TY - JOUR
AB - Atom-based quantum simulators have had many successes in tackling challenging quantum many-body problems, owing to the precise and dynamical control that they provide over the systems' parameters. They are, however, often optimized to address a specific type of problem. Here, we present the design and implementation of a 6Li-based quantum gas platform that provides wide-ranging capabilities and is able to address a variety of quantum many-body problems. Our two-chamber architecture relies on a robust combination of gray molasses and optical transport from a laser-cooling chamber to a glass cell with excellent optical access. There, we first create unitary Fermi superfluids in a three-dimensional axially symmetric harmonic trap and characterize them using in situ thermometry, reaching temperatures below 20 nK. This allows us to enter the deep superfluid regime with samples of extreme diluteness, where the interparticle spacing is sufficiently large for direct single-atom imaging. Second, we generate optical lattice potentials with triangular and honeycomb geometry in which we study diffraction of molecular Bose-Einstein condensates, and show how going beyond the Kapitza-Dirac regime allows us to unambiguously distinguish between the two geometries. With the ability to probe quantum many-body physics in both discrete and continuous space, and its suitability for bulk and single-atom imaging, our setup represents an important step towards achieving a wide-scope quantum simulator.
AU - Jin, Shuwei
AU - Dai, Kunlun
AU - Verstraten, Joris
AU - Dixmerias, Maxime
AU - Al Hyder, Ragheed
AU - Salomon, Christophe
AU - Peaudecerf, Bruno
AU - de Jongh, Tim
AU - Yefsah, Tarik
ID - 15053
IS - 1
JF - Physical Review Research
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 2643-1564
TI - Multipurpose platform for analog quantum simulation
VL - 6
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - It may come as a surprise that a phenomenon as ubiquitous and prominent as the transition from laminar to turbulent flow has resisted combined efforts by physicists, engineers and mathematicians, and remained unresolved for almost one and a half centuries. In recent years, various studies have proposed analogies to directed percolation, a well-known universality class in statistical mechanics, which describes a non-equilibrium phase transition from a fluctuating active phase into an absorbing state. It is this unlikely relation between the multiscale, high-dimensional dynamics that signify the transition process in virtually all flows of practical relevance, and the arguably most basic non-equilibrium phase transition, that so far has mainly been the subject of model studies, which I review in this Perspective.
AU - Hof, Björn
ID - 12165
JF - Nature Reviews Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
TI - Directed percolation and the transition to turbulence
VL - 5
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Lead halide perovskites enjoy a number of remarkable optoelectronic properties. To explain their origin, it is necessary to study how electromagnetic fields interact with these systems. We address this problem here by studying two classical quantities: Faraday rotation and the complex refractive index in a paradigmatic perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3 in a broad wavelength range. We find that the minimal coupling of electromagnetic fields to the k⋅p Hamiltonian is insufficient to describe the observed data even on the qualitative level. To amend this, we demonstrate that there exists a relevant atomic-level coupling between electromagnetic fields and the spin degree of freedom. This spin-electric coupling allows for quantitative description of a number of previous as well as present experimental data. In particular, we use it here to show that the Faraday effect in lead halide perovskites is dominated by the Zeeman splitting of the energy levels and has a substantial beyond-Becquerel contribution. Finally, we present general symmetry-based phenomenological arguments that in the low-energy limit our effective model includes all basis coupling terms to the electromagnetic field in the linear order.
AU - Volosniev, Artem
AU - Shiva Kumar, Abhishek
AU - Lorenc, Dusan
AU - Ashourishokri, Younes
AU - Zhumekenov, Ayan A.
AU - Bakr, Osman M.
AU - Lemeshko, Mikhail
AU - Alpichshev, Zhanybek
ID - 12723
IS - 10
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Spin-electric coupling in lead halide perovskites
VL - 130
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The self-assembly of nanoparticles driven by small molecules or ions may produce colloidal superlattices with features and properties reminiscent of those of metals or semiconductors. However, to what extent the properties of such supramolecular crystals actually resemble those of atomic materials often remains unclear. Here, we present coarse-grained molecular simulations explicitly demonstrating how a behavior evocative of that of semiconductors may emerge in a colloidal superlattice. As a case study, we focus on gold nanoparticles bearing positively charged groups that self-assemble into FCC crystals via mediation by citrate counterions. In silico ohmic experiments show how the dynamically diverse behavior of the ions in different superlattice domains allows the opening of conductive ionic gates above certain levels of applied electric fields. The observed binary conductive/nonconductive behavior is reminiscent of that of conventional semiconductors, while, at a supramolecular level, crossing the “band gap” requires a sufficient electrostatic stimulus to break the intermolecular interactions and make ions diffuse throughout the superlattice’s cavities.
AU - Lionello, Chiara
AU - Perego, Claudio
AU - Gardin, Andrea
AU - Klajn, Rafal
AU - Pavan, Giovanni M.
ID - 13346
IS - 1
JF - ACS Nano
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Engineering
KW - General Materials Science
SN - 1936-0851
TI - Supramolecular semiconductivity through emerging ionic gates in ion–nanoparticle superlattices
VL - 17
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The power factor of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film can be significantly improved by optimizing the oxidation level of the film in oxidation and reduction processes. However, precise control over the oxidation and reduction effects in PEDOT:PSS remains a challenge, which greatly sacrifices both S and σ. Here, we propose a two-step post-treatment using a mixture of ethylene glycol (EG) and Arginine (Arg) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in sequence to engineer high-performance PEDOT:PSS thermoelectric films. The high-polarity EG dopant removes the excess non-ionized PSS and induces benzenoid-to-quinoid conformational change in the PEDOT:PSS films. In particular, basic amino acid Arg tunes the oxidation level of PEDOT:PSS and prevents the films from over-oxidation during H2SO4 post-treatment, leading to increased S. The following H2SO4 post-treatment further induces highly orientated lamellar stacking microstructures to increase σ, yielding a maximum power factor of 170.6 μW m−1 K−2 at 460 K. Moreover, a novel trigonal-shape thermoelectric device is designed and assembled by the as-prepared PEDOT:PSS films in order to harvest heat via a vertical temperature gradient. An output power density of 33 μW cm−2 is generated at a temperature difference of 40 K, showing the potential application for low-grade wearable electronic devices.
AU - Zhang, Li
AU - Liu, Xingyu
AU - Wu, Ting
AU - Xu, Shengduo
AU - Suo, Guoquan
AU - Ye, Xiaohui
AU - Hou, Xiaojiang
AU - Yang, Yanling
AU - Liu, Qingfeng
AU - Wang, Hongqiang
ID - 12113
JF - Applied Surface Science
KW - Surfaces
KW - Coatings and Films
KW - Condensed Matter Physics
KW - Surfaces and Interfaces
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 0169-4332
TI - Two-step post-treatment to deliver high performance thermoelectric device with vertical temperature gradient
VL - 613
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Characterizing and controlling entanglement in quantum materials is crucial for the development of next-generation quantum technologies. However, defining a quantifiable figure of merit for entanglement in macroscopic solids is theoretically and experimentally challenging. At equilibrium the presence of entanglement can be diagnosed by extracting entanglement witnesses from spectroscopic observables and a nonequilibrium extension of this method could lead to the discovery of novel dynamical phenomena. Here, we propose a systematic approach to quantify the time-dependent quantum Fisher information and entanglement depth of transient states of quantum materials with time-resolved resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. Using a quarter-filled extended Hubbard model as an example, we benchmark the efficiency of this approach and predict a light-enhanced many-body entanglement due to the proximity to a phase boundary. Our work sets the stage for experimentally witnessing and controlling entanglement in light-driven quantum materials via ultrafast spectroscopic measurements.
AU - Hales, Jordyn
AU - Bajpai, Utkarsh
AU - Liu, Tongtong
AU - Baykusheva, Denitsa Rangelova
AU - Li, Mingda
AU - Mitrano, Matteo
AU - Wang, Yao
ID - 13989
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Multidisciplinary
TI - Witnessing light-driven entanglement using time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering
VL - 14
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Many-body entanglement in condensed matter systems can be diagnosed from equilibrium response functions through the use of entanglement witnesses and operator-specific quantum bounds. Here, we investigate the applicability of this approach for detecting entangled states in quantum systems driven out of equilibrium. We use a multipartite entanglement witness, the quantum Fisher information, to study the dynamics of a paradigmatic fermion chain undergoing a time-dependent change of the Coulomb interaction. Our results show that the quantum Fisher information is able to witness distinct signatures of multipartite entanglement both near and far from equilibrium that are robust against decoherence. We discuss implications of these findings for probing entanglement in light-driven quantum materials with time-resolved optical and x-ray scattering methods.
AU - Baykusheva, Denitsa Rangelova
AU - Kalthoff, Mona H.
AU - Hofmann, Damian
AU - Claassen, Martin
AU - Kennes, Dante M.
AU - Sentef, Michael A.
AU - Mitrano, Matteo
ID - 13990
IS - 10
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Witnessing nonequilibrium entanglement dynamics in a strongly correlated fermionic chain
VL - 130
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Quantum kinetically constrained models have recently attracted significant attention due to their anomalous dynamics and thermalization. In this work, we introduce a hitherto unexplored family of kinetically constrained models featuring conserved particle number and strong inversion-symmetry breaking due to facilitated hopping. We demonstrate that these models provide a generic example of so-called quantum Hilbert space fragmentation, that is manifested in disconnected sectors in the Hilbert space that are not apparent in the computational basis. Quantum Hilbert space fragmentation leads to an exponential in system size number of eigenstates with exactly zero entanglement entropy across several bipartite cuts. These eigenstates can be probed dynamically using quenches from simple initial product states. In addition, we study the particle spreading under unitary dynamics launched from the domain wall state, and find faster than diffusive dynamics at high particle densities, that crosses over into logarithmically slow relaxation at smaller densities. Using a classically simulable cellular automaton, we reproduce the logarithmic dynamics observed in the quantum case. Our work suggests that particle conserving constrained models with inversion symmetry breaking realize so far unexplored dynamical behavior and invite their further theoretical and experimental studies.
AU - Brighi, Pietro
AU - Ljubotina, Marko
AU - Serbyn, Maksym
ID - 14334
IS - 3
JF - SciPost Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 2542-4653
TI - Hilbert space fragmentation and slow dynamics in particle-conserving quantum East models
VL - 15
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We demonstrate the possibility of a coupling between the magnetization direction of a ferromagnet and the tilting angle of adsorbed achiral molecules. To illustrate the mechanism of the coupling, we analyze a minimal Stoner model that includes Rashba spin–orbit coupling due to the electric field on the surface of the ferromagnet. The proposed mechanism allows us to study magnetic anisotropy of the system with an extended Stoner–Wohlfarth model and argue that adsorbed achiral molecules can change magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the substrate. Our research aims to motivate further experimental studies of the current-free chirality induced spin selectivity effect involving both enantiomers.
AU - Al Hyder, Ragheed
AU - Cappellaro, Alberto
AU - Lemeshko, Mikhail
AU - Volosniev, Artem
ID - 14321
IS - 10
JF - The Journal of Chemical Physics
KW - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0021-9606
TI - Achiral dipoles on a ferromagnet can affect its magnetization direction
VL - 159
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We study the out-of-equilibrium quantum dynamics of dipolar polarons, i.e., impurities immersed in a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate, after a quench of the impurity-boson interaction. We show that the dipolar nature of the condensate and of the impurity results in anisotropic relaxation dynamics, in particular, anisotropic dressing of the polaron. More relevantly for cold-atom setups, quench dynamics is strongly affected by the interplay between dipolar anisotropy and trap geometry. Our findings pave the way for simulating impurities in anisotropic media utilizing experiments with dipolar mixtures.
AU - Volosniev, Artem
AU - Bighin, Giacomo
AU - Santos, Luis
AU - Peña Ardila, Luisllu A.
ID - 14650
IS - 6
JF - SciPost Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 2542-4653
TI - Non-equilibrium dynamics of dipolar polarons
VL - 15
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We present a numerical analysis of spin-1/2 fermions in a one-dimensional harmonic potential in the presence of a magnetic point-like impurity at the center of the trap. The model represents a few-body analogue of a magnetic impurity in the vicinity of an s-wave superconductor. Already for a few particles we find a ground-state level crossing between sectors with different fermion parities. We interpret this crossing as a few-body precursor of a quantum phase transition, which occurs when the impurity "breaks" a Cooper pair. This picture is further corroborated by analyzing density-density correlations in momentum space. Finally, we discuss how the system may be realized with existing cold-atoms platforms.
AU - Rammelmüller, Lukas
AU - Huber, David
AU - Čufar, Matija
AU - Brand, Joachim
AU - Hammer, Hans-Werner
AU - Volosniev, Artem
ID - 13278
IS - 1
JF - SciPost Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 2542-4653
TI - Magnetic impurity in a one-dimensional few-fermion system
VL - 14
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Viscous flows through pipes and channels are steady and ordered until, with increasing velocity, the laminar motion catastrophically breaks down and gives way to turbulence. How this apparently discontinuous change from low- to high-dimensional motion can be rationalized within the framework of the Navier-Stokes equations is not well understood. Exploiting geometrical properties of transitional channel flow we trace turbulence to far lower Reynolds numbers (Re) than previously possible and identify the complete path that reversibly links fully turbulent motion to an invariant solution. This precursor of turbulence destabilizes rapidly with Re, and the accompanying explosive increase in attractor dimension effectively marks the transition between deterministic and de facto stochastic dynamics.
AU - Paranjape, Chaitanya S
AU - Yalniz, Gökhan
AU - Duguet, Yohann
AU - Budanur, Nazmi B
AU - Hof, Björn
ID - 13274
IS - 3
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Direct path from turbulence to time-periodic solutions
VL - 131
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The model of a ring threaded by the Aharonov-Bohm flux underlies our understanding of a coupling between gauge potentials and matter. The typical formulation of the model is based upon a single particle picture, and should be extended when interactions with other particles become relevant. Here, we illustrate such an extension for a particle in an Aharonov-Bohm ring subject to interactions with a weakly interacting Bose gas. We show that the ground state of the system can be described using the Bose-polaron concept—a particle dressed by interactions with a bosonic environment. We connect the energy spectrum to the effective mass of the polaron, and demonstrate how to change currents in the system by tuning boson-particle interactions. Our results suggest the Aharonov-Bohm ring as a platform for studying coherence and few- to many-body crossover of quasi-particles that arise from an impurity immersed in a medium.
AU - Brauneis, Fabian
AU - Ghazaryan, Areg
AU - Hammer, Hans-Werner
AU - Volosniev, Artem
ID - 14246
JF - Communications Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 2399-3650
TI - Emergence of a Bose polaron in a small ring threaded by the Aharonov-Bohm flux
VL - 6
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The large-scale laminar/turbulent spiral patterns that appear in the linearly unstable regime of counter-rotating Taylor–Couette flow are investigated from a statistical perspective by means of direct numerical simulation. Unlike the vast majority of previous numerical studies, we analyse the flow in periodic parallelogram-annular domains, following a coordinate change that aligns one of the parallelogram sides with the spiral pattern. The domain size, shape and spatial resolution have been varied and the results compared with those in a sufficiently large computational orthogonal domain with natural axial and azimuthal periodicity. We find that a minimal parallelogram of the right tilt significantly reduces the computational cost without notably compromising the statistical properties of the supercritical turbulent spiral. Its mean structure, obtained from extremely long time integrations in a co-rotating reference frame using the method of slices, bears remarkable similarity with the turbulent stripes observed in plane Couette flow, the centrifugal instability playing only a secondary role.
AU - Wang, B.
AU - Mellibovsky, F.
AU - Ayats López, Roger
AU - Deguchi, K.
AU - Meseguer, A.
ID - 14754
IS - 2246
JF - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Engineering
KW - General Mathematics
SN - 1364-503X
TI - Mean structure of the supercritical turbulent spiral in Taylor–Couette flow
VL - 381
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Through a combination of idealized simulations and real-world data, researchers are uncovering how internal feedbacks and large-scale motions influence cloud dynamics.
AU - Muller, Caroline J
AU - Abramian, Sophie
ID - 14773
IS - 5
JF - Physics Today
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9228
TI - The cloud dynamics of convective storm systems
VL - 76
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The effects of the partial V-substitution for Ag on the thermoelectric (TE) properties are investigated for a flexible semiconducting compound Ag2S0.55Se0.45. Density functional theory calculations predict that such a partial V-substitution constructively modifies the electronic structure near the bottom of the conduction band to improve the TE performance. The synthesized Ag1.97V0.03S0.55Se0.45 is found to possess a TE dimensionless figure-of-merit (ZT) of 0.71 at 350 K with maintaining its flexible nature. This ZT value is relatively high in comparison with those reported for flexible TE materials below 360 K. The increase in the ZT value is caused by the enhanced absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient with less significant variation in electrical resistivity. The high ZT value with the flexible nature naturally allows us to employ the Ag1.97V0.03S0.55Se0.45 as a component of flexible TE generators.
AU - Sato, Kosuke
AU - Singh, Saurabh
AU - Yamazaki, Itsuki
AU - Hirata, Keisuke
AU - Ang, Artoni Kevin R.
AU - Matsunami, Masaharu
AU - Takeuchi, Tsunehiro
ID - 14777
IS - 12
JF - AIP Advances
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
TI - Improvement of thermoelectric performance of flexible compound Ag2S0.55Se0.45 by means of partial V-substitution for Ag
VL - 13
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Arrays of Josephson junctions are governed by a competition between superconductivity and repulsive Coulomb interactions, and are expected to exhibit diverging low-temperature resistance when interactions exceed a critical level. Here we report a study of the transport and microwave response of Josephson arrays with interactions exceeding this level. Contrary to expectations, we observe that the array resistance drops dramatically as the temperature is decreased—reminiscent of superconducting behaviour—and then saturates at low temperature. Applying a magnetic field, we eventually observe a transition to a highly resistive regime. These observations can be understood within a theoretical picture that accounts for the effect of thermal fluctuations on the insulating phase. On the basis of the agreement between experiment and theory, we suggest that apparent superconductivity in our Josephson arrays arises from melting the zero-temperature insulator.
AU - Mukhopadhyay, Soham
AU - Senior, Jorden L
AU - Saez Mollejo, Jaime
AU - Puglia, Denise
AU - Zemlicka, Martin
AU - Fink, Johannes M
AU - Higginbotham, Andrew P
ID - 14032
JF - Nature Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 1745-2473
TI - Superconductivity from a melted insulator in Josephson junction arrays
VL - 19
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In this work, a feed-forward artificial neural network (FF-ANN) design capable of locating eigensolutions to Schrödinger's equation via self-supervised learning is outlined. Based on the input potential determining the nature of the quantum problem, the presented FF-ANN strategy identifies valid solutions solely by minimizing Schrödinger's equation encoded in a suitably designed global loss function. In addition to benchmark calculations of prototype systems with known analytical solutions, the outlined methodology was also applied to experimentally accessible quantum systems, such as the vibrational states of molecular hydrogen H2 and its isotopologues HD and D2 as well as the torsional tunnel splitting in the phenol molecule. It is shown that in conjunction with the use of SIREN activation functions a high accuracy in the energy eigenvalues and wavefunctions is achieved without the requirement to adjust the implementation to the vastly different range of input potentials, thereby even considering problems under periodic boundary conditions.
AU - Gamper, Jakob
AU - Kluibenschedl, Florian
AU - Weiss, Alexander K. H.
AU - Hofer, Thomas S.
ID - 12938
IS - 41
JF - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
KW - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 1463-9076
TI - From vibrational spectroscopy and quantum tunnelling to periodic band structures – a self-supervised, all-purpose neural network approach to general quantum problems
VL - 24
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Lasers with well-controlled relative frequencies are indispensable for many applications in science and technology. We present a frequency-offset locking method for lasers based on beat-frequency discrimination utilizing hybrid electronic LC filters. The method is specifically designed for decoupling the tightness of the lock from the broadness of its capture range. The presented demonstration locks two free-running diode lasers at 780 nm with a 5.5-GHz offset. It displays an offset frequency instability below 55 Hz for time scales in excess of 1000 s and a minimum of 12 Hz at 10-s averaging. The performance is complemented with a 190-MHz lock-capture range, a tuning range of up to 1 GHz, and a frequency ramp agility of 200kHz/μs.
AU - Li, Vyacheslav
AU - Diorico, Fritz R
AU - Hosten, Onur
ID - 11438
IS - 5
JF - Physical Review Applied
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 2331-7019
TI - Laser frequency-offset locking at 10-Hz-level instability using hybrid electronic filters
VL - 17
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The mammalian hippocampal formation (HF) plays a key role in several higher brain functions, such as spatial coding, learning and memory. Its simple circuit architecture is often viewed as a trisynaptic loop, processing input originating from the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex (EC) and sending it back to its deeper layers. Here, we show that excitatory neurons in layer 6b of the mouse EC project to all sub-regions comprising the HF and receive input from the CA1, thalamus and claustrum. Furthermore, their output is characterized by unique slow-decaying excitatory postsynaptic currents capable of driving plateau-like potentials in their postsynaptic targets. Optogenetic inhibition of the EC-6b pathway affects spatial coding in CA1 pyramidal neurons, while cell ablation impairs not only acquisition of new spatial memories, but also degradation of previously acquired ones. Our results provide evidence of a functional role for cortical layer 6b neurons in the adult brain.
AU - Ben Simon, Yoav
AU - Käfer, Karola
AU - Velicky, Philipp
AU - Csicsvari, Jozsef L
AU - Danzl, Johann G
AU - Jonas, Peter M
ID - 11951
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Multidisciplinary
SN - 2041-1723
TI - A direct excitatory projection from entorhinal layer 6b neurons to the hippocampus contributes to spatial coding and memory
VL - 13
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Germline determination is essential for species survival and evolution in multicellular organisms. In most flowering plants, formation of the female germline is initiated with specification of one megaspore mother cell (MMC) in each ovule; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this key event remains unclear. Here we report that spatially restricted auxin signaling promotes MMC fate in Arabidopsis. Our results show that the microRNA160 (miR160) targeted gene ARF17 (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17) is required for promoting MMC specification by genetically interacting with the SPL/NZZ (SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE) gene. Alterations of auxin signaling cause formation of supernumerary MMCs in an ARF17- and SPL/NZZ-dependent manner. Furthermore, miR160 and ARF17 are indispensable for attaining a normal auxin maximum at the ovule apex via modulating the expression domain of PIN1 (PIN-FORMED1) auxin transporter. Our findings elucidate the mechanism by which auxin signaling promotes the acquisition of female germline cell fate in plants.
AU - Huang, Jian
AU - Zhao, Lei
AU - Malik, Shikha
AU - Gentile, Benjamin R.
AU - Xiong, Va
AU - Arazi, Tzahi
AU - Owen, Heather A.
AU - Friml, Jiří
AU - Zhao, Dazhong
ID - 12130
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Multidisciplinary
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Specification of female germline by microRNA orchestrated auxin signaling in Arabidopsis
VL - 13
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Embryo development requires biochemical signalling to generate patterns of cell fates and active mechanical forces to drive tissue shape changes. However, how these processes are coordinated, and how tissue patterning is preserved despite the cellular flows occurring during morphogenesis, remains poorly understood. Gastrulation is a crucial embryonic stage that involves both patterning and internalization of the mesendoderm germ layer tissue. Here we show that, in zebrafish embryos, a gradient in Nodal signalling orchestrates pattern-preserving internalization movements by triggering a motility-driven unjamming transition. In addition to its role as a morphogen determining embryo patterning, graded Nodal signalling mechanically subdivides the mesendoderm into a small fraction of highly protrusive leader cells, able to autonomously internalize via local unjamming, and less protrusive followers, which need to be pulled inwards by the leaders. The Nodal gradient further enforces a code of preferential adhesion coupling leaders to their immediate followers, resulting in a collective and ordered mode of internalization that preserves mesendoderm patterning. Integrating this dual mechanical role of Nodal signalling into minimal active particle simulations quantitatively predicts both physiological and experimentally perturbed internalization movements. This provides a quantitative framework for how a morphogen-encoded unjamming transition can bidirectionally couple tissue mechanics with patterning during complex three-dimensional morphogenesis.
AU - Nunes Pinheiro, Diana C
AU - Kardos, Roland
AU - Hannezo, Edouard B
AU - Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J
ID - 12209
IS - 12
JF - Nature Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 1745-2473
TI - Morphogen gradient orchestrates pattern-preserving tissue morphogenesis via motility-driven unjamming
VL - 18
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The inadequate understanding of the mechanisms that reversibly convert molecular sulfur (S) into lithium sulfide (Li2S) via soluble polysulfides (PSs) formation impedes the development of high-performance lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Here, we use operando small and wide angle X-ray scattering and operando small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements to track the nucleation, growth and dissolution of solid deposits from atomic to sub-micron scales during real-time Li-S cell operation. In particular, stochastic modelling based on the SANS data allows quantifying the nanoscale phase evolution during battery cycling. We show that next to nano-crystalline Li2S the deposit comprises solid short-chain PSs particles. The analysis of the experimental data suggests that initially, Li2S2 precipitates from the solution and then is partially converted via solid-state electroreduction to Li2S. We further demonstrate that mass transport, rather than electron transport through a thin passivating film, limits the discharge capacity and rate performance in Li-S cells.
AU - Prehal, Christian
AU - von Mentlen, Jean-Marc
AU - Drvarič Talian, Sara
AU - Vizintin, Alen
AU - Dominko, Robert
AU - Amenitsch, Heinz
AU - Porcar, Lionel
AU - Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
AU - Wood, Vanessa
ID - 12208
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Multidisciplinary
SN - 2041-1723
TI - On the nanoscale structural evolution of solid discharge products in lithium-sulfur batteries using operando scattering
VL - 13
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The development dynamics and self-organization of glandular branched epithelia is of utmost importance for our understanding of diverse processes ranging from normal tissue growth to the growth of cancerous tissues. Using single primary murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells embedded in a collagen matrix and adapted media supplementation, we generate organoids that self-organize into highly branched structures displaying a seamless lumen connecting terminal end buds, replicating in vivo PDAC architecture. We identify distinct morphogenesis phases, each characterized by a unique pattern of cell invasion, matrix deformation, protein expression, and respective molecular dependencies. We propose a minimal theoretical model of a branching and proliferating tissue, capturing the dynamics of the first phases. Observing the interaction of morphogenesis, mechanical environment and gene expression in vitro sets a benchmark for the understanding of self-organization processes governing complex organoid structure formation processes and branching morphogenesis.
AU - Randriamanantsoa, S.
AU - Papargyriou, A.
AU - Maurer, H. C.
AU - Peschke, K.
AU - Schuster, M.
AU - Zecchin, G.
AU - Steiger, K.
AU - Öllinger, R.
AU - Saur, D.
AU - Scheel, C.
AU - Rad, R.
AU - Hannezo, Edouard B
AU - Reichert, M.
AU - Bausch, A. R.
ID - 12217
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Multidisciplinary
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Spatiotemporal dynamics of self-organized branching in pancreas-derived organoids
VL - 13
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Theoretical foundations of chaos have been predominantly laid out for finite-dimensional dynamical systems, such as the three-body problem in classical mechanics and the Lorenz model in dissipative systems. In contrast, many real-world chaotic phenomena, e.g., weather, arise in systems with many (formally infinite) degrees of freedom, which limits direct quantitative analysis of such systems using chaos theory. In the present work, we demonstrate that the hydrodynamic pilot-wave systems offer a bridge between low- and high-dimensional chaotic phenomena by allowing for a systematic study of how the former connects to the latter. Specifically, we present experimental results, which show the formation of low-dimensional chaotic attractors upon destabilization of regular dynamics and a final transition to high-dimensional chaos via the merging of distinct chaotic regions through a crisis bifurcation. Moreover, we show that the post-crisis dynamics of the system can be rationalized as consecutive scatterings from the nonattracting chaotic sets with lifetimes following exponential distributions.
AU - Choueiri, George H
AU - Suri, Balachandra
AU - Merrin, Jack
AU - Serbyn, Maksym
AU - Hof, Björn
AU - Budanur, Nazmi B
ID - 12259
IS - 9
JF - Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science
KW - Applied Mathematics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - Mathematical Physics
KW - Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
SN - 1054-1500
TI - Crises and chaotic scattering in hydrodynamic pilot-wave experiments
VL - 32
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The chemical potential of a component in a solution is defined as the free energy change as the amount of that component changes. Computing this fundamental thermodynamic property from atomistic simulations is notoriously difficult because of the convergence issues involved in free energy methods and finite size effects. This Communication presents the so-called S0 method, which can be used to obtain chemical potentials from static structure factors computed from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations under the isothermal–isobaric ensemble. This new method is demonstrated on the systems of binary Lennard-Jones particles, urea–water mixtures, a NaCl aqueous solution, and a high-pressure carbon–hydrogen mixture.
AU - Cheng, Bingqing
ID - 12249
IS - 12
JF - The Journal of Chemical Physics
KW - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0021-9606
TI - Computing chemical potentials of solutions from structure factors
VL - 157
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Cell migration in confining physiological environments relies on the concerted dynamics of several cellular components, including protrusions, adhesions with the environment, and the cell nucleus. However, it remains poorly understood how the dynamic interplay of these components and the cell polarity determine the emergent migration behavior at the cellular scale. Here, we combine data-driven inference with a mechanistic bottom-up approach to develop a model for protrusion and polarity dynamics in confined cell migration, revealing how the cellular dynamics adapt to confining geometries. Specifically, we use experimental data of joint protrusion-nucleus migration trajectories of cells on confining micropatterns to systematically determine a mechanistic model linking the stochastic dynamics of cell polarity, protrusions, and nucleus. This model indicates that the cellular dynamics adapt to confining constrictions through a switch in the polarity dynamics from a negative to a positive self-reinforcing feedback loop. Our model further reveals how this feedback loop leads to stereotypical cycles of protrusion-nucleus dynamics that drive the migration of the cell through constrictions. These cycles are disrupted upon perturbation of cytoskeletal components, indicating that the positive feedback is controlled by cellular migration mechanisms. Our data-driven theoretical approach therefore identifies polarity feedback adaptation as a key mechanism in confined cell migration.
AU - Brückner, David
AU - Schmitt, Matthew
AU - Fink, Alexandra
AU - Ladurner, Georg
AU - Flommersfeld, Johannes
AU - Arlt, Nicolas
AU - Hannezo, Edouard B
AU - Rädler, Joachim O.
AU - Broedersz, Chase P.
ID - 12277
IS - 3
JF - Physical Review X
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 2160-3308
TI - Geometry adaptation of protrusion and polarity dynamics in confined cell migration
VL - 12
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Ultrafast lasers are an increasingly important tool to control and stabilize emergent phases in quantum materials. Among a variety of possible excitation protocols, a particularly intriguing route is the direct light engineering of microscopic electronic parameters, such as the electron hopping and the local Coulomb repulsion (Hubbard
U). In this work, we use time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy to demonstrate the light-induced renormalization of the Hubbard U in a cuprate superconductor, La1.905Ba0.095CuO4. We show that intense femtosecond laser pulses induce a substantial redshift of the upper Hubbard band while leaving the Zhang-Rice singlet energy unaffected. By comparing the experimental data to time-dependent spectra of single- and three-band Hubbard models, we assign this effect to an approximately 140-meV reduction of the on-site Coulomb repulsion on the copper sites. Our demonstration of a dynamical Hubbard U renormalization in a copper oxide paves the way to a novel strategy for the manipulation of superconductivity and magnetism as well as to the realization of other long-range-ordered phases in light-driven quantum materials.
AU - Baykusheva, Denitsa Rangelova
AU - Jang, Hoyoung
AU - Husain, Ali A.
AU - Lee, Sangjun
AU - TenHuisen, Sophia F. R.
AU - Zhou, Preston
AU - Park, Sunwook
AU - Kim, Hoon
AU - Kim, Jin-Kwang
AU - Kim, Hyeong-Do
AU - Kim, Minseok
AU - Park, Sang-Youn
AU - Abbamonte, Peter
AU - Kim, B. J.
AU - Gu, G. D.
AU - Wang, Yao
AU - Mitrano, Matteo
ID - 13994
IS - 1
JF - Physical Review X
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
TI - Ultrafast renormalization of the on-site Coulomb repulsion in a cuprate superconductor
VL - 12
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - By varying the concentration of molecules in the cytoplasm or on the membrane, cells can induce the formation of condensates and liquid droplets, similar to phase separation. Their thermodynamics, much studied, depends on the mutual interactions between microscopic constituents. Here, we focus on the kinetics and size control of 2D clusters, forming on membranes. Using molecular dynamics of patchy colloids, we model a system of two species of proteins, giving origin to specific heterotypic bonds. We find that concentrations, together with valence and bond strength, control both the size and the growth time rate of the clusters. In particular, if one species is in large excess, it gradually saturates the binding sites of the other species; the system then becomes kinetically arrested and cluster coarsening slows down or stops, thus yielding effective size selection. This phenomenology is observed both in solid and fluid clusters, which feature additional generic homotypic interactions and are reminiscent of the ones observed on biological membranes.
AU - Palaia, Ivan
AU - Šarić, Anđela
ID - 11400
IS - 19
JF - The Journal of Chemical Physics
KW - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0021-9606
TI - Controlling cluster size in 2D phase-separating binary mixtures with specific interactions
VL - 156
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Superconductor-semiconductor hybrid devices are at the heart of several proposed approaches to quantum information processing, but their basic properties remain to be understood. We embed a twodimensional Al-InAs hybrid system in a resonant microwave circuit, probing the breakdown of superconductivity due to an applied magnetic field. We find a fingerprint from the two-component nature of the hybrid system, and quantitatively compare with a theory that includes the contribution of intraband p±ip pairing in the InAs, as well as the emergence of Bogoliubov-Fermi surfaces due to magnetic field. Separately resolving the Al and InAs contributions allows us to determine the carrier density and mobility in the InAs.
AU - Phan, Duc T
AU - Senior, Jorden L
AU - Ghazaryan, Areg
AU - Hatefipour, M.
AU - Strickland, W. M.
AU - Shabani, J.
AU - Serbyn, Maksym
AU - Higginbotham, Andrew P
ID - 10851
IS - 10
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Detecting induced p±ip pairing at the Al-InAs interface with a quantum microwave circuit
VL - 128
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The actin-homologue FtsA is essential for E. coli cell division, as it links FtsZ filaments in the Z-ring to transmembrane proteins. FtsA is thought to initiate cell constriction by switching from an inactive polymeric to an active monomeric conformation, which recruits downstream proteins and stabilizes the Z-ring. However, direct biochemical evidence for this mechanism is missing. Here, we use reconstitution experiments and quantitative fluorescence microscopy to study divisome activation in vitro. By comparing wild-type FtsA with FtsA R286W, we find that this hyperactive mutant outperforms FtsA WT in replicating FtsZ treadmilling dynamics, FtsZ filament stabilization and recruitment of FtsN. We could attribute these differences to a faster exchange and denser packing of FtsA R286W below FtsZ filaments. Using FRET microscopy, we also find that FtsN binding promotes FtsA self-interaction. We propose that in the active divisome FtsA and FtsN exist as a dynamic copolymer that follows treadmilling filaments of FtsZ.
AU - Radler, Philipp
AU - Baranova, Natalia S.
AU - Dos Santos Caldas, Paulo R
AU - Sommer, Christoph M
AU - Lopez Pelegrin, Maria D
AU - Michalik, David
AU - Loose, Martin
ID - 11373
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - In vitro reconstitution of Escherichia coli divisome activation
VL - 13
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Glaciers in High Mountain Asia generate meltwater that supports the water needs of 250 million people, but current knowledge of annual accumulation and ablation is limited to sparse field measurements biased in location and glacier size. Here, we present altitudinally-resolved specific mass balances (surface, internal, and basal combined) for 5527 glaciers in High Mountain Asia for 2000–2016, derived by correcting observed glacier thinning patterns for mass redistribution due to ice flow. We find that 41% of glaciers accumulated mass over less than 20% of their area, and only 60% ± 10% of regional annual ablation was compensated by accumulation. Even without 21st century warming, 21% ± 1% of ice volume will be lost by 2100 due to current climatic-geometric imbalance, representing a reduction in glacier ablation into rivers of 28% ± 1%. The ablation of glaciers in the Himalayas and Tien Shan was mostly unsustainable and ice volume in these regions will reduce by at least 30% by 2100. The most important and vulnerable glacier-fed river basins (Amu Darya, Indus, Syr Darya, Tarim Interior) were supplied with >50% sustainable glacier ablation but will see long-term reductions in ice mass and glacier meltwater supply regardless of the Karakoram Anomaly.
AU - Miles, Evan
AU - McCarthy, Michael
AU - Dehecq, Amaury
AU - Kneib, Marin
AU - Fugger, Stefan
AU - Pellicciotti, Francesca
ID - 12585
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Multidisciplinary
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Health and sustainability of glaciers in High Mountain Asia
VL - 12
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is an assembly cofactor for HIV-1. We report here that IP6 is also used for assembly of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), a retrovirus from a different genus. IP6 is ~100-fold more potent at promoting RSV mature capsid protein (CA) assembly than observed for HIV-1 and removal of IP6 in cells reduces infectivity by 100-fold. Here, visualized by cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, mature capsid-like particles show an IP6-like density in the CA hexamer, coordinated by rings of six lysines and six arginines. Phosphate and IP6 have opposing effects on CA in vitro assembly, inducing formation of T = 1 icosahedrons and tubes, respectively, implying that phosphate promotes pentamer and IP6 hexamer formation. Subtomogram averaging and classification optimized for analysis of pleomorphic retrovirus particles reveal that the heterogeneity of mature RSV CA polyhedrons results from an unexpected, intrinsic CA hexamer flexibility. In contrast, the CA pentamer forms rigid units organizing the local architecture. These different features of hexamers and pentamers determine the structural mechanism to form CA polyhedrons of variable shape in mature RSV particles.
AU - Obr, Martin
AU - Ricana, Clifton L.
AU - Nikulin, Nadia
AU - Feathers, Jon-Philip R.
AU - Klanschnig, Marco
AU - Thader, Andreas
AU - Johnson, Marc C.
AU - Vogt, Volker M.
AU - Schur, Florian KM
AU - Dick, Robert A.
ID - 9431
IS - 1
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
TI - Structure of the mature Rous sarcoma virus lattice reveals a role for IP6 in the formation of the capsid hexamer
VL - 12
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The hexameric AAA-ATPase Drg1 is a key factor in eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis and initiates cytoplasmic maturation of the large ribosomal subunit by releasing the shuttling maturation factor Rlp24. Drg1 monomers contain two AAA-domains (D1 and D2) that act in a concerted manner. Rlp24 release is inhibited by the drug diazaborine which blocks ATP hydrolysis in D2. The mode of inhibition was unknown. Here we show the first cryo-EM structure of Drg1 revealing the inhibitory mechanism. Diazaborine forms a covalent bond to the 2′-OH of the nucleotide in D2, explaining its specificity for this site. As a consequence, the D2 domain is locked in a rigid, inactive state, stalling the whole Drg1 hexamer. Resistance mechanisms identified include abolished drug binding and altered positioning of the nucleotide. Our results suggest nucleotide-modifying compounds as potential novel inhibitors for AAA-ATPases.
AU - Prattes, Michael
AU - Grishkovskaya, Irina
AU - Hodirnau, Victor-Valentin
AU - Rössler, Ingrid
AU - Klein, Isabella
AU - Hetzmannseder, Christina
AU - Zisser, Gertrude
AU - Gruber, Christian C.
AU - Gruber, Karl
AU - Haselbach, David
AU - Bergler, Helmut
ID - 9540
IS - 1
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
TI - Structural basis for inhibition of the AAA-ATPase Drg1 by diazaborine
VL - 12
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The hippocampal mossy fiber synapse is a key synapse of the trisynaptic circuit. Post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) is the most powerful form of plasticity at this synaptic connection. It is widely believed that mossy fiber PTP is an entirely presynaptic phenomenon, implying that PTP induction is input-specific, and requires neither activity of multiple inputs nor stimulation of postsynaptic neurons. To directly test cooperativity and associativity, we made paired recordings between single mossy fiber terminals and postsynaptic CA3 pyramidal neurons in rat brain slices. By stimulating non-overlapping mossy fiber inputs converging onto single CA3 neurons, we confirm that PTP is input-specific and non-cooperative. Unexpectedly, mossy fiber PTP exhibits anti-associative induction properties. EPSCs show only minimal PTP after combined pre- and postsynaptic high-frequency stimulation with intact postsynaptic Ca2+ signaling, but marked PTP in the absence of postsynaptic spiking and after suppression of postsynaptic Ca2+ signaling (10 mM EGTA). PTP is largely recovered by inhibitors of voltage-gated R- and L-type Ca2+ channels, group II mGluRs, and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, suggesting the involvement of retrograde vesicular glutamate signaling. Transsynaptic regulation of PTP extends the repertoire of synaptic computations, implementing a brake on mossy fiber detonation and a “smart teacher” function of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.
AU - Vandael, David H
AU - Okamoto, Yuji
AU - Jonas, Peter M
ID - 9778
IS - 1
JF - Nature Communications
KW - general physics and astronomy
KW - general biochemistry
KW - genetics and molecular biology
KW - general chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Transsynaptic modulation of presynaptic short-term plasticity in hippocampal mossy fiber synapses
VL - 12
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The numerical simulation of dynamical phenomena in interacting quantum systems is a notoriously hard problem. Although a number of promising numerical methods exist, they often have limited applicability due to the growth of entanglement or the presence of the so-called sign problem. In this work, we develop an importance sampling scheme for the simulation of quantum spin dynamics, building on a recent approach mapping quantum spin systems to classical stochastic processes. The importance sampling scheme is based on identifying the classical trajectory that yields the largest contribution to a given quantum observable. An exact transformation is then carried out to preferentially sample trajectories that are close to the dominant one. We demonstrate that this approach is capable of reducing the temporal growth of fluctuations in the stochastic quantities, thus extending the range of accessible times and system sizes compared to direct sampling. We discuss advantages and limitations of the proposed approach, outlining directions
for further developments.
AU - De Nicola, Stefano
ID - 9981
IS - 3
JF - SciPost Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 2542-4653
TI - Importance sampling scheme for the stochastic simulation of quantum spin dynamics
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a regulatory hub for transcription and RNA processing. Here, we identify PHD-finger protein 3 (PHF3) as a regulator of transcription and mRNA stability that docks onto Pol II CTD through its SPOC domain. We characterize SPOC as a CTD reader domain that preferentially binds two phosphorylated Serine-2 marks in adjacent CTD repeats. PHF3 drives liquid-liquid phase separation of phosphorylated Pol II, colocalizes with Pol II clusters and tracks with Pol II across the length of genes. PHF3 knock-out or SPOC deletion in human cells results in increased Pol II stalling, reduced elongation rate and an increase in mRNA stability, with marked derepression of neuronal genes. Key neuronal genes are aberrantly expressed in Phf3 knock-out mouse embryonic stem cells, resulting in impaired neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that PHF3 acts as a prominent effector of neuronal gene regulation by bridging transcription with mRNA decay.
AU - Appel, Lisa-Marie
AU - Franke, Vedran
AU - Bruno, Melania
AU - Grishkovskaya, Irina
AU - Kasiliauskaite, Aiste
AU - Kaufmann, Tanja
AU - Schoeberl, Ursula E.
AU - Puchinger, Martin G.
AU - Kostrhon, Sebastian
AU - Ebenwaldner, Carmen
AU - Sebesta, Marek
AU - Beltzung, Etienne
AU - Mechtler, Karl
AU - Lin, Gen
AU - Vlasova, Anna
AU - Leeb, Martin
AU - Pavri, Rushad
AU - Stark, Alexander
AU - Akalin, Altuna
AU - Stefl, Richard
AU - Bernecky, Carrie A
AU - Djinovic-Carugo, Kristina
AU - Slade, Dea
ID - 10163
IS - 1
JF - Nature Communications
KW - general physics and astronomy
KW - general biochemistry
KW - genetics and molecular biology
KW - general chemistry
TI - PHF3 regulates neuronal gene expression through the Pol II CTD reader domain SPOC
VL - 12
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We show that in a two-dimensional electron gas with an annular Fermi surface, long-range Coulomb interactions can lead to unconventional superconductivity by the Kohn-Luttinger mechanism. Superconductivity is strongly enhanced when the inner and outer Fermi surfaces are close to each other. The most prevalent state has chiral p-wave symmetry, but d-wave and extended s-wave pairing are also possible. We discuss these results in the context of rhombohedral trilayer graphene, where superconductivity was recently discovered in regimes where the normal state has an annular Fermi surface. Using realistic parameters, our mechanism can account for the order of magnitude of Tc, as well as its trends as a function of electron density and perpendicular displacement field. Moreover, it naturally explains some of the outstanding puzzles in this material, that include the weak temperature dependence of the resistivity above Tc, and the proximity of spin singlet superconductivity to the ferromagnetic phase.
AU - Ghazaryan, Areg
AU - Holder, Tobias
AU - Serbyn, Maksym
AU - Berg, Erez
ID - 10527
IS - 24
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - general physics and astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Unconventional superconductivity in systems with annular Fermi surfaces: Application to rhombohedral trilayer graphene
VL - 127
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The analogy between an equilibrium partition function and the return probability in many-body unitary dynamics has led to the concept of dynamical quantum phase transition (DQPT). DQPTs are defined by nonanalyticities in the return amplitude and are present in many models. In some cases, DQPTs can be related to equilibrium concepts, such as order parameters, yet their universal description is an open question. In this Letter, we provide first steps toward a classification of DQPTs by using a matrix product state description of unitary dynamics in the thermodynamic limit. This allows us to distinguish the two limiting cases of “precession” and “entanglement” DQPTs, which are illustrated using an analytical description in the quantum Ising model. While precession DQPTs are characterized by a large entanglement gap and are semiclassical in their nature, entanglement DQPTs occur near avoided crossings in the entanglement spectrum and can be distinguished by a complex pattern of nonlocal correlations. We demonstrate the existence of precession and entanglement DQPTs beyond Ising models, discuss observables that can distinguish them, and relate their interplay to complex DQPT phenomenology.
AU - De Nicola, Stefano
AU - Michailidis, Alexios
AU - Serbyn, Maksym
ID - 9048
IS - 4
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Entanglement view of dynamical quantum phase transitions
VL - 126
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Cu2–xS has become one of the most promising thermoelectric materials for application in the middle-high temperature range. Its advantages include the abundance, low cost, and safety of its elements and a high performance at relatively elevated temperatures. However, stability issues limit its operation current and temperature, thus calling for the optimization of the material performance in the middle temperature range. Here, we present a synthetic protocol for large scale production of covellite CuS nanoparticles at ambient temperature and atmosphere, and using water as a solvent. The crystal phase and stoichiometry of the particles are afterward tuned through an annealing process at a moderate temperature under inert or reducing atmosphere. While annealing under argon results in Cu1.8S nanopowder with a rhombohedral crystal phase, annealing in an atmosphere containing hydrogen leads to tetragonal Cu1.96S. High temperature X-ray diffraction analysis shows the material annealed in argon to transform to the cubic phase at ca. 400 K, while the material annealed in the presence of hydrogen undergoes two phase transitions, first to hexagonal and then to the cubic structure. The annealing atmosphere, temperature, and time allow adjustment of the density of copper vacancies and thus tuning of the charge carrier concentration and material transport properties. In this direction, the material annealed under Ar is characterized by higher electrical conductivities but lower Seebeck coefficients than the material annealed in the presence of hydrogen. By optimizing the charge carrier concentration through the annealing time, Cu2–xS with record figures of merit in the middle temperature range, up to 1.41 at 710 K, is obtained. We finally demonstrate that this strategy, based on a low-cost and scalable solution synthesis process, is also suitable for the production of high performance Cu2–xS layers using high throughput and cost-effective printing technologies.
AU - Li, Mengyao
AU - Liu, Yu
AU - Zhang, Yu
AU - Han, Xu
AU - Zhang, Ting
AU - Zuo, Yong
AU - Xie, Chenyang
AU - Xiao, Ke
AU - Arbiol, Jordi
AU - Llorca, Jordi
AU - Ibáñez, Maria
AU - Liu, Junfeng
AU - Cabot, Andreu
ID - 9235
IS - 3
JF - ACS Nano
KW - General Engineering
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Materials Science
SN - 1936-0851
TI - Effect of the annealing atmosphere on crystal phase and thermoelectric properties of copper sulfide
VL - 15
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We investigate the effect of coupling between translational and internal degrees of freedom of composite quantum particles on their localization in a random potential. We show that entanglement between the two degrees of freedom weakens localization due to the upper bound imposed on the inverse participation ratio by purity of a quantum state. We perform numerical calculations for a two-particle system bound by a harmonic force in a 1D disordered lattice and a rigid rotor in a 2D disordered lattice. We illustrate that the coupling has a dramatic effect on localization properties, even with a small number of internal states participating in quantum dynamics.
AU - Suzuki, Fumika
AU - Lemeshko, Mikhail
AU - Zurek, Wojciech H.
AU - Krems, Roman V.
ID - 10134
IS - 16
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Anderson localization of composite particles
VL - 127
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Experiments have suggested that bacterial mechanosensitive channels separate into 2D clusters, the role of which is unclear. By developing a coarse-grained computer model we find that clustering promotes the channel closure, which is highly dependent on the channel concentration and membrane stress. This behaviour yields a tightly regulated gating system, whereby at high tensions channels gate individually, and at lower tensions the channels spontaneously aggregate and inactivate. We implement this positive feedback into the model for cell volume regulation, and find that the channel clustering protects the cell against excessive loss of cytoplasmic content.
AU - Paraschiv, Alexandru
AU - Hegde, Smitha
AU - Ganti, Raman
AU - Pilizota, Teuta
AU - Šarić, Anđela
ID - 10353
IS - 4
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - general physics and astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Dynamic clustering regulates activity of mechanosensitive membrane channels
VL - 124
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Speck, Thomas
AU - Tailleur, Julien
AU - Palacci, Jérémie A
ID - 9164
IS - 6
JF - New Journal of Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 1367-2630
TI - Focus on active colloids and nanoparticles
VL - 22
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Attosecond chronoscopy has revealed small but measurable delays in photoionization, characterized by the ejection of an electron on absorption of a single photon. Ionization-delay measurements in atomic targets provide a wealth of information about the timing of the photoelectric effect, resonances, electron correlations and transport. However, extending this approach to molecules presents challenges, such as identifying the correct ionization channels and the effect of the anisotropic molecular landscape on the measured delays. Here, we measure ionization delays from ethyl iodide around a giant dipole resonance. By using the theoretical value for the iodine atom as a reference, we disentangle the contribution from the functional ethyl group, which is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactivity of a molecule. We find a substantial additional delay caused by the presence of a functional group, which encodes the effect of the molecular potential on the departing electron. Such information is inaccessible to the conventional approach of measuring photoionization cross-sections. The results establish ionization-delay measurements as a valuable tool in investigating the electronic properties of molecules.
AU - Biswas, Shubhadeep
AU - Förg, Benjamin
AU - Ortmann, Lisa
AU - Schötz, Johannes
AU - Schweinberger, Wolfgang
AU - Zimmermann, Tomáš
AU - Pi, Liangwen
AU - Baykusheva, Denitsa Rangelova
AU - Masood, Hafiz A.
AU - Liontos, Ioannis
AU - Kamal, Amgad M.
AU - Kling, Nora G.
AU - Alharbi, Abdullah F.
AU - Alharbi, Meshaal
AU - Azzeer, Abdallah M.
AU - Hartmann, Gregor
AU - Wörner, Hans J.
AU - Landsman, Alexandra S.
AU - Kling, Matthias F.
ID - 13999
IS - 7
JF - Nature Physics
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 1745-2473
TI - Probing molecular environment through photoemission delays
VL - 16
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Practical quantum networks require low-loss and noise-resilient optical interconnects as well as non-Gaussian resources for entanglement distillation and distributed quantum computation. The latter could be provided by superconducting circuits but existing solutions to interface the microwave and optical domains lack either scalability or efficiency, and in most cases the conversion noise is not known. In this work we utilize the unique opportunities of silicon photonics, cavity optomechanics and superconducting circuits to demonstrate a fully integrated, coherent transducer interfacing the microwave X and the telecom S bands with a total (internal) bidirectional transduction efficiency of 1.2% (135%) at millikelvin temperatures. The coupling relies solely on the radiation pressure interaction mediated by the femtometer-scale motion of two silicon nanobeams reaching a Vπ as low as 16 μV for sub-nanowatt pump powers. Without the associated optomechanical gain, we achieve a total (internal) pure conversion efficiency of up to 0.019% (1.6%), relevant for future noise-free operation on this qubit-compatible platform.
AU - Arnold, Georg M
AU - Wulf, Matthias
AU - Barzanjeh, Shabir
AU - Redchenko, Elena
AU - Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
AU - Hease, William J
AU - Hassani, Farid
AU - Fink, Johannes M
ID - 8529
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Glioblastoma is the most malignant cancer in the brain and currently incurable. It is urgent to identify effective targets for this lethal disease. Inhibition of such targets should suppress the growth of cancer cells and, ideally also precancerous cells for early prevention, but minimally affect their normal counterparts. Using genetic mouse models with neural stem cells (NSCs) or oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) as the cells‐of‐origin/mutation, it is shown that the susceptibility of cells within the development hierarchy of glioma to the knockout of insulin‐like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) is determined not only by their oncogenic states, but also by their cell identities/states. Knockout of IGF1R selectively disrupts the growth of mutant and transformed, but not normal OPCs, or NSCs. The desirable outcome of IGF1R knockout on cell growth requires the mutant cells to commit to the OPC identity regardless of its development hierarchical status. At the molecular level, oncogenic mutations reprogram the cellular network of OPCs and force them to depend more on IGF1R for their growth. A new‐generation brain‐penetrable, orally available IGF1R inhibitor harnessing tumor OPCs in the brain is also developed. The findings reveal the cellular window of IGF1R targeting and establish IGF1R as an effective target for the prevention and treatment of glioblastoma.
AU - Tian, Anhao
AU - Kang, Bo
AU - Li, Baizhou
AU - Qiu, Biying
AU - Jiang, Wenhong
AU - Shao, Fangjie
AU - Gao, Qingqing
AU - Liu, Rui
AU - Cai, Chengwei
AU - Jing, Rui
AU - Wang, Wei
AU - Chen, Pengxiang
AU - Liang, Qinghui
AU - Bao, Lili
AU - Man, Jianghong
AU - Wang, Yan
AU - Shi, Yu
AU - Li, Jin
AU - Yang, Minmin
AU - Wang, Lisha
AU - Zhang, Jianmin
AU - Hippenmeyer, Simon
AU - Zhu, Junming
AU - Bian, Xiuwu
AU - Wang, Ying‐Jie
AU - Liu, Chong
ID - 8592
IS - 21
JF - Advanced Science
KW - General Engineering
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Materials Science
KW - Medicine (miscellaneous)
KW - General Chemical Engineering
KW - Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous)
SN - 2198-3844
TI - Oncogenic state and cell identity combinatorially dictate the susceptibility of cells within glioma development hierarchy to IGF1R targeting
VL - 7
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Aqueous iodine based electrochemical energy storage is considered a potential candidate to improve sustainability and performance of current battery and supercapacitor technology. It harnesses the redox activity of iodide, iodine, and polyiodide species in the confined geometry of nanoporous carbon electrodes. However, current descriptions of the electrochemical reaction mechanism to interconvert these species are elusive. Here we show that electrochemical oxidation of iodide in nanoporous carbons forms persistent solid iodine deposits. Confinement slows down dissolution into triiodide and pentaiodide, responsible for otherwise significant self-discharge via shuttling. The main tools for these insights are in situ Raman spectroscopy and in situ small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (in situ SAXS/WAXS). In situ Raman confirms the reversible formation of triiodide and pentaiodide. In situ SAXS/WAXS indicates remarkable amounts of solid iodine deposited in the carbon nanopores. Combined with stochastic modeling, in situ SAXS allows quantifying the solid iodine volume fraction and visualizing the iodine structure on 3D lattice models at the sub-nanometer scale. Based on the derived mechanism, we demonstrate strategies for improved iodine pore filling capacity and prevention of self-discharge, applicable to hybrid supercapacitors and batteries.
AU - Prehal, Christian
AU - Fitzek, Harald
AU - Kothleitner, Gerald
AU - Presser, Volker
AU - Gollas, Bernhard
AU - Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
AU - Abbas, Qamar
ID - 8568
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Understanding the conformational sampling of translation-arrested ribosome nascent chain complexes is key to understand co-translational folding. Up to now, coupling of cysteine oxidation, disulfide bond formation and structure formation in nascent chains has remained elusive. Here, we investigate the eye-lens protein γB-crystallin in the ribosomal exit tunnel. Using mass spectrometry, theoretical simulations, dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy, we show that thiol groups of cysteine residues undergo S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation and form non-native disulfide bonds. Thus, covalent modification chemistry occurs already prior to nascent chain release as the ribosome exit tunnel provides sufficient space even for disulfide bond formation which can guide protein folding.
AU - Schulte, Linda
AU - Mao, Jiafei
AU - Reitz, Julian
AU - Sreeramulu, Sridhar
AU - Kudlinzki, Denis
AU - Hodirnau, Victor-Valentin
AU - Meier-Credo, Jakob
AU - Saxena, Krishna
AU - Buhr, Florian
AU - Langer, Julian D.
AU - Blackledge, Martin
AU - Frangakis, Achilleas S.
AU - Glaubitz, Clemens
AU - Schwalbe, Harald
ID - 8744
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Cysteine oxidation and disulfide formation in the ribosomal exit tunnel
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - The actin-related protein (Arp)2/3 complex nucleates branched actin filament networks pivotal for cell migration, endocytosis and pathogen infection. Its activation is tightly regulated and involves complex structural rearrangements and actin filament binding, which are yet to be understood. Here, we report a 9.0 Å resolution structure of the actin filament Arp2/3 complex branch junction in cells using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging. This allows us to generate an accurate model of the active Arp2/3 complex in the branch junction and its interaction with actin filaments. Notably, our model reveals a previously undescribed set of interactions of the Arp2/3 complex with the mother filament, significantly different to the previous branch junction model. Our structure also indicates a central role for the ArpC3 subunit in stabilizing the active conformation.
AU - Fäßler, Florian
AU - Dimchev, Georgi A
AU - Hodirnau, Victor-Valentin
AU - Wan, William
AU - Schur, Florian KM
ID - 8971
JF - Nature Communications
KW - General Biochemistry
KW - Genetics and Molecular Biology
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - General Chemistry
SN - 2041-1723
TI - Cryo-electron tomography structure of Arp2/3 complex in cells reveals new insights into the branch junction
VL - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In laboratory studies and numerical simulations, we observe clear signatures of unstable time-periodic solutions in a moderately turbulent quasi-two-dimensional flow. We validate the dynamical relevance of such solutions by demonstrating that turbulent flows in both experiment and numerics transiently display time-periodic dynamics when they shadow unstable periodic orbits (UPOs). We show that UPOs we computed are also statistically significant, with turbulent flows spending a sizable fraction of the total time near these solutions. As a result, the average rates of energy input and dissipation for the turbulent flow and frequently visited UPOs differ only by a few percent.
AU - Suri, Balachandra
AU - Kageorge, Logan
AU - Grigoriev, Roman O.
AU - Schatz, Michael F.
ID - 8634
IS - 6
JF - Physical Review Letters
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
SN - 0031-9007
TI - Capturing turbulent dynamics and statistics in experiments with unstable periodic orbits
VL - 125
ER -