TY - JOUR AB - When B cells encounter membrane-bound antigens, the formation and coalescence of B cell antigen receptor (BCR) microclusters amplifies BCR signaling. The ability of B cells to probe the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and respond to APC-bound antigens requires remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Initial BCR signaling stimulates actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization, which drives B cell spreading as well as the centripetal movement and coalescence of BCR microclusters at the B cell-APC synapse. Sustained actin polymerization depends on concomitant actin filament depolymerization, which enables the recycling of actin monomers and Arp2/3 complexes. Cofilin-mediated severing of actin filaments is a rate-limiting step in the morphological changes that occur during immune synapse formation. Hence, regulators of cofilin activity such as WD repeat-containing protein 1 (Wdr1), LIM domain kinase (LIMK), and coactosin-like 1 (Cotl1) may also be essential for actin-dependent processes in B cells. Wdr1 enhances cofilin-mediated actin disassembly. Conversely, Cotl1 competes with cofilin for binding to actin and LIMK phosphorylates cofilin and prevents it from binding to actin filaments. We now show that Wdr1 and LIMK have distinct roles in BCR-induced assembly of the peripheral actin structures that drive B cell spreading, and that cofilin, Wdr1, and LIMK all contribute to the actin-dependent amplification of BCR signaling at the immune synapse. Depleting Cotl1 had no effect on these processes. Thus, the Wdr1-LIMK-cofilin axis is critical for BCR-induced actin remodeling and for B cell responses to APC-bound antigens. AU - Bolger-Munro, Madison AU - Choi, Kate AU - Cheung, Faith AU - Liu, Yi Tian AU - Dang-Lawson, May AU - Deretic, Nikola AU - Keane, Connor AU - Gold, Michael R. ID - 9379 JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology KW - B cell KW - actin KW - immune synapse KW - cell spreading KW - cofilin KW - WDR1 (AIP1) KW - LIM domain kinase KW - B cell receptor (BCR) TI - The Wdr1-LIMK-Cofilin axis controls B cell antigen receptor-induced actin remodeling and signaling at the immune synapse VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A central goal in systems neuroscience is to understand the functions performed by neural circuits. Previous top-down models addressed this question by comparing the behaviour of an ideal model circuit, optimised to perform a given function, with neural recordings. However, this requires guessing in advance what function is being performed, which may not be possible for many neural systems. To address this, we propose an inverse reinforcement learning (RL) framework for inferring the function performed by a neural network from data. We assume that the responses of each neuron in a network are optimised so as to drive the network towards ‘rewarded’ states, that are desirable for performing a given function. We then show how one can use inverse RL to infer the reward function optimised by the network from observing its responses. This inferred reward function can be used to predict how the neural network should adapt its dynamics to perform the same function when the external environment or network structure changes. This could lead to theoretical predictions about how neural network dynamics adapt to deal with cell death and/or varying sensory stimulus statistics. AU - Chalk, Matthew J AU - Tkačik, Gašper AU - Marre, Olivier ID - 9362 IS - 4 JF - PLoS ONE TI - Inferring the function performed by a recurrent neural network VL - 16 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Size control is a fundamental question in biology, showing incremental complexity in plants, whose cells possess a rigid cell wall. The phytohormone auxin is a vital growth regulator with central importance for differential growth control. Our results indicate that auxin-reliant growth programs affect the molecular complexity of xyloglucans, the major type of cell wall hemicellulose in eudicots. Auxin-dependent induction and repression of growth coincide with reduced and enhanced molecular complexity of xyloglucans, respectively. In agreement with a proposed function in growth control, genetic interference with xyloglucan side decorations distinctly modulates auxin-dependent differential growth rates. Our work proposes that auxin-dependent growth programs have a spatially defined effect on xyloglucan’s molecular structure, which in turn affects cell wall mechanics and specifies differential, gravitropic hypocotyl growth. AU - Velasquez, Silvia Melina AU - Guo, Xiaoyuan AU - Gallemi, Marçal AU - Aryal, Bibek AU - Venhuizen, Peter AU - Barbez, Elke AU - Dünser, Kai Alexander AU - Darino, Martin AU - Pӗnčík, Aleš AU - Novák, Ondřej AU - Kalyna, Maria AU - Mouille, Gregory AU - Benková, Eva AU - Bhalerao, Rishikesh P. AU - Mravec, Jozef AU - Kleine-Vehn, Jürgen ID - 9986 IS - 17 JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences KW - auxin KW - growth KW - cell wall KW - xyloglucans KW - hypocotyls KW - gravitropism SN - 1661-6596 TI - Xyloglucan remodeling defines auxin-dependent differential tissue expansion in plants VL - 22 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Transposable elements exist widely throughout plant genomes and play important roles in plant evolution. Auxin is an important regulator that is traditionally associated with root development and drought stress adaptation. The DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) gene is a key component of rice drought avoidance. Here, we identified a transposon that acts as an autonomous auxin‐responsive promoter and its presence at specific genome positions conveys physiological adaptations related to drought avoidance. Rice varieties with high and auxin‐mediated transcription of DRO1 in the root tip show deeper and longer root phenotypes and are thus better adapted to drought. The INDITTO2 transposon contains an auxin response element and displays auxin‐responsive promoter activity; it is thus able to convey auxin regulation of transcription to genes in its proximity. In the rice Acuce, which displays DRO1‐mediated drought adaptation, the INDITTO2 transposon was found to be inserted at the promoter region of the DRO1 locus. Transgenesis‐based insertion of the INDITTO2 transposon into the DRO1 promoter of the non‐adapted rice variety Nipponbare was sufficient to promote its drought avoidance. Our data identify an example of how transposons can act as promoters and convey hormonal regulation to nearby loci, improving plant fitness in response to different abiotic stresses. AU - Zhao, Y AU - Wu, L AU - Fu, Q AU - Wang, D AU - Li, J AU - Yao, B AU - Yu, S AU - Jiang, L AU - Qian, J AU - Zhou, X AU - Han, L AU - Zhao, S AU - Ma, C AU - Zhang, Y AU - Luo, C AU - Dong, Q AU - Li, S AU - Zhang, L AU - Jiang, X AU - Li, Y AU - Luo, H AU - Li, K AU - Yang, J AU - Luo, Q AU - Li, L AU - Peng, S AU - Huang, H AU - Zuo, Z AU - Liu, C AU - Wang, L AU - Li, C AU - He, X AU - Friml, Jiří AU - Du, Y ID - 9189 IS - 6 JF - Plant, Cell & Environment SN - 0140-7791 TI - INDITTO2 transposon conveys auxin-mediated DRO1 transcription for rice drought avoidance VL - 44 ER - TY - GEN AB - This paper establishes new connections between many-body quantum systems, One-body Reduced Density Matrices Functional Theory (1RDMFT) and Optimal Transport (OT), by interpreting the problem of computing the ground-state energy of a finite dimensional composite quantum system at positive temperature as a non-commutative entropy regularized Optimal Transport problem. We develop a new approach to fully characterize the dual-primal solutions in such non-commutative setting. The mathematical formalism is particularly relevant in quantum chemistry: numerical realizations of the many-electron ground state energy can be computed via a non-commutative version of Sinkhorn algorithm. Our approach allows to prove convergence and robustness of this algorithm, which, to our best knowledge, were unknown even in the two marginal case. Our methods are based on careful a priori estimates in the dual problem, which we believe to be of independent interest. Finally, the above results are extended in 1RDMFT setting, where bosonic or fermionic symmetry conditions are enforced on the problem. AU - Feliciangeli, Dario AU - Gerolin, Augusto AU - Portinale, Lorenzo ID - 9792 T2 - arXiv TI - A non-commutative entropic optimal transport approach to quantum composite systems at positive temperature ER - TY - JOUR AB - Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are widely used to deliver genetic material in vivo to distinct cell types such as neurons or glial cells, allowing for targeted manipulation. Transduction of microglia is mostly excluded from this strategy, likely due to the cells’ heterogeneous state upon environmental changes, which makes AAV design challenging. Here, we established the retina as a model system for microglial AAV validation and optimization. First, we show that AAV2/6 transduced microglia in both synaptic layers, where layer preference corresponds to the intravitreal or subretinal delivery method. Surprisingly, we observed significantly enhanced microglial transduction during photoreceptor degeneration. Thus, we modified the AAV6 capsid to reduce heparin binding by introducing four point mutations (K531E, R576Q, K493S, and K459S), resulting in increased microglial transduction in the outer plexiform layer. Finally, to improve microglial-specific transduction, we validated a Cre-dependent transgene delivery cassette for use in combination with the Cx3cr1CreERT2 mouse line. Together, our results provide a foundation for future studies optimizing AAV-mediated microglia transduction and highlight that environmental conditions influence microglial transduction efficiency. AU - Maes, Margaret E AU - Wögenstein, Gabriele M. AU - Colombo, Gloria AU - Casado Polanco, Raquel AU - Siegert, Sandra ID - 10655 JF - Molecular Therapy - Methods and Clinical Development TI - Optimizing AAV2/6 microglial targeting identified enhanced efficiency in the photoreceptor degenerative environment VL - 23 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix with chondroitinase-ABC reinstates juvenile-like plasticity in the adult cortex as it also disassembles the perineuronal nets (PNNs). The disadvantage of the enzyme is that it must be applied intracerebrally and it degrades the ECM for several weeks. Here, we provide two minimally invasive and transient protocols for microglia-enabled PNN disassembly in mouse cortex: repeated treatment with ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine (KXA) anesthesia and 60-Hz light entrainment. We also discuss how to analyze PNNs within microglial endosomes-lysosomes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Venturino et al. (2021). AU - Venturino, Alessandro AU - Siegert, Sandra ID - 10565 IS - 4 JF - STAR Protocols TI - Minimally invasive protocols and quantification for microglia-mediated perineuronal net disassembly in mouse brain VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) technology enables the generation of genetic mosaic tissue in mice. MADM enables concomitant fluorescent cell labeling and introduction of a mutation of a gene of interest with single-cell resolution. This protocol highlights major steps for the generation of genetic mosaic tissue and the isolation and processing of respective tissues for downstream histological analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Contreras et al. (2021). AU - Amberg, Nicole AU - Hippenmeyer, Simon ID - 10321 IS - 4 JF - STAR Protocols TI - Genetic mosaic dissection of candidate genes in mice using mosaic analysis with double markers VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A precise quantitative description of the ultrastructural characteristics underlying biological mechanisms is often key to their understanding. This is particularly true for dynamic extra- and intracellular filamentous assemblies, playing a role in cell motility, cell integrity, cytokinesis, tissue formation and maintenance. For example, genetic manipulation or modulation of actin regulatory proteins frequently manifests in changes of the morphology, dynamics, and ultrastructural architecture of actin filament-rich cell peripheral structures, such as lamellipodia or filopodia. However, the observed ultrastructural effects often remain subtle and require sufficiently large datasets for appropriate quantitative analysis. The acquisition of such large datasets has been enabled by recent advances in high-throughput cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) methods. This also necessitates the development of complementary approaches to maximize the extraction of relevant biological information. We have developed a computational toolbox for the semi-automatic quantification of segmented and vectorized filamentous networks from pre-processed cryo-electron tomograms, facilitating the analysis and cross-comparison of multiple experimental conditions. GUI-based components simplify the processing of data and allow users to obtain a large number of ultrastructural parameters describing filamentous assemblies. We demonstrate the feasibility of this workflow by analyzing cryo-ET data of untreated and chemically perturbed branched actin filament networks and that of parallel actin filament arrays. In principle, the computational toolbox presented here is applicable for data analysis comprising any type of filaments in regular (i.e. parallel) or random arrangement. We show that it can ease the identification of key differences between experimental groups and facilitate the in-depth analysis of ultrastructural data in a time-efficient manner. AU - Dimchev, Georgi A AU - Amiri, Behnam AU - Fäßler, Florian AU - Falcke, Martin AU - Schur, Florian KM ID - 10290 IS - 4 JF - Journal of Structural Biology KW - Structural Biology SN - 1047-8477 TI - Computational toolbox for ultrastructural quantitative analysis of filament networks in cryo-ET data VL - 213 ER - TY - CONF AB - Payment channel networks are a promising approach to improve the scalability of cryptocurrencies: they allow to perform transactions in a peer-to-peer fashion, along multihop routes in the network, without requiring consensus on the blockchain. However, during the discovery of cost-efficient routes for the transaction, critical information may be revealed about the transacting entities. This paper initiates the study of privacy-preserving route discovery mechanisms for payment channel networks. In particular, we present LightPIR, an approach which allows a client to learn the shortest (or cheapest in terms of fees) path between two nodes without revealing any information about the endpoints of the transaction to the servers. The two main observations which allow for an efficient solution in LightPIR are that: (1) surprisingly, hub labelling algorithms – which were developed to preprocess “street network like” graphs so one can later efficiently compute shortest paths – also perform well for the graphs underlying payment channel networks, and that (2) hub labelling algorithms can be conveniently combined with private information retrieval. LightPIR relies on a simple hub labeling heuristic on top of existing hub labeling algorithms which leverages the specific topological features of cryptocurrency networks to further minimize storage and bandwidth overheads. In a case study considering the Lightning network, we show that our approach is an order of magnitude more efficient compared to a privacy-preserving baseline based on using private information retrieval on a database that stores all pairs shortest paths. AU - Pietrzak, Krzysztof Z AU - Salem, Iosif AU - Schmid, Stefan AU - Yeo, Michelle X ID - 9969 SN - 978-1-6654-4501-6 TI - LightPIR: Privacy-preserving route discovery for payment channel networks ER - TY - CONF AB - We present a new approach to proving non-termination of non-deterministic integer programs. Our technique is rather simple but efficient. It relies on a purely syntactic reversal of the program's transition system followed by a constraint-based invariant synthesis with constraints coming from both the original and the reversed transition system. The latter task is performed by a simple call to an off-the-shelf SMT-solver, which allows us to leverage the latest advances in SMT-solving. Moreover, our method offers a combination of features not present (as a whole) in previous approaches: it handles programs with non-determinism, provides relative completeness guarantees and supports programs with polynomial arithmetic. The experiments performed with our prototype tool RevTerm show that our approach, despite its simplicity and stronger theoretical guarantees, is at least on par with the state-of-the-art tools, often achieving a non-trivial improvement under a proper configuration of its parameters. AU - Chatterjee, Krishnendu AU - Goharshady, Ehsan Kafshdar AU - Novotný, Petr AU - Zikelic, Dorde ID - 9644 SN - 9781450383912 T2 - Proceedings of the 42nd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation TI - Proving non-termination by program reversal ER - TY - JOUR AB - The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a prospective near-term quantum algorithm due to its modest circuit depth and promising benchmarks. However, an external parameter optimization required in the QAOA could become a performance bottleneck. This motivates studies of the optimization landscape and search for heuristic ways of parameter initialization. In this work we visualize the optimization landscape of the QAOA applied to the MaxCut problem on random graphs, demonstrating that random initialization of the QAOA is prone to converging to local minima with suboptimal performance. We introduce the initialization of QAOA parameters based on the Trotterized quantum annealing (TQA) protocol, parameterized by the Trotter time step. We find that the TQA initialization allows to circumvent the issue of false minima for a broad range of time steps, yielding the same performance as the best result out of an exponentially scaling number of random initializations. Moreover, we demonstrate that the optimal value of the time step coincides with the point of proliferation of Trotter errors in quantum annealing. Our results suggest practical ways of initializing QAOA protocols on near-term quantum devices and reveal new connections between QAOA and quantum annealing. AU - Sack, Stefan AU - Serbyn, Maksym ID - 9760 JF - Quantum TI - Quantum annealing initialization of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm VL - 5 ER - TY - CONF AB - We consider the almost-sure (a.s.) termination problem for probabilistic programs, which are a stochastic extension of classical imperative programs. Lexicographic ranking functions provide a sound and practical approach for termination of non-probabilistic programs, and their extension to probabilistic programs is achieved via lexicographic ranking supermartingales (LexRSMs). However, LexRSMs introduced in the previous work have a limitation that impedes their automation: all of their components have to be non-negative in all reachable states. This might result in LexRSM not existing even for simple terminating programs. Our contributions are twofold: First, we introduce a generalization of LexRSMs which allows for some components to be negative. This standard feature of non-probabilistic termination proofs was hitherto not known to be sound in the probabilistic setting, as the soundness proof requires a careful analysis of the underlying stochastic process. Second, we present polynomial-time algorithms using our generalized LexRSMs for proving a.s. termination in broad classes of linear-arithmetic programs. AU - Chatterjee, Krishnendu AU - Goharshady, Ehsan Kafshdar AU - Novotný, Petr AU - Zárevúcky, Jiří AU - Zikelic, Dorde ID - 10414 SN - 0302-9743 T2 - 24th International Symposium on Formal Methods TI - On lexicographic proof rules for probabilistic termination VL - 13047 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Research on two-dimensional (2D) materials has been explosively increasing in last seventeen years in varying subjects including condensed matter physics, electronic engineering, materials science, and chemistry since the mechanical exfoliation of graphene in 2004. Starting from graphene, 2D materials now have become a big family with numerous members and diverse categories. The unique structural features and physicochemical properties of 2D materials make them one class of the most appealing candidates for a wide range of potential applications. In particular, we have seen some major breakthroughs made in the field of 2D materials in last five years not only in developing novel synthetic methods and exploring new structures/properties but also in identifying innovative applications and pushing forward commercialisation. In this review, we provide a critical summary on the recent progress made in the field of 2D materials with a particular focus on last five years. After a brief background introduction, we first discuss the major synthetic methods for 2D materials, including the mechanical exfoliation, liquid exfoliation, vapor phase deposition, and wet-chemical synthesis as well as phase engineering of 2D materials belonging to the field of phase engineering of nanomaterials (PEN). We then introduce the superconducting/optical/magnetic properties and chirality of 2D materials along with newly emerging magic angle 2D superlattices. Following that, the promising applications of 2D materials in electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, energy storage, solar cells, biomedicine, sensors, environments, etc. are described sequentially. Thereafter, we present the theoretic calculations and simulations of 2D materials. Finally, after concluding the current progress, we provide some personal discussions on the existing challenges and future outlooks in this rapidly developing field. AU - Chang, Cheng AU - Chen, Wei AU - Chen, Ye AU - Chen, Yonghua AU - Chen, Yu AU - Ding, Feng AU - Fan, Chunhai AU - Fan, Hong Jin AU - Fan, Zhanxi AU - Gong, Cheng AU - Gong, Yongji AU - He, Qiyuan AU - Hong, Xun AU - Hu, Sheng AU - Hu, Weida AU - Huang, Wei AU - Huang, Yuan AU - Ji, Wei AU - Li, Dehui AU - Li, Lain Jong AU - Li, Qiang AU - Lin, Li AU - Ling, Chongyi AU - Liu, Minghua AU - Liu, Nan AU - Liu, Zhuang AU - Loh, Kian Ping AU - Ma, Jianmin AU - Miao, Feng AU - Peng, Hailin AU - Shao, Mingfei AU - Song, Li AU - Su, Shao AU - Sun, Shuo AU - Tan, Chaoliang AU - Tang, Zhiyong AU - Wang, Dingsheng AU - Wang, Huan AU - Wang, Jinlan AU - Wang, Xin AU - Wang, Xinran AU - Wee, Andrew T.S. AU - Wei, Zhongming AU - Wu, Yuen AU - Wu, Zhong Shuai AU - Xiong, Jie AU - Xiong, Qihua AU - Xu, Weigao AU - Yin, Peng AU - Zeng, Haibo AU - Zeng, Zhiyuan AU - Zhai, Tianyou AU - Zhang, Han AU - Zhang, Hui AU - Zhang, Qichun AU - Zhang, Tierui AU - Zhang, Xiang AU - Zhao, Li Dong AU - Zhao, Meiting AU - Zhao, Weijie AU - Zhao, Yunxuan AU - Zhou, Kai Ge AU - Zhou, Xing AU - Zhou, Yu AU - Zhu, Hongwei AU - Zhang, Hua AU - Liu, Zhongfan ID - 14800 IS - 12 JF - Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica SN - 1001-4861 TI - Recent progress on two-dimensional materials VL - 37 ER - TY - CONF AB - Neural-network classifiers achieve high accuracy when predicting the class of an input that they were trained to identify. Maintaining this accuracy in dynamic environments, where inputs frequently fall outside the fixed set of initially known classes, remains a challenge. The typical approach is to detect inputs from novel classes and retrain the classifier on an augmented dataset. However, not only the classifier but also the detection mechanism needs to adapt in order to distinguish between newly learned and yet unknown input classes. To address this challenge, we introduce an algorithmic framework for active monitoring of a neural network. A monitor wrapped in our framework operates in parallel with the neural network and interacts with a human user via a series of interpretable labeling queries for incremental adaptation. In addition, we propose an adaptive quantitative monitor to improve precision. An experimental evaluation on a diverse set of benchmarks with varying numbers of classes confirms the benefits of our active monitoring framework in dynamic scenarios. AU - Lukina, Anna AU - Schilling, Christian AU - Henzinger, Thomas A ID - 10206 KW - monitoring KW - neural networks KW - novelty detection SN - 0302-9743 T2 - 21st International Conference on Runtime Verification TI - Into the unknown: active monitoring of neural networks VL - 12974 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We consider the Fröhlich Hamiltonian with large coupling constant α. For initial data of Pekar product form with coherent phonon field and with the electron minimizing the corresponding energy, we provide a norm approximation of the evolution, valid up to times of order α2. The approximation is given in terms of a Pekar product state, evolved through the Landau-Pekar equations, corrected by a Bogoliubov dynamics taking quantum fluctuations into account. This allows us to show that the Landau-Pekar equations approximately describe the evolution of the electron- and one-phonon reduced density matrices under the Fröhlich dynamics up to times of order α2. AU - Leopold, Nikolai K AU - Mitrouskas, David Johannes AU - Rademacher, Simone Anna Elvira AU - Schlein, Benjamin AU - Seiringer, Robert ID - 14889 IS - 4 JF - Pure and Applied Analysis SN - 2578-5893 TI - Landau–Pekar equations and quantum fluctuations for the dynamics of a strongly coupled polaron VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We consider a system of N interacting bosons in the mean-field scaling regime and construct corrections to the Bogoliubov dynamics that approximate the true N-body dynamics in norm to arbitrary precision. The N-independent corrections are given in terms of the solutions of the Bogoliubov and Hartree equations and satisfy a generalized form of Wick's theorem. We determine the n-point correlation functions of the excitations around the condensate, as well as the reduced densities of the N-body system, to arbitrary accuracy, given only the knowledge of the two-point functions of a quasi-free state and the solution of the Hartree equation. In this way, the complex problem of computing all n-point correlation functions for an interacting N-body system is essentially reduced to the problem of solving the Hartree equation and the PDEs for the Bogoliubov two-point functions. AU - Bossmann, Lea AU - Petrat, Sören P AU - Pickl, Peter AU - Soffer, Avy ID - 14890 IS - 4 JF - Pure and Applied Analysis SN - 2578-5893 TI - Beyond Bogoliubov dynamics VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We consider random n×n matrices X with independent and centered entries and a general variance profile. We show that the spectral radius of X converges with very high probability to the square root of the spectral radius of the variance matrix of X when n tends to infinity. We also establish the optimal rate of convergence, that is a new result even for general i.i.d. matrices beyond the explicitly solvable Gaussian cases. The main ingredient is the proof of the local inhomogeneous circular law [arXiv:1612.07776] at the spectral edge. AU - Alt, Johannes AU - Erdös, László AU - Krüger, Torben H ID - 15013 IS - 2 JF - Probability and Mathematical Physics SN - 2690-0998 TI - Spectral radius of random matrices with independent entries VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the major route of entry of cargos into cells and thus underpins many physiological processes. During endocytosis, an area of flat membrane is remodeled by proteins to create a spherical vesicle against intracellular forces. The protein machinery which mediates this membrane bending in plants is unknown. However, it is known that plant endocytosis is actin independent, thus indicating that plants utilize a unique mechanism to mediate membrane bending against high-turgor pressure compared to other model systems. Here, we investigate the TPLATE complex, a plant-specific endocytosis protein complex. It has been thought to function as a classical adaptor functioning underneath the clathrin coat. However, by using biochemical and advanced live microscopy approaches, we found that TPLATE is peripherally associated with clathrin-coated vesicles and localizes at the rim of endocytosis events. As this localization is more fitting to the protein machinery involved in membrane bending during endocytosis, we examined cells in which the TPLATE complex was disrupted and found that the clathrin structures present as flat patches. This suggests a requirement of the TPLATE complex for membrane bending during plant clathrin–mediated endocytosis. Next, we used in vitro biophysical assays to confirm that the TPLATE complex possesses protein domains with intrinsic membrane remodeling activity. These results redefine the role of the TPLATE complex and implicate it as a key component of the evolutionarily distinct plant endocytosis mechanism, which mediates endocytic membrane bending against the high-turgor pressure in plant cells. AU - Johnson, Alexander J AU - Dahhan, Dana A AU - Gnyliukh, Nataliia AU - Kaufmann, Walter AU - Zheden, Vanessa AU - Costanzo, Tommaso AU - Mahou, Pierre AU - Hrtyan, Mónika AU - Wang, Jie AU - Aguilera Servin, Juan L AU - van Damme, Daniël AU - Beaurepaire, Emmanuel AU - Loose, Martin AU - Bednarek, Sebastian Y AU - Friml, Jiří ID - 9887 IS - 51 JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences TI - The TPLATE complex mediates membrane bending during plant clathrin-mediated endocytosis VL - 118 ER - TY - CHAP AB - Hybrid zones are narrow geographic regions where different populations, races or interbreeding species meet and mate, producing mixed ‘hybrid’ offspring. They are relatively common and can be found in a diverse range of organisms and environments. The study of hybrid zones has played an important role in our understanding of the origin of species, with hybrid zones having been described as ‘natural laboratories’. This is because they allow us to study,in situ, the conditions and evolutionary forces that enable divergent taxa to remain distinct despite some ongoing gene exchange between them. AU - Stankowski, Sean AU - Shipilina, Daria AU - Westram, Anja M ID - 14984 SN - 9780470016176 T2 - Encyclopedia of Life Sciences TI - Hybrid Zones VL - 2 ER -