TY - JOUR AB - Cell fate specification by lateral inhibition typically involves contact signaling through the Delta-Notch signaling pathway. However, whether this is the only signaling mode mediating lateral inhibition remains unclear. Here we show that in zebrafish oogenesis, a group of cells within the granulosa cell layer at the oocyte animal pole acquire elevated levels of the transcriptional coactivator TAZ in their nuclei. One of these cells, the future micropyle precursor cell (MPC), accumulates increasingly high levels of nuclear TAZ and grows faster than its surrounding cells, mechanically compressing those cells, which ultimately lose TAZ from their nuclei. Strikingly, relieving neighbor-cell compression by MPC ablation or aspiration restores nuclear TAZ accumulation in neighboring cells, eventually leading to MPC re-specification from these cells. Conversely, MPC specification is defective in taz−/− follicles. These findings uncover a novel mode of lateral inhibition in cell fate specification based on mechanical signals controlling TAZ activity. AU - Xia, Peng AU - Gütl, Daniel J AU - Zheden, Vanessa AU - Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J ID - 6087 IS - 6 JF - Cell TI - Lateral inhibition in cell specification mediated by mechanical signals modulating TAZ activity VL - 176 ER - TY - GEN AB - 1. Hosts can alter their strategy towards pathogens during their lifetime, i.e., they can show phenotypic plasticity in immunity or life history. Immune priming is one such example, where a previous encounter with a pathogen confers enhanced protection upon secondary challenge, resulting in reduced pathogen load (i.e. resistance) and improved host survival. However, an initial encounter might also enhance tolerance, particularly to less virulent opportunistic pathogens that establish persistent infections. In this scenario, individuals are better able to reduce the negative fitness consequences that result from a high pathogen load. Finally, previous exposure may also lead to life history adjustments, such as terminal investment into reproduction. 2. Using different Drosophila melanogaster host genotypes and two bacterial pathogens, Lactococcus lactis and Pseudomonas entomophila, we tested if previous exposure results in resistance or tolerance and whether it modifies immune gene expression during an acute-phase infection (one day post-challenge). We then asked if previous pathogen exposure affects chronic-phase pathogen persistence and longer-term survival (28 days post-challenge). 3. We predicted that previous exposure would increase host resistance to an early stage bacterial infection while it might come at a cost to host fecundity tolerance. We reasoned that resistance would be due in part to stronger immune gene expression after challenge. We expected that previous exposure would improve long-term survival, that it would reduce infection persistence, and we expected to find genetic variation in these responses. 4. We found that previous exposure to P. entomophila weakened host resistance to a second infection independent of genotype and had no effect on immune gene expression. Fecundity tolerance showed genotypic variation but was not influenced by previous exposure. However, L. lactis persisted as a chronic infection, whereas survivors cleared the more pathogenic P. entomophila infection. 5. To our knowledge, this is the first study that addresses host tolerance to bacteria in relation to previous exposure, taking a multi-faceted approach to address the topic. Our results suggest that previous exposure comes with transient costs to resistance during the early stage of infection in this host-pathogen system and that infection persistence may be bacterium-specific. AU - Kutzer, Megan AU - Kurtz, Joachim AU - Armitage, Sophie A.O. ID - 9806 TI - Data from: A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance ER - TY - JOUR AB - We show that linear analytic cocycles where all Lyapunov exponents are negative infinite are nilpotent. For such one-frequency cocycles we show that they can be analytically conjugated to an upper triangular cocycle or a Jordan normal form. As a consequence, an arbitrarily small analytic perturbation leads to distinct Lyapunov exponents. Moreover, in the one-frequency case where the th Lyapunov exponent is finite and the st negative infinite, we obtain a simple criterion for domination in which case there is a splitting into a nilpotent part and an invertible part. AU - Sadel, Christian AU - Xu, Disheng ID - 6086 IS - 4 JF - Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems TI - Singular analytic linear cocycles with negative infinite Lyapunov exponents VL - 39 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Light is a union of electric and magnetic fields, and nowhere is the complex relationship between these fields more evident than in the near fields of nanophotonic structures. There, complicated electric and magnetic fields varying over subwavelength scales are generally present, which results in photonic phenomena such as extraordinary optical momentum, superchiral fields, and a complex spatial evolution of optical singularities. An understanding of such phenomena requires nanoscale measurements of the complete optical field vector. Although the sensitivity of near- field scanning optical microscopy to the complete electromagnetic field was recently demonstrated, a separation of different components required a priori knowledge of the sample. Here, we introduce a robust algorithm that can disentangle all six electric and magnetic field components from a single near-field measurement without any numerical modeling of the structure. As examples, we unravel the fields of two prototypical nanophotonic structures: a photonic crystal waveguide and a plasmonic nanowire. These results pave the way for new studies of complex photonic phenomena at the nanoscale and for the design of structures that optimize their optical behavior. AU - Le Feber, B. AU - Sipe, J. E. AU - Wulf, Matthias AU - Kuipers, L. AU - Rotenberg, N. ID - 6102 IS - 1 JF - Light: Science and Applications SN - 20955545 TI - A full vectorial mapping of nanophotonic light fields VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Abiotic stress poses constant challenges for plant survival and is a serious problem for global agricultural productivity. On a molecular level, stress conditions result in elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production causing oxidative stress associated with oxidation of proteins and nucleic acids as well as impairment of membrane functions. Adaptation of root growth to ROS accumulation is facilitated through modification of auxin and cytokinin hormone homeostasis. Here, we report that in Arabidopsis root meristem, ROS-induced changes of auxin levels correspond to decreased abundance of PIN auxin efflux carriers at the plasma membrane (PM). Specifically, increase in H2O2 levels affects PIN2 endocytic recycling. We show that the PIN2 intracellular trafficking during adaptation to oxidative stress requires the function of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) BEN1, an actin-associated regulator of the trafficking from the PM to early endosomes and, presumably, indirectly, trafficking to the vacuoles. We propose that H2O2 levels affect the actin dynamics thus modulating ARF-GEF-dependent trafficking of PIN2. This mechanism provides a way how root growth acclimates to stress and adapts to a changing environment. AU - Zwiewka, Marta AU - Bielach, Agnieszka AU - Tamizhselvan, Prashanth AU - Madhavan, Sharmila AU - Ryad, Eman Elrefaay AU - Tan, Shutang AU - Hrtyan, Mónika AU - Dobrev, Petre AU - Vanková, Radomira AU - Friml, Jiří AU - Tognetti, Vanesa B. ID - 6104 IS - 2 JF - Plant and Cell Physiology SN - 0032-0781 TI - Root adaptation to H2O2-induced oxidative stress by ARF-GEF BEN1- and cytoskeleton-mediated PIN2 trafficking VL - 60 ER -