. They are most powerful in the domain of linear response where they are known as Kramers-Kronig relations. However, when it comes to nonlinear phenomena the implications of causality are much less explored, apart from several notable exceptions. Here in this paper we demonstrate how to apply the dispersive formalism to analyze the ultrafast nonlinear response in the context of the paradigmatic nonlinear Kerr effect. We find that the requirement of causality introduces a noticeable effect even under assumption that Kerr effect is mediated by quasi-instantaneous off-resonant electronic hyperpolarizability. We confirm this by experimentally measuring the time-resolved Kerr dynamics in GaAs by means of a hybrid pump-probe Mach-Zehnder interferometer and demonstrate the presence of an intrinsic lagging between amplitude and phase responses as predicted by dispersive analysis. Our results describe a general property of the time-resolved nonlinear processes thereby highlighting the importance of accounting for dispersive effects in the nonlinear optical processes involving ultrashort pulses.},
author = {Lorenc, Dusan and Alpichshev, Zhanybek},
issn = {2643-1564},
journal = {Physical Review Research},
number = {1},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {{Dispersive effects in ultrafast nonlinear phenomena: The case of optical Kerr effect}},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.013042},
volume = {6},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14901,
abstract = {Global services like navigation, communication, and Earth observation have increased dramatically in the 21st century due to advances in outer space industries. But as orbits become increasingly crowded with both satellites and inevitable space debris pollution, continued operations become endangered by the heightened risks of debris collisions in orbit. Kessler Syndrome is the term for when a critical threshold of orbiting debris triggers a runaway positive feedback loop of debris collisions, creating debris congestion that can render orbits unusable. As this potential tipping point becomes more widely recognized, there have been renewed calls for debris mitigation and removal. Here, we combine complex systems and social-ecological systems approaches to study how these efforts may affect space debris accumulation and the likelihood of reaching Kessler Syndrome. Specifically, we model how debris levels are affected by future launch rates, cleanup activities, and collisions between extant debris. We contextualize and interpret our dynamic model within a discussion of existing space debris governance and other social, economic, and geopolitical factors that may influence effective collective management of the orbital commons. In line with previous studies, our model finds that debris congestion may be reached in less than 200 years, though a holistic management strategy combining removal and mitigation actions can avoid such outcomes while continuing space activities. Moreover, although active debris removal may be particularly effective, the current lack of market and governance support may impede its implementation. Research into these critical dynamics and the multi-faceted variables that influence debris outcomes can support policymakers in curating impactful governance strategies and realistic transition pathways to sustaining debris-free orbits. Overall, our study is useful for communicating about space debris sustainability in policy and education settings by providing an exploration of policy portfolio options supported by a simple and clear social-ecological modeling approach.},
author = {Nomura, Keiko and Rella, Simon and Merritt, Haily and Baltussen, Mathieu and Bird, Darcy and Tjuka, Annika and Falk, Dan},
issn = {1875-0281},
journal = {International Journal of the Commons},
keywords = {Sociology and Political Science},
number = {1},
publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
title = {{Tipping points of space debris in low earth orbit}},
doi = {10.5334/ijc.1275},
volume = {18},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14884,
abstract = {We perform a stochastic homogenization analysis for composite materials exhibiting a random microstructure. Under the assumptions of stationarity and ergodicity, we characterize the Gamma-limit of a micromagnetic energy functional defined on magnetizations taking value in the unit sphere and including both symmetric and antisymmetric exchange contributions. This Gamma-limit corresponds to a micromagnetic energy functional with homogeneous coefficients. We provide explicit formulas for the effective magnetic properties of the composite material in terms of homogenization correctors. Additionally, the variational analysis of the two exchange energy terms is performed in the more general setting of functionals defined on manifold-valued maps with Sobolev regularity, in the case in which the target manifold is a bounded, orientable smooth surface with tubular neighborhood of uniform thickness. Eventually, we present an explicit characterization of minimizers of the effective exchange in the case of magnetic multilayers, providing quantitative evidence of Dzyaloshinskii’s predictions on the emergence of helical structures in composite ferromagnetic materials with stochastic microstructure.},
author = {Davoli, Elisa and D’Elia, Lorenza and Ingmanns, Jonas},
issn = {1432-1467},
journal = {Journal of Nonlinear Science},
number = {2},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Stochastic homogenization of micromagnetic energies and emergence of magnetic skyrmions}},
doi = {10.1007/s00332-023-10005-3},
volume = {34},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14933,
abstract = {Centrioles are part of centrosomes and cilia, which are microtubule organising centres (MTOC) with diverse functions. Despite their stability, centrioles can disappear during differentiation, such as in oocytes, but little is known about the regulation of their structural integrity. Our previous research revealed that the pericentriolar material (PCM) that surrounds centrioles and its recruiter, Polo kinase, are downregulated in oogenesis and sufficient for maintaining both centrosome structural integrity and MTOC activity. We now show that the expression of specific components of the centriole cartwheel and wall, including ANA1/CEP295, is essential for maintaining centrosome integrity. We find that Polo kinase requires ANA1 to promote centriole stability in cultured cells and eggs. In addition, ANA1 expression prevents the loss of centrioles observed upon PCM-downregulation. However, the centrioles maintained by overexpressing and tethering ANA1 are inactive, unlike the MTOCs observed upon tethering Polo kinase. These findings demonstrate that several centriole components are needed to maintain centrosome structure. Our study also highlights that centrioles are more dynamic than previously believed, with their structural stability relying on the continuous expression of multiple components.},
author = {Pimenta-Marques, Ana and Perestrelo, Tania and Dos Reis Rodrigues, Patricia and Duarte, Paulo and Ferreira-Silva, Ana and Lince-Faria, Mariana and Bettencourt-Dias, Mónica},
issn = {1469-3178},
journal = {EMBO reports},
number = {1},
pages = {102--127},
publisher = {Embo Press},
title = {{Ana1/CEP295 is an essential player in the centrosome maintenance program regulated by Polo kinase and the PCM}},
doi = {10.1038/s44319-023-00020-6},
volume = {25},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14932,
abstract = {The huge antlers of the extinct Irish elk have invited evolutionary speculation since Darwin. In the 1970s, Stephen Jay Gould presented the first extensive data on antler size in the Irish elk and combined these with comparative data from other deer to test the hypothesis that the gigantic antlers were the outcome of a positive allometry that constrained large-bodied deer to have proportionally even larger antlers. He concluded that the Irish elk had antlers as predicted for its size and interpreted this within his emerging framework of developmental constraints as an explanatory factor in evolution. Here we reanalyze antler allometry based on new morphometric data for 57 taxa of the family Cervidae. We also present a new phylogeny for the Cervidae, which we use for comparative analyses. In contrast to Gould, we find that the antlers of Irish elk were larger than predicted from the allometry within the true deer, Cervini, as analyzed by Gould, but follow the allometry across Cervidae as a whole. After dissecting the discrepancy, we reject the allometric-constraint hypothesis because, contrary to Gould, we find no similarity between static and evolutionary allometries, and because we document extensive non-allometric evolution of antler size across the Cervidae.},
author = {Tsuboi, Masahito and Kopperud, Bjørn Tore and Matschiner, Michael and Grabowski, Mark and Syrowatka, Chrsitine and Pélabon, Christophe and Hansen, Thomas F.},
issn = {1934-2845},
journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Antler allometry, the Irish elk and Gould revisited}},
doi = {10.1007/s11692-023-09624-1},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14934,
abstract = {We study random perturbations of a Riemannian manifold (M, g) by means of so-called
Fractional Gaussian Fields, which are defined intrinsically by the given manifold. The fields
h• : ω → hω will act on the manifold via the conformal transformation g → gω := e2hω g.
Our focus will be on the regular case with Hurst parameter H > 0, the critical case H = 0
being the celebrated Liouville geometry in two dimensions. We want to understand how basic
geometric and functional-analytic quantities like diameter, volume, heat kernel, Brownian
motion, spectral bound, or spectral gap change under the influence of the noise. And if so, is
it possible to quantify these dependencies in terms of key parameters of the noise? Another
goal is to define and analyze in detail the Fractional Gaussian Fields on a general Riemannian
manifold, a fascinating object of independent interest.},
author = {Dello Schiavo, Lorenzo and Kopfer, Eva and Sturm, Karl Theodor},
issn = {1572-929X},
journal = {Potential Analysis},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{A discovery tour in random Riemannian geometry}},
doi = {10.1007/s11118-023-10118-0},
year = {2024},
}
@article{12312,
abstract = {Let $\ell$ be a prime number. We classify the subgroups $G$ of $\operatorname{Sp}_4(\mathbb{F}_\ell)$ and $\operatorname{GSp}_4(\mathbb{F}_\ell)$ that act irreducibly on $\mathbb{F}_\ell^4$, but such that every element of $G$ fixes an $\mathbb{F}_\ell$-vector subspace of dimension 1. We use this classification to prove that the local-global principle for isogenies of degree $\ell$ between abelian surfaces over number fields holds in many cases -- in particular, whenever the abelian surface has non-trivial endomorphisms and $\ell$ is large enough with respect to the field of definition. Finally, we prove that there exist arbitrarily large primes $\ell$ for which some abelian surface
$A/\mathbb{Q}$ fails the local-global principle for isogenies of degree $\ell$.},
author = {Lombardo, Davide and Verzobio, Matteo},
issn = {1420-9020},
journal = {Selecta Mathematica},
number = {2},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{On the local-global principle for isogenies of abelian surfaces}},
doi = {10.1007/s00029-023-00908-0},
volume = {30},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14885,
abstract = {The near-surface boundary layer can mediate the response of mountain glaciers to external climate, cooling the overlying air and promoting a density-driven glacier wind. The fundamental processes are conceptually well understood, though the magnitudes of cooling and presence of glacier winds are poorly quantified in space and time, increasing the forcing uncertainty for melt models. We utilize a new data set of on-glacier meteorological measurements on three neighboring glaciers in the Swiss Alps to explore their distinct response to regional climate under the extreme 2022 summer. We find that synoptic wind origins and local terrain modifications, not only glacier size, play an important role in the ability of a glacier to cool the near-surface air. Warm air intrusions from valley or synoptically-driven winds onto the glacier can occur between ∼19% and 64% of the time and contribute between 3% and 81% of the total sensible heat flux to the surface during warm afternoon hours, depending on the fetch of the glacier flowline and its susceptibility to boundary layer erosion. In the context of extreme summer warmth, indicative of future conditions, the boundary layer cooling (up to 6.5°C cooler than its surroundings) and resultant katabatic wind flow are highly heterogeneous between the study glaciers, highlighting the complex and likely non-linear response of glaciers to an uncertain future.},
author = {Shaw, Thomas and Buri, Pascal and Mccarthy, Michael and Miles, Evan S. and Pellicciotti, Francesca},
issn = {2169-8996},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
number = {2},
publisher = {Wiley},
title = {{Local controls on near-surface glacier cooling under warm atmospheric conditions}},
doi = {10.1029/2023JD040214},
volume = {129},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14938,
abstract = {High elevation headwater catchments are complex hydrological systems that seasonally buffer water and release it in the form of snow and ice melt, modulating downstream runoff regimes and water availability. In High Mountain Asia (HMA), where a wide range of climates from semi-arid to monsoonal exist, the importance of the cryospheric contributions to the water budget varies with the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation. Losses due to evapotranspiration and sublimation are to date largely unquantified components of the water budget in such catchments, although they can be comparable in magnitude to glacier melt contributions to streamflow. 
Here, we simulate the hydrology of three high elevation headwater catchments in distinct climates in HMA over 10 years using an ecohydrological model geared towards high-mountain areas including snow and glaciers, forced with reanalysis data. 
Our results show that evapotranspiration and sublimation together are most important at the semi-arid site, Kyzylsu, on the northernmost slopes of the Pamir mountain range. Here, the evaporative loss amounts to 28% of the water throughput, which we define as the total water added to, or removed from the water balance within a year. In comparison, evaporative losses are 19% at the Central Himalayan site Langtang and 13% at the wettest site, 24K, on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. At the three sites, respectively, sublimation removes 15%, 13% and 6% of snowfall, while evapotranspiration removes the equivalent of 76%, 28% and 19% of rainfall. In absolute terms, and across a comparable elevation range, the highest ET flux is 413 mm yr-1 at 24K, while the highest sublimation flux is 91 mm yr-1 at Kyzylsu. During warm and dry years, glacier melt was found to only partially compensate for the annual supply deficit.},
author = {Fugger, Stefan and Shaw, Thomas and Jouberton, Achille and Miles, Evan and Buri, Pascal and McCarthy, Michael and Fyffe, Catriona Louise and Fatichi, Simone and Kneib, Marin and Molnar, Peter and Pellicciotti, Francesca},
issn = {1748-9326},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
keywords = {Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Environmental Science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment},
publisher = {IOP Publishing},
title = {{Hydrological regimes and evaporative flux partitioning at the climatic ends of High Mountain Asia}},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ad25a0},
year = {2024},
}
@inproceedings{14213,
abstract = {We introduce a method to segment the visual field into independently moving regions, trained with no ground truth or supervision. It consists of an adversarial conditional encoder-decoder architecture based on Slot Attention, modified to use the image as context to decode optical flow without attempting to reconstruct the image itself. In the resulting multi-modal representation, one modality (flow) feeds the encoder to produce separate latent codes (slots), whereas the other modality (image) conditions the decoder to generate the first (flow) from the slots. This design frees the representation from having to encode complex nuisance variability in the image due to, for instance, illumination and reflectance properties of the scene. Since customary autoencoding based on minimizing the reconstruction error does not preclude the entire flow from being encoded into a single slot, we modify the loss to an adversarial criterion based on Contextual Information Separation. The resulting min-max optimization fosters the separation of objects and their assignment to different attention slots, leading to Divided Attention, or DivA. DivA outperforms recent unsupervised multi-object motion segmentation methods while tripling run-time speed up to 104FPS and reducing the performance gap from supervised methods to 12% or less. DivA can handle different numbers of objects and different image sizes at training and test time, is invariant to permutation of object labels, and does not require explicit regularization.},
author = {Lao, Dong and Hu, Zhengyang and Locatello, Francesco and Yang, Yanchao and Soatto, Stefano},
booktitle = {1st Conference on Parsimony and Learning},
location = {Hong Kong, China},
title = {{Divided attention: Unsupervised multi-object discovery with contextually separated slots}},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14980,
abstract = {Precision sensing and manipulation of milligram-scale mechanical oscillators has attracted growing interest in the fields of table-top explorations of gravity and tests of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales. Torsional oscillators present an opportunity in this regard due to their remarked isolation from environmental noise. For torsional motion, an effective employment of optical cavities to enhance optomechanical interactions—as already established for linear oscillators—so far faced certain challenges. Here, we propose a concept for sensing and manipulating torsional motion, where exclusively the torsional rotations of a pendulum are mapped onto the path length of a single two-mirror optical cavity. The concept inherently alleviates many limitations of previous approaches. A proof-of-principle experiment is conducted with a rigidly controlled pendulum to explore the sensing aspects of the concept and to identify practical limitations in a potential state-of-the art setup. Based on this study, we anticipate development of precision torque sensors utilizing torsional pendulums that can support sensitivities below 10−19Nm/√Hz, while the motion of the pendulums are dominated by quantum radiation pressure noise at sub-microwatts of incoming laser power. These developments will provide horizons for experiments at the interface of quantum mechanics and gravity.},
author = {Agafonova, Sofya and Mishra, Umang and Diorico, Fritz R and Hosten, Onur},
issn = {2643-1564},
journal = {Physical Review Research},
number = {1},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {{Zigzag optical cavity for sensing and controlling torsional motion}},
doi = {10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013141},
volume = {6},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14851,
abstract = {Die Quantenrotation ist ein spannendes Phänomen, das in vielen verschiedenen Systemen auftritt, von Molekülen und Atomen bis hin zu subatomaren Teilchen wie Neutronen und Protonen. Durch den Einsatz von starken Laserpulsen ist es möglich, die mathematisch anspruchsvolle Topologie der Rotation von Molekülen aufzudecken und topologisch geschützte Zustände zu erzeugen, die unerwartetes Verhalten zeigen. Diese Entdeckungen könnten Auswirkungen auf die Molekülphysik und physikalische Chemie haben und die Entwicklung neuer Technologien ermöglichen. Die Verbindung von Quantenrotation und Topologie stellt ein aufregendes, interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld dar und bietet neue Wege zur Kontrolle und Nutzung von quantenmechanischen Phänomenen.},
author = {Karle, Volker and Lemeshko, Mikhail},
issn = {1521-3943},
journal = {Physik in unserer Zeit},
keywords = {General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science},
number = {1},
pages = {28--33},
publisher = {Wiley},
title = {{Die faszinierende Topologie rotierender Quanten}},
doi = {10.1002/piuz.202301690},
volume = {55},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14986,
abstract = {We prove a version of the tamely ramified geometric Langlands correspondence in positive characteristic for GLn(k). Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p>n. Let X be a smooth projective curve over k with marked points, and fix a parabolic subgroup of GLn(k) at each marked point. We denote by Bunn,P the moduli stack of (quasi-)parabolic vector bundles on X, and by Locn,P the moduli stack of parabolic flat connections such that the residue is nilpotent with respect to the parabolic reduction at each marked point. We construct an equivalence between the bounded derived category Db(Qcoh(Loc0n,P)) of quasi-coherent sheaves on an open substack Loc0n,P⊂Locn,P, and the bounded derived category Db(D0Bunn,P-mod) of D0Bunn,P-modules, where D0Bunn,P is a localization of DBunn,P the sheaf of crystalline differential operators on Bunn,P. Thus we extend the work of Bezrukavnikov-Braverman to the tamely ramified case. We also prove a correspondence between flat connections on X with regular singularities and meromorphic Higgs bundles on the Frobenius twist X(1) of X with first order poles .},
author = {Shen, Shiyu},
issn = {1687-0247},
journal = {International Mathematics Research Notices},
keywords = {General Mathematics},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Tamely ramified geometric Langlands correspondence in positive characteristic}},
doi = {10.1093/imrn/rnae005},
year = {2024},
}
@unpublished{15016,
abstract = {The development, evolution, and function of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) can be best studied using diverse model organisms. Amphibians, with their unique phylogenetic position at the transition between aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles, are valuable for understanding the origin and evolution of the tetrapod brain and spinal cord. Their metamorphic developmental transitions and unique regenerative abilities also facilitate the discovery of mechanisms for neural circuit remodeling and replacement. The genetic toolkit for amphibians, however, remains limited, with only a few species having sequenced genomes and a small number of transgenic lines available. In mammals, recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) have become a powerful alternative to genome modification for visualizing and perturbing the nervous system. AAVs are DNA viruses that enable neuronal transduction in both developing and adult animals with low toxicity and spatial, temporal, and cell-type specificity. However, AAVs have never been shown to transduce amphibian cells efficiently. To bridge this gap, we established a simple, scalable, and robust strategy to screen AAV serotypes in three distantly-related amphibian species: the frogs Xenopus laevis and Pelophylax bedriagae, and the salamander Pleurodeles waltl, in both developing larval tadpoles and post-metamorphic animals. For each species, we successfully identified at least two AAV serotypes capable of infecting the CNS; however, no pan-amphibian serotype was identified, indicating rapid evolution of AAV tropism. In addition, we developed an AAV-based strategy that targets isochronic cohorts of developing neurons – a critical tool for parsing neural circuit assembly. Finally, to enable visualization and manipulation of neural circuits, we identified AAV variants for retrograde tracing of neuronal projections in adult animals. Our findings expand the toolkit for amphibians to include AAVs, establish a generalizable workflow for AAV screening in non-canonical research organisms, generate testable hypotheses for the evolution of AAV tropism, and lay the foundation for modern cross-species comparisons of vertebrate CNS development, function, and evolution. },
author = {Jaeger, Eliza C.B. and Vijatovic, David and Deryckere, Astrid and Zorin, Nikol and Nguyen, Akemi L. and Ivanian, Georgiy and Woych, Jamie and Arnold, Rebecca C and Ortega Gurrola, Alonso and Shvartsman, Arik and Barbieri, Francesca and Toma, Florina-Alexandra and Gorbsky, Gary J. and Horb, Marko E. and Cline, Hollis T. and Shay, Timothy F. and Kelley, Darcy B. and Yamaguchi, Ayako and Shein-Idelson, Mark and Tosches, Maria Antonietta and Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger},
booktitle = {bioRxiv},
title = {{Adeno-associated viral tools to trace neural development and connectivity across amphibians}},
doi = {10.1101/2024.02.15.580289},
year = {2024},
}
@inproceedings{15012,
abstract = {We solve a problem of Dujmović and Wood (2007) by showing that a complete convex geometric graph on n vertices cannot be decomposed into fewer than n-1 star-forests, each consisting of noncrossing edges. This bound is clearly tight. We also discuss similar questions for abstract graphs.},
author = {Pach, János and Saghafian, Morteza and Schnider, Patrick},
booktitle = {31st International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization},
isbn = {9783031492716},
issn = {16113349},
location = {Isola delle Femmine, Palermo, Italy},
pages = {339--346},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Decomposition of geometric graphs into star-forests}},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-49272-3_23},
volume = {14465},
year = {2024},
}
@inproceedings{15006,
abstract = {Graphical games are a useful framework for modeling the interactions of (selfish) agents who are connected via an underlying topology and whose behaviors influence each other. They have wide applications ranging from computer science to economics and biology. Yet, even though an agent’s payoff only depends on the actions of their direct neighbors in graphical games, computing the Nash equilibria and making statements about the convergence time of "natural" local dynamics in particular can be highly challenging. In this work, we present a novel approach for classifying complexity of Nash equilibria in graphical games by establishing a connection to local graph algorithms, a subfield of distributed computing. In particular, we make the observation that the equilibria of graphical games are equivalent to locally verifiable labelings (LVL) in graphs; vertex labelings which are verifiable with constant-round local algorithms. This connection allows us to derive novel lower bounds on the convergence time to equilibrium of best-response dynamics in graphical games. Since we establish that distributed convergence can sometimes be provably slow, we also introduce and give bounds on an intuitive notion of "time-constrained" inefficiency of best responses. We exemplify how our results can be used in the implementation of mechanisms that ensure convergence of best responses to a Nash equilibrium. Our results thus also give insight into the convergence of strategy-proof algorithms for graphical games, which is still not well understood.},
author = {Hirvonen, Juho and Schmid, Laura and Chatterjee, Krishnendu and Schmid, Stefan},
booktitle = {27th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems},
isbn = {9783959773089},
issn = {18688969},
location = {Tokyo, Japan},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik},
title = {{On the convergence time in graphical games: A locality-sensitive approach}},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2023.11},
volume = {286},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15001,
abstract = {Self-replication of amyloid fibrils via secondary nucleation is an intriguing physicochemical phenomenon in which existing fibrils catalyze the formation of their own copies. The molecular events behind this fibril surface-mediated process remain largely inaccessible to current structural and imaging techniques. Using statistical mechanics, computer modeling, and chemical kinetics, we show that the catalytic structure of the fibril surface can be inferred from the aggregation behavior in the presence and absence of a fibril-binding inhibitor. We apply our approach to the case of Alzheimer’s A
amyloid fibrils formed in the presence of proSP-C Brichos inhibitors. We find that self-replication of A
fibrils occurs on small catalytic sites on the fibril surface, which are far apart from each other, and each of which can be covered by a single Brichos inhibitor.},
author = {Curk, Samo and Krausser, Johannes and Meisl, Georg and Frenkel, Daan and Linse, Sara and Michaels, Thomas C.T. and Knowles, Tuomas P.J. and Šarić, Anđela},
issn = {1091-6490},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
number = {7},
publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
title = {{Self-replication of Aβ42 aggregates occurs on small and isolated fibril sites}},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2220075121},
volume = {121},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15002,
abstract = {The lattice Schwinger model, the discrete version of QED in
1
+
1
dimensions, is a well-studied test bench for lattice gauge theories. Here, we study the fractal properties of this model. We reveal the self-similarity of the ground state, which allows us to develop a recurrent procedure for finding the ground-state wave functions and predicting ground-state energies. We present the results of recurrently calculating ground-state wave functions using the fractal Ansatz and automized software package for fractal image processing. In certain parameter regimes, just a few terms are enough for our recurrent procedure to predict ground-state energies close to the exact ones for several hundreds of sites. Our findings pave the way to understanding the complexity of calculating many-body wave functions in terms of their fractal properties as well as finding new links between condensed matter and high-energy lattice models.},
author = {Petrova, Elena and Tiunov, Egor S. and Bañuls, Mari Carmen and Fedorov, Aleksey K.},
issn = {1079-7114},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
number = {5},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {{Fractal states of the Schwinger model}},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.050401},
volume = {132},
year = {2024},
}
@article{12485,
abstract = {In this paper we introduce the critical variational setting for parabolic stochastic evolution equations of quasi- or semi-linear type. Our results improve many of the abstract results in the classical variational setting. In particular, we are able to replace the usual weak or local monotonicity condition by a more flexible local Lipschitz condition. Moreover, the usual growth conditions on the multiplicative noise are weakened considerably. Our new setting provides general conditions under which local and global existence and uniqueness hold. Moreover, we prove continuous dependence on the initial data. We show that many classical SPDEs, which could not be covered by the classical variational setting, do fit in the critical variational setting. In particular, this is the case for the Cahn-Hilliard equations, tamed Navier-Stokes equations, and Allen-Cahn equation.},
author = {Agresti, Antonio and Veraar, Mark},
issn = {1432-2064},
journal = {Probability Theory and Related Fields},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{The critical variational setting for stochastic evolution equations}},
doi = {10.1007/s00440-023-01249-x},
year = {2024},
}
@inproceedings{15008,
abstract = {Oblivious routing is a well-studied paradigm that uses static precomputed routing tables for selecting routing paths within a network. Existing oblivious routing schemes with polylogarithmic competitive ratio for general networks are tree-based, in the sense that routing is performed according to a convex combination of trees. However, this restriction to trees leads to a construction that has time quadratic in the size of the network and does not parallelize well.
In this paper we study oblivious routing schemes based on electrical routing. In particular, we show that general networks with n vertices and m edges admit a routing scheme that has competitive ratio O(log² n) and consists of a convex combination of only O(√m) electrical routings. This immediately leads to an improved construction algorithm with time Õ(m^{3/2}) that can also be implemented in parallel with Õ(√m) depth.},
author = {Goranci, Gramoz and Henzinger, Monika H and Räcke, Harald and Sachdeva, Sushant and Sricharan, A. R.},
booktitle = {15th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference},
isbn = {9783959773096},
issn = {1868-8969},
location = {Berkeley, CA, United States},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik},
title = {{Electrical flows for polylogarithmic competitive oblivious routing}},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2024.55},
volume = {287},
year = {2024},
}
@inproceedings{15007,
abstract = {Traditional blockchains grant the miner of a block full control not only over which transactions but also their order. This constitutes a major flaw discovered with the introduction of decentralized finance and allows miners to perform MEV attacks. In this paper, we address the issue of sandwich attacks by providing a construction that takes as input a blockchain protocol and outputs a new blockchain protocol with the same security but in which sandwich attacks are not profitable. Furthermore, our protocol is fully decentralized with no trusted third parties or heavy cryptography primitives and carries a linear increase in latency and minimum computation overhead.},
author = {Alpos, Orestis and Amores-Sesar, Ignacio and Cachin, Christian and Yeo, Michelle X},
booktitle = {27th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems},
isbn = {9783959773089},
issn = {1868-8969},
location = {Tokyo, Japan},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik},
title = {{Eating sandwiches: Modular and lightweight elimination of transaction reordering attacks}},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2023.12},
volume = {286},
year = {2024},
}
@inproceedings{14769,
abstract = {For a set of points in Rd, the Euclidean k-means problems consists of finding k centers such that the sum of distances squared from each data point to its closest center is minimized. Coresets are one the main tools developed recently to solve this problem in a big data context. They allow to compress the initial dataset while preserving its structure: running any algorithm on the coreset provides a guarantee almost equivalent to running it on the full data. In this work, we study coresets in a fully-dynamic setting: points are added and deleted with the goal to efficiently maintain a coreset with which a k-means solution can be computed. Based on an algorithm from Henzinger and Kale [ESA'20], we present an efficient and practical implementation of a fully dynamic coreset algorithm, that improves the running time by up to a factor of 20 compared to our non-optimized implementation of the algorithm by Henzinger and Kale, without sacrificing more than 7% on the quality of the k-means solution.},
author = {Henzinger, Monika H and Saulpic, David and Sidl, Leonhard},
booktitle = {2024 Proceedings of the Symposium on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments},
location = {Alexandria, VA, United States},
pages = {220--233},
publisher = {Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics},
title = {{Experimental evaluation of fully dynamic k-means via coresets}},
doi = {10.1137/1.9781611977929.17},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15009,
abstract = {Since the commercialization of brine shrimp (genus Artemia) in the 1950s, this lineage, and in particular the model species Artemia franciscana, has been the subject of extensive research. However, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying various aspects of their reproductive biology, including sex determination, is still lacking. This is partly due to the scarcity of genomic resources for Artemia species and crustaceans in general. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of A. franciscana (Kellogg 1906), from the Great Salt Lake, United States. The genome is 1 GB, and the majority of the genome (81%) is scaffolded into 21 linkage groups using a previously published high-density linkage map. We performed coverage and FST analyses using male and female genomic and transcriptomic reads to quantify the extent of differentiation between the Z and W chromosomes. Additionally, we quantified the expression levels in male and female heads and gonads and found further evidence for dosage compensation in this species.},
author = {Bett, Vincent K and Macon, Ariana and Vicoso, Beatriz and Elkrewi, Marwan N},
issn = {1759-6653},
journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
number = {1},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation}},
doi = {10.1093/gbe/evae006},
volume = {16},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15004,
abstract = {The impulsive limit (the “sudden approximation”) has been widely employed to describe the interaction between molecules and short, far-off-resonant laser pulses. This approximation assumes that the timescale of the laser-molecule interaction is significantly shorter than the internal rotational period of the molecule, resulting in the rotational motion being instantaneously “frozen” during the interaction. This simplified description of the laser-molecule interaction is incorporated in various theoretical models predicting rotational dynamics of molecules driven by short laser pulses. In this theoretical work, we develop an effective theory for ultrashort laser pulses by examining the full time-evolution operator and solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation at the operator level. Our findings reveal a critical angular momentum, lcrit, at which the impulsive limit breaks down. In other words, the validity of the sudden approximation depends not only on the pulse duration but also on its intensity, since the latter determines how many angular momentum states are populated. We explore both ultrashort multicycle (Gaussian) pulses and the somewhat less studied half-cycle pulses, which produce distinct effective potentials. We discuss the limitations of the impulsive limit and propose a method that rescales the effective matrix elements, enabling an improved and more accurate description of laser-molecule interactions.},
author = {Karle, Volker and Lemeshko, Mikhail},
issn = {2469-9934},
journal = {Physical Review A},
number = {2},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {{Modeling laser pulses as δ kicks: Reevaluating the impulsive limit in molecular rotational dynamics}},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.109.023101},
volume = {109},
year = {2024},
}
@misc{14705,
abstract = {Since the commercialization of brine shrimp (genus Artemia) in the 1950s, this lineage, and in particular the model species Artemia franciscana, has been the subject of extensive research. However, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying various aspects of their reproductive biology, including sex determination, are still lacking. This is partly due to the scarcity of genomic resources for Artemia species and crustaceans in general. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg 1906), from the Great Salt Lake, USA. The genome is 1GB, and the majority of the genome (81%) is scaffolded into 21 linkage groups using a previously published high-density linkage map. We performed coverage and FST analyses using male and female genomic and transcriptomic reads to quantify the extent of differentiation between the Z and W chromosomes. Additionally, we quantified the expression levels in male and female heads and gonads and found further evidence for dosage compensation in this species.},
author = {Elkrewi, Marwan N},
keywords = {sex chromosome evolution, genome assembly, dosage compensation},
publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
title = {{Data from "Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex-chromosome differentiation"}},
doi = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:14705},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15018,
abstract = {The epitaxial growth of a strained Ge layer, which is a promising candidate for the channel material of a hole spin qubit, has been demonstrated on 300 mm Si wafers using commercially available Si0.3Ge0.7 strain relaxed buffer (SRB) layers. The assessment of the layer and the interface qualities for a buried strained Ge layer embedded in Si0.3Ge0.7 layers is reported. The XRD reciprocal space mapping confirmed that the reduction of the growth temperature enables the 2-dimensional growth of the Ge layer fully strained with respect to the Si0.3Ge0.7. Nevertheless, dislocations at the top and/or bottom interface of the Ge layer were observed by means of electron channeling contrast imaging, suggesting the importance of the careful dislocation assessment. The interface abruptness does not depend on the selection of the precursor gases, but it is strongly influenced by the growth temperature which affects the coverage of the surface H-passivation. The mobility of 2.7 × 105 cm2/Vs is promising, while the low percolation density of 3 × 1010 /cm2 measured with a Hall-bar device at 7 K illustrates the high quality of the heterostructure thanks to the high Si0.3Ge0.7 SRB quality.},
author = {Shimura, Yosuke and Godfrin, Clement and Hikavyy, Andriy and Li, Roy and Aguilera Servin, Juan L and Katsaros, Georgios and Favia, Paola and Han, Han and Wan, Danny and de Greve, Kristiaan and Loo, Roger},
issn = {1369-8001},
journal = {Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing},
keywords = {Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Condensed Matter Physics, General Materials Science},
number = {5},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Compressively strained epitaxial Ge layers for quantum computing applications}},
doi = {10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231},
volume = {174},
year = {2024},
}
@inproceedings{15011,
abstract = {Pruning large language models (LLMs) from the BERT family has emerged as a standard compression benchmark, and several pruning methods have been proposed for this task. The recent “Sparsity May Cry” (SMC) benchmark put into question the validity of all existing methods, exhibiting a more complex setup where many known pruning methods appear to fail. We revisit the question of accurate BERT-pruning during fine-tuning on downstream datasets, and propose a set of general guidelines for successful pruning, even on the challenging SMC benchmark. First, we perform a cost-vs-benefits analysis of pruning model components, such as the embeddings and the classification head; second, we provide a simple-yet-general way of scaling training, sparsification and learning rate schedules relative to the desired target sparsity; finally, we investigate the importance of proper parametrization for Knowledge Distillation in the context of LLMs. Our simple insights lead to state-of-the-art results, both on classic BERT-pruning benchmarks, as well as on the SMC benchmark, showing that even classic gradual magnitude pruning (GMP) can yield competitive results, with the right approach.},
author = {Kurtic, Eldar and Hoefler, Torsten and Alistarh, Dan-Adrian},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
issn = {2640-3498},
location = {Hongkong, China},
pages = {542--553},
publisher = {ML Research Press},
title = {{How to prune your language model: Recovering accuracy on the "Sparsity May Cry" benchmark}},
volume = {234},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15024,
abstract = {Electrostatic correlations between ions dissolved in water are known to impact their transport properties in numerous ways, from conductivity to ion selectivity. The effects of these correlations on the solvent itself remain, however, much less clear. In particular, the addition of salt has been consistently reported to affect the solution’s viscosity, but most modeling attempts fail to reproduce experimental data even at moderate salt concentrations. Here, we use an approach based on stochastic density functional theory, which accurately captures charge fluctuations and correlations. We derive a simple analytical expression for the viscosity correction in concentrated electrolytes, by directly linking it to the liquid’s structure factor. Our prediction compares quantitatively to experimental data at all temperatures and all salt concentrations up to the saturation limit. This universal link between the microscopic structure and viscosity allows us to shed light on the nanoscale dynamics of water and ions under highly concentrated and correlated conditions.},
author = {Robin, Paul},
issn = {1089-7690},
journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
number = {6},
publisher = {AIP Publishing},
title = {{Correlation-induced viscous dissipation in concentrated electrolytes}},
doi = {10.1063/5.0188215},
volume = {160},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15025,
abstract = {We consider quadratic forms of deterministic matrices A evaluated at the random eigenvectors of a large N×N GOE or GUE matrix, or equivalently evaluated at the columns of a Haar-orthogonal or Haar-unitary random matrix. We prove that, as long as the deterministic matrix has rank much smaller than √N, the distributions of the extrema of these quadratic forms are asymptotically the same as if the eigenvectors were independent Gaussians. This reduces the problem to Gaussian computations, which we carry out in several cases to illustrate our result, finding Gumbel or Weibull limiting distributions depending on the signature of A. Our result also naturally applies to the eigenvectors of any invariant ensemble.},
author = {Erdös, László and McKenna, Benjamin},
issn = {1050-5164},
journal = {Annals of Applied Probability},
number = {1B},
pages = {1623--1662},
publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics},
title = {{Extremal statistics of quadratic forms of GOE/GUE eigenvectors}},
doi = {10.1214/23-AAP2000},
volume = {34},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15033,
abstract = {The GNOM (GN) Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor for ARF small GTPases (ARF-GEF) is among the best studied trafficking regulators in plants, playing crucial and unique developmental roles in patterning and polarity. The current models place GN at the Golgi apparatus (GA), where it mediates secretion/recycling, and at the plasma membrane (PM) presumably contributing to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The mechanistic basis of the developmental function of GN, distinct from the other ARF-GEFs including its closest homologue GNOM-LIKE1 (GNL1), remains elusive. Insights from this study largely extend the current notions of GN function. We show that GN, but not GNL1, localizes to the cell periphery at long-lived structures distinct from clathrin-coated pits, while CME and secretion proceed normally in gn knockouts. The functional GN mutant variant GNfewerroots, absent from the GA, suggests that the cell periphery is the major site of GN action responsible for its developmental function. Following inhibition by Brefeldin A, GN, but not GNL1, relocates to the PM likely on exocytic vesicles, suggesting selective molecular associations en route to the cell periphery. A study of GN-GNL1 chimeric ARF-GEFs indicates that all GN domains contribute to the specific GN function in a partially redundant manner. Together, this study offers significant steps toward the elucidation of the mechanism underlying unique cellular and development functions of GNOM.},
author = {Adamowski, Maciek and Matijevic, Ivana and Friml, Jiří},
issn = {2050-084X},
journal = {eLife},
keywords = {General Immunology and Microbiology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, General Medicine, General Neuroscience},
publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications},
title = {{Developmental patterning function of GNOM ARF-GEF mediated from the cell periphery}},
doi = {10.7554/elife.68993},
volume = {13},
year = {2024},
}
@article{14479,
abstract = {In animals, parasitic infections impose significant fitness costs.1,2,3,4,5,6 Infected animals can alter their feeding behavior to resist infection,7,8,9,10,11,12 but parasites can manipulate animal foraging behavior to their own benefits.13,14,15,16 How nutrition influences host-parasite interactions is not well understood, as studies have mainly focused on the host and less on the parasite.9,12,17,18,19,20,21,22,23 We used the nutritional geometry framework24 to investigate the role of amino acids (AA) and carbohydrates (C) in a host-parasite system: the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, and the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum. First, using 18 diets varying in AA:C composition, we established that the fungus performed best on the high-amino-acid diet 1:4. Second, we found that the fungus reached this optimal diet when given various diet pairings, revealing its ability to cope with nutritional challenges. Third, we showed that the optimal fungal diet reduced the lifespan of healthy ants when compared with a high-carbohydrate diet but had no effect on infected ants. Fourth, we revealed that infected ant colonies, given a choice between the optimal fungal diet and a high-carbohydrate diet, chose the optimal fungal diet, whereas healthy colonies avoided it. Lastly, by disentangling fungal infection from host immune response, we demonstrated that infected ants foraged on the optimal fungal diet in response to immune activation and not as a result of parasite manipulation. Therefore, we revealed that infected ant colonies chose a diet that is costly for survival in the long term but beneficial in the short term—a form of collective self-medication.},
author = {Csata, Eniko and Perez-Escudero, Alfonso and Laury, Emmanuel and Leitner, Hanna and Latil, Gerard and Heinze, Juerge and Simpson, Stephen and Cremer, Sylvia and Dussutour, Audrey},
issn = {1879-0445},
journal = {Current Biology},
number = {4},
pages = {902--909.e6},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Fungal infection alters collective nutritional intake of ant colonies}},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.017},
volume = {34},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15045,
abstract = {Coupling of orbital motion to a spin degree of freedom gives rise to various transport phenomena in quantum systems that are beyond the standard paradigms of classical physics. Here, we discuss features of spin-orbit dynamics that can be visualized using a classical model with two coupled angular degrees of freedom. Specifically, we demonstrate classical ‘spin’ filtering through our model and show that the interplay between angular degrees of freedom and dissipation can lead to asymmetric ‘spin’ transport.},
author = {Varshney, Atul and Ghazaryan, Areg and Volosniev, Artem},
issn = {1432-5411},
journal = {Few-Body Systems},
keywords = {Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Classical ‘spin’ filtering with two degrees of freedom and dissipation}},
doi = {10.1007/s00601-024-01880-x},
volume = {65},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15053,
abstract = {Atom-based quantum simulators have had many successes in tackling challenging quantum many-body problems, owing to the precise and dynamical control that they provide over the systems' parameters. They are, however, often optimized to address a specific type of problem. Here, we present the design and implementation of a 6Li-based quantum gas platform that provides wide-ranging capabilities and is able to address a variety of quantum many-body problems. Our two-chamber architecture relies on a robust combination of gray molasses and optical transport from a laser-cooling chamber to a glass cell with excellent optical access. There, we first create unitary Fermi superfluids in a three-dimensional axially symmetric harmonic trap and characterize them using in situ thermometry, reaching temperatures below 20 nK. This allows us to enter the deep superfluid regime with samples of extreme diluteness, where the interparticle spacing is sufficiently large for direct single-atom imaging. Second, we generate optical lattice potentials with triangular and honeycomb geometry in which we study diffraction of molecular Bose-Einstein condensates, and show how going beyond the Kapitza-Dirac regime allows us to unambiguously distinguish between the two geometries. With the ability to probe quantum many-body physics in both discrete and continuous space, and its suitability for bulk and single-atom imaging, our setup represents an important step towards achieving a wide-scope quantum simulator.},
author = {Jin, Shuwei and Dai, Kunlun and Verstraten, Joris and Dixmerias, Maxime and Al Hyder, Ragheed and Salomon, Christophe and Peaudecerf, Bruno and de Jongh, Tim and Yefsah, Tarik},
issn = {2643-1564},
journal = {Physical Review Research},
keywords = {General Physics and Astronomy},
number = {1},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {{Multipurpose platform for analog quantum simulation}},
doi = {10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013158},
volume = {6},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15048,
abstract = {Embryogenesis results from the coordinated activities of different signaling pathways controlling cell fate specification and morphogenesis. In vertebrate gastrulation, both Nodal and BMP signaling play key roles in germ layer specification and morphogenesis, yet their interplay to coordinate embryo patterning with morphogenesis is still insufficiently understood. Here, we took a reductionist approach using zebrafish embryonic explants to study the coordination of Nodal and BMP signaling for embryo patterning and morphogenesis. We show that Nodal signaling triggers explant elongation by inducing mesendodermal progenitors but also suppressing BMP signaling activity at the site of mesendoderm induction. Consistent with this, ectopic BMP signaling in the mesendoderm blocks cell alignment and oriented mesendoderm intercalations, key processes during explant elongation. Translating these ex vivo observations to the intact embryo showed that, similar to explants, Nodal signaling suppresses the effect of BMP signaling on cell intercalations in the dorsal domain, thus allowing robust embryonic axis elongation. These findings suggest a dual function of Nodal signaling in embryonic axis elongation by both inducing mesendoderm and suppressing BMP effects in the dorsal portion of the mesendoderm.},
author = {Schauer, Alexandra and Pranjic-Ferscha, Kornelija and Hauschild, Robert and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J},
issn = {1477-9129},
journal = {Development},
number = {4},
pages = {1--18},
publisher = {The Company of Biologists},
title = {{Robust axis elongation by Nodal-dependent restriction of BMP signaling}},
doi = {10.1242/dev.202316},
volume = {151},
year = {2024},
}
@misc{14926,
author = {Hauschild, Robert},
publisher = {ISTA},
title = {{Matlab script for analysis of clone dispersal}},
doi = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:14926},
year = {2024},
}
@article{15047,
abstract = {Tropical precipitation extremes and their changes with surface warming are investigated using global storm resolving simulations and high-resolution observations. The simulations demonstrate that the mesoscale organization of convection, a process that cannot be physically represented by conventional global climate models, is important for the variations of tropical daily accumulated precipitation extremes. In both the simulations and observations, daily precipitation extremes increase in a more organized state, in association with larger, but less frequent, storms. Repeating the simulations for a warmer climate results in a robust increase in monthly-mean daily precipitation extremes. Higher precipitation percentiles have a greater sensitivity to convective organization, which is predicted to increase with warming. Without changes in organization, the strongest daily precipitation extremes over the tropical oceans increase at a rate close to Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) scaling. Thus, in a future warmer state with increased organization, the strongest daily precipitation extremes over oceans increase at a faster rate than CC scaling.},
author = {Bao, Jiawei and Stevens, Bjorn and Kluft, Lukas and Muller, Caroline J},
issn = {2375-2548},
journal = {Science Advances},
number = {8},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {{Intensification of daily tropical precipitation extremes from more organized convection}},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adj6801},
volume = {10},
year = {2024},
}